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Particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and ²³⁴Th associated with >50-µm particles was measured at depths from the surface to 30 m at Station E near Palmer Station. Samples were collected using two different methods. For surface sampling, 20-L carboys were filled with surface seawater and gently poured through a 50-µm sieve. For samples from depth, water was pumped to the surface using a Monsoon pump and filtered through a 50-µm sieve. Volumes filtered varied depending on particle load but were typically between 50 and 100 L. Sieves were rinsed onto pre-combusted glass fiber (GF/F) filters. Filters were dried and mounted in RISO planchets. Samples were then counted in a RISO low-level beta multi-counter to determine activity of ²³⁴Th. Background counts were conducted >6 half-lives after collection. Samples were then acidified to remove CaCO₃ and analyzed in an elemental analyzer to determine particulate organic carbon and particulate nitrogen on filters. For additional details, see Stukel et al. (2022).

1d:Tec0,NSF Award Abstract: Algae in the surface ocean convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon through photosynthesis. The biological carbon pump transports this organic carbon from the atmosphere to the deep ocean where it can be stored for tens to hundreds of years. Annually, the amount transported is similar to that humans are currently emitting by burning fossil fuels. However, at present we cannot predict how this important process will change with a warming ocean. These investigators plan to develop a 15+ year time-series of vertical carbon transfer for the Western Antarctic Peninsula; a highly productive Antarctic ecosystem. This region is also rapid transition to warmer temperatures leading to reduced sea ice coverage. This work will help researchers better understand how the carbon cycle in the Western Antarctic Peninsula will respond to climate change. The researchers will develop the first large-scale time-series of carbon flux anywhere in the ocean. This research will also support the education and training of a graduate student and support the integration of concepts in Antarctic research into two undergraduate courses designed for non-science majors and advanced earth science students. The researchers will also develop educational modules for introducing elementary and middle-school age students to important concepts such as gross and net primary productivity, feedbacks in the marine and atmospheric systems, and the differences between correlation and causation. Results from this proposal will also be incorporated into a children’s book, “Plankton do the Strangest Things”, that is targeted at 5-7 year olds and is designed to introduce them to the incredible diversity and fascinating adaptations of microscopic marine organisms. This research seeks to leverage 6 years (2015-2020) of 234Th samples collected on Palmer LTER program, 5 years of prior measurements (2009-2010, 2012-2014), and upcoming cruises (2021-2023) to develop a time-series of summertime particle flux in the WAP that stretches for 15 years. The 238U-234Th disequilibrium approach utilizes changes in the activity of the particle-active radio-isotope 234Th relative to its parent nuclide 238U to quantify the flux of sinking carbon out of the surface ocean (over a time-scale of ~one month). This proposal will fund 234Th analyses from nine years’ worth of cruises (2015-2023) and extensive analyses designed to investigate the processes driving inter-annual variability in the BCP. These include: 1) physical modeling to quantify the importance of advection and diffusion in the 234Th budget, 2) time-series analyses of particle flux, and 3) statistical modeling of the relationships between particle flux and multiple presumed drivers (biological, chemical, physical, and climate indices) measured by collaborators in the Palmer LTER program. This multi-faceted approach is critical for linking the measurements to models and for predicting responses to climate change. It will also test the hypothesis that export flux is decreasing in the northern WAP, increasing in the southern WAP, and increasing when integrated over the entire region as a result of earlier sea ice retreat and a larger ice-free zone. The project will also investigate relationships between carbon export and multiple potentially controlling factors including: primary productivity, algal biomass and taxonomic composition, biological oxygen saturation, zooplankton biomass and taxonomic composition, bacterial production, temperature, wintertime sea ice extent, date of sea ice retreat, and climate modes. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"881137","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$1c","processing":"

The data detection limits for N measurements in the data file are: 0,1.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"- Spaces removed from column names and replaced with underscores (\"_\")\r\n- Row containing units removed from the data file\r\n- Converted date values in the data file from %m/%d/%y %H:%M %p format to %Y-%M-%DT%H:%M format\r\n- 'below detection' values were removed from the N column of the data file and a new field was created called N_flag; this new column indicates if a blank N value indicates if this measurement was 'below detection' limits\r\n- Datetime in data file converted from local time at Palmer Station (UTC-3) to UTC time","title":"Size Fractionated Particulate Thorium-234 measurements collected during the 2012-2013 Palmer Field Season","nickname":"Palmer Station Size Fractionated Particulate Thorium","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2022-08-02T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"Particle-bound Th-234 measurements and C:234Th ratios for size-fractionated particles collected during the 2012-2013 field season of the Palmer LTER program near Anvers Island in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Particle-bound Th-234 is a useful tracer for particle scavenging and sinking processes in the ocean. Particles were sampled from 0, 10, 20, or 30 m depth and filtered through a 50-µm sieve before being concentrated onto a GF/F filter for carbon and Th-234 analyses. ","citation":"Stukel, M. (2024) Size Fractionated Particulate Thorium-234 measurements collected during the 2012-2013 Palmer Field Season. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). 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Palmer LTER station name from which sample was collected.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"987","name":"station","description":"

Station identifier; a unique number or alphanumeric string designating a general geographic location at which one or more sampling activities may occur.

"}},{"_id":"936612","name":"Latitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Station Latitude in decimal degrees; a positive value indicates a Northern coordinate.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"936613","name":"Longitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Station Longitude in decimal degrees; a positive value indicates an Eastern coordinate.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datsets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"936614","name":"Collection_Time","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time of collection in UTC.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"719088","name":"DateTime","description":"

Date and time; variously formatted.

"}},{"_id":"936615","name":"Depth","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Depth at which sample was collected.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters (m)"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"936616","name":"Particulate_Th234","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Thorium isotope 234Th adsorbed onto >50-um particles.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decays per minute per minute per liter (dmp/min/L)"},"type":{"_id":"1865","name":"thorium-234","description":"

thorium-234 activity measurement

"}},{"_id":"936617","name":"Uncertainty","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Uncertainty in thorium isotope th234Th on >50-um partcles.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decays per minute per minute per liter (dmp/min/L)"},"type":{"_id":"1865","name":"thorium-234","description":"

thorium-234 activity measurement

"}},{"_id":"936618","name":"C","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Particulate organic carbon (POC) in >50-um particles.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"miligrams of carbon per cubic meter (mg C/m^-3)"},"type":{"_id":"934","name":"POC","description":"

Particulate Organic Carbon. Units may be micrograms/Liter, milligrams/Liter or milligrams/meter^3

"}},{"_id":"936619","name":"N","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Particulate nitrogen in >50-um particles.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"miligrams of carbon per cubic meter (mg C/m^-3)"},"type":{"_id":"707573","name":"N","description":"

Nitrogen (N)

"}},{"_id":"936620","name":"N_flag","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Flag column indicating rows where blank particulate nitrogen values indicate that a measurement was \"below detection.\" The data detection limits for N in the data file are: 0,1.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1144","name":"q_flag","description":"

quality flag; based on a PI established code; identifies a problem/quality issue with sample(s) from a given water bottle or single observation

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"881095","citation":"Stukel, M. R., Asher, E., Couto, N., Schofield, O., Strebel, S., Tortell, P., & Ducklow, H. W. (2015). The imbalance of new and export production in the western Antarctic Peninsula, a potentially “leaky” ecosystem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29(9), 1400–1420. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005211\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"881126","citation":"Stukel, M. R., Schofield, O. M. E., & Ducklow, H. W. (2022). Seasonal variability in carbon:234thorium ratios of suspended and sinking particles in coastal Antarctic waters: Field data and modeling synthesis. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 184, 103764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103764\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/881137/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"ERDDAP","items":[{"name":"SUBSET DATA","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.html","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"tool"},{"name":"VIEW TABLE","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.htmlTable","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"CSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.csv","contentType":"text/csv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"TSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.tsv","contentType":"text/tsv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"GeoJSON","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.geoJson","contentType":"application/geo+json","actionType":"download"},{"name":"MATLAB","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.mat","contentType":"text/x-matlab","actionType":"download"},{"name":"netCDF","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_881137_v1.nc","contentType":"application/x-netcdf","actionType":"download"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/881137/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/881137/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/881137/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"838048","name":"Quantifying Processes Driving Interannual Variability in the Biological Carbon Pump in the Western Antarctic Peninsula","acronym":"WAP Carbon export","description":"$1d"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.881137.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.881137.1","date_assigned":"2024-09-23","version_date":"2022-08-02","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":118},"downloads":{"count":260}}},"fileId":"938200"}]