http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/890333
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2023-02-22
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Sponge Density, Morphology, and Assemblages from repeated surveys in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, before and after the 2017 hurricane season
2023-02-27
publication
2023-02-27
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2023-03-08
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.890333.1
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
principalInvestigator
Marilyn Brandt
University of the Virgin Islands Center for Marine and Environmental Studies
principalInvestigator
Julie Olson
University of Alabama at Birmingham
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Gochfeld, D. J., Brandt, M., Olson, J. (2023) Sponge Density, Morphology, and Assemblages from repeated surveys in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, before and after the 2017 hurricane season. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2023-02-27 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.890333.1 [access date]
Methods and Sampling: <p>Prior to the 2017 hurricanes, six shallow (8-15 meter depth) reef sites had been selected from the Virgin Islands Territorial Coral Reef Monitoring Program’s (TCRMP) permanent monitoring sites to study variation in sponge communities in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. These sites included Black Point (N18° 20.665’, W64° 59.107’), Coculus Rock (N18° 18.734’, W64° 51.613’), and Magen’s Bay (N18° 22.459’, W64° 56.077’), which are in embayments with heavily developed watersheds. Buck Island (N18° 16.717’, W64° 53.925’) and Savana Island (N18° 20.437’, W65° 04.939’) are located near undeveloped offshore cays. Botany Bay (N18° 21.433’, W65° 02.071’) is a nearshore site in a bay with a low level of watershed development.</p>
<p>For this study, we used three randomly selected transects out of the six permanently established 10-meter TCRMP transects at each site. The same three transects at each site were re-surveyed repeatedly in August 2016 (pre-hurricanes), December 2017 (10 weeks post-hurricanes), March 2018 (24 weeks post-hurricanes), November 2018 (61 weeks post-hurricanes), and July 2019 (93 weeks post-hurricanes).<br />
<br />
Sponge assemblages were surveyed on each transect using multiple measures. Sponge density was quantified by a diver in situ by counting every sponge individual (i.e., ramet) within 0.5 meters (m) of each transect (resulting in 0.5 x 10 m belt transects) for all sites except Black Point in 2016, where 0.5 m on both sides of the transects (1 x 10 m belt transects) were surveyed. Density (sponges/m2) was calculated as the total number of individual sponges per transect, divided by the transect area (Gochfeld et al. 2020). &nbsp;<br />
<br />
At each site, sponge volume was calculated within permanent 1 square meter (m2) quadrats centered on the transect line within the initial and/or final meter of the transect. Sponge volume was calculated for 3-5 quadrats per site. As there were over 80 species of sponges within our survey areas, representing a wide diversity of morphologies, we used a standardized measurement approach for all sponges, rather than calculating the true volumetric measurement for each sponge based on its actual morphology. Thus, sponges were essentially treated as cuboids. We used a flexible sewing tape to measure the longest dimension of the sponge, then one to several width measurements perpendicular to the initial length measurement, and one to several height measurements, as needed to represent the shape and dimensions of each sponge. Multiple measurements for each dimension were averaged and length x width x height was calculated. For large tubes, of which there were relatively few, we subtracted the dimensions of the interior cavity from the exterior dimensions of the sponge. Generated data were in centimeters cubed (cm3) of sponge per meter squared (Gochfeld et al. 2020).<br />
<br />
The percent cover of sponges was determined from videos of the three transects at each site following established methods from the Virgin Islands Territorial Coral Reef Monitoring Program (Smith et al. 2016). A diver swam at uniform speed while videoing the substrata from a height of approximately 0.4 m (the height of a guide wand). Consecutive, non-overlapping images, each approximately 0.64 x 0.48 m in planar area, were captured for each transect, for an average of 21 images per transect. Twenty random points were superimposed on each image (average of 1282 points per site, per sampling period) and the benthic cover underneath each point was identified to the lowest identifiable taxonomic level and used in the calculation of percent cover by transect. Specific sponges were not identified in the benthic cover analysis and were instead grouped into the overarching category of “Sponge”. The number of points per image required to adequately characterize the percent cover of each of the benthic categories (sponges, hard corals, macroalgae, epilithic algal community [EAC; i.e., diminutive turf algae and other low complexity filamentous algal communities; Smith et al. 2016], non-living substrata, calcareous algae, cyanobacterial mats, gorgonians, zoanthids, and other/unknown living substrata) was determined by visual inspection of the running means. For all categories, the mean value stabilized at no more than 17 points per image per transect, indicating that the 20 points analyzed per image were sufficient to accurately reflect the percent cover at these sites (Gochfeld et al. 2020). &nbsp;</p>
<p>To determine whether different sponge morphologies were differentially affected by hurricanes, each sponge from each transect was assigned to a broad morphological category (sensu Wulff 2006). These categories included excavating sponges (“excavating”); low relief encrusting sponges (“encrusting”); thicker cushions, massive, tube, vase, or other amorphous shapes of medium relief (“massive”); and upright, branching, and rope sponges (“upright”). These groupings differ slightly from those used by Wulff (2006) but represent the morphotypes found within our transects in St. Thomas. The percent of the entire sponge community represented by each morphological category was calculated as the number of individuals in each category divided by the total number of individuals for each transect and multiplied by 100 (Gochfeld et al. 2020).<br />
<br />
To describe the sponge assemblages across dates and sites, all sponges recorded in each transect were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level.&nbsp; For those that could not be identified in situ, photographs and voucher samples collected into 90 percent ethanol were used for spicule preparations and sectioning and identified with the help of collaborator Dr. M. Cristina Diaz. For each transect, the abundance of each sponge taxon was converted into a proportion (number of individuals/total number of sponges in that transect) for analysis.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1807807 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1807807
completed
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
662-915-6769
National Center for Natural Products Research P.O. Box 1848
University
MS
38677
USA
gochfeld@olemiss.edu
pointOfContact
Marilyn Brandt
University of the Virgin Islands Center for Marine and Environmental Studies
340-693-1379
2 John Brewers Bay
St. Thomas, USVI
00802
mbrandt@uvi.edu
pointOfContact
Julie Olson
University of Alabama at Birmingham
205-348-2633
801 University Blvd. Box 870344
Tuscaloosa
AL
35487
USA
jolson@biology.as.ua.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Year
Site
Latitude
Longitude
Transect
pcnt_Excavating
pcnt_Encrusting
pcnt_Massive
pcnt_Upright
Sponge_density
Oscarella_filipoi
Oscarella_sp_1
Oscarella_sp_2
Plakinastrella_cf_onkodes
Plakortis_angulospiculatus
Plakortis_sp
Dysidea_etheria
Dysidea_janiae
Ircinia_campana
Ircinia_felix_complex
Ircinia_strobilina
Hyattella_cavernosa
Hyrtios_proteus
Smenospongia_aurea
Smenospongia_cf_aurea
Smenospognia_conulosa
Smenopongia_cf_echina
Chelonaplysilla_sp
Igernella_notabilis
Aiolochroia_crassa
Aiolochroia_sp
Aplysina_archeri
Aplysina_cauliformis
Aplysina_fistularis
Aplysina_fulva
Aplysina_insularis
Aplysina_lacunosa
Aplysina_sp_VI_1
Verongula_reiswigi
Verongula_rigida
Verongula_sp_mama
Verongula_sp_fouled
Suberea_flavolivescens
Suberea_soft_Aplysina_lacunosa
Suberea_sp_2_or_Aplysina_sensu_Gomez_2018
Vansoestia_caribensis
Psudoceratina_sp
Chondrosia_collectrix
Chondrosia_reniformis
Chondrilla_caribensis
Halisarca_caerulea
Callyspongia_fallax
Callyspongia_armigera
Callyspongia_plicifera
Callyspongia_tenerrima
Callyspongia_aculeatus
Chalinula_molitba
Chalinula_zeai
Haliclona_caerulea
Haliclona_sp_1
Haliclona_sp_2
Amphimedon_cf_complanata
Amphimedon_compressa
Amphimedon_viridis
Amphimedon_sp_1
Niphatidae_1
Niphates_caribica
Niphates_digitalis
Niphates_erecta
Niphates_sp
Siphonodictyon_xamaycaense
Oceanapia_bartschi
Neopetrosia_carbonaria
Neopetrosia_dendrocrevacea
Neopetrosia_proxima
Neopetrosia_sp
Petrosia_pellasarca
Petrosia_weinbergi
Petrosia_davilai
Xestospongia_deweerdtae
Xestospongia_muta
Tectitethya_crypta
Dercitus_luteus
Erylus_formosus
Cinachyrella_cf_alloclada
Cinachyrella_apion
Cinachyrella_kuekenthali
Agelas_citrina
Agelas_conifera
Agelas_dilatata
Agelas_dispar
Agelas_sceptrum
Agelas_schmidti
Agelas_cf_sventres
Agelas_sp
Prosuberites_laughlini
Ectyoplasia_ferox
Dragmacidon_alvarezae
Dragmacidon_reticulatum
Dragmaxia_undata
Ptilocaulis_walpersii
Myrmekioderma_gyroderma
Myrmekioderma_rea
Dictyonella_funicularis
Biemna_tough_yellow_cushions
Neofibularia_nolitangere
Batzella_rubra
Monanchora_arbuscula
Desmapsamma_anchorata
Desmapsamma_cf_anchorata
Phorbas_amaranthus
Iotrochota_arenosa
Iotrochota_birotulata
Clathria_curacaoensis
Clathria_venosa
Clathria_sp_1
Clathria_sp_2
Pandaros_acanthifolium
Mycale_laevis
Mycale_laxissima
Tedania_ignis
Cliona_aprica
Cliona_cf_celata
Cliona_delitrix
Cliona_tenuis
Cliona_varians
Placospongia_sp
Placospherastra_antillensis
Spirastrella_coccinea
Spirastrella_hartmani
Polymastia_tenax
Topsentia_ophiraphidites
Terpios_fugax
Scopalina_ruetzleri
Svenzea_cristinae
Svenzea_tubulosa
Svenzea_zeai
Calcarea_1
Clathrina_lutea
Leucetta_cf_floridana
Demospongiae_1
Demospongiae_2
Demospongiae_3
Demospongiae_4
Demospongiae_5
Demospongiae_6
Demospongiae_7
Demospongiae_8
Demospongiae_9
Demospongiae_10
Demospongiae_11
Demospongiae_12
Dictyonellidae_1
Poecilosclerida_3
Poecilosclerida_4
Poecilosclerida_6
Poecilosclerida_7
Tethyidae_sp_1
Halichondriidae_1
Suberitidae_1
Dictyoceratida_1
Dictyoceratida_2
Verongiida_1
theme
None, User defined
year
Site_ID
latitude
longitude
transect
relative abundance
density
count
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Measuring Tape
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Underwater Camera
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
17336
18079
18325
19178
service
Deployment Activity
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
RAPID: Collaborative Research: Sponge resilience in the face of multiple stressors
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/749384
RAPID: Collaborative Research: Sponge resilience in the face of multiple stressors
<p>NSF Award Abstract:<br />
Over the past several decades, coral reefs worldwide have undergone a transition from being dominated by the corals themselves to being dominated by sponges or algae. The causes of these changes are complex, but they include both natural stressors, such as diseases and hurricanes, and impacts from human activities, such as coastal development and climate change. There are over 600 species of sponges on Caribbean coral reefs, and they serve many important ecological roles, including nutrient cycling, providing food and shelter for other reef animals, and producing a tremendous diversity of chemical compounds that are important for controlling species interactions on the reef, and may serve as potential new drugs. In spite of their importance on coral reefs, there are many aspects of sponge biology that remain unknown, including how they respond to different types of stressors. Coral reefs in St. Thomas, in the U.S. Virgin Islands, are exposed to different levels of man-made stressors, depending upon their proximity to coastal development, and the sponge assemblages on these reefs also vary with levels of human impacts. In September 2017, St. Thomas was devastated by two Category 5 hurricanes in a row. Since, unlike corals, virtually nothing is known about what happens to sponge communities in the aftermath of hurricanes, the research team will use a combination of field ecology and population genetics approaches to determine how sponge communities respond and recover from these devastating storms and whether prior exposure to land-based stressors affects their recovery. Researchers at the Universities of Mississippi, Alabama and the Virgin Islands will participate in this RAPID project, and will provide training opportunities for students and postdoctoral researchers, especially from underrepresented groups. Information will be provided to resource managers in the Virgin Islands, along with outreach programs to community groups in St. Thomas.</p>
<p>The goal of this project is to assess the impacts of single (e.g., hurricanes) versus multiple (e.g., hurricanes and land-based sources of pollution) stressors on the resilience, recovery, and recruitment of sponge communities in St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. Given the growing dominance of sponges on coral reefs worldwide, understanding the responses of sponges to natural and anthropogenic stressors is increasingly important. The investigators will leverage multiple years of data on sponge assemblages from several sites around the island of St. Thomas that varied in their levels of exposure to local land-based stressors prior to Hurricanes Irma and Maria, and evaluate changes to these diverse assemblages over time, beginning within 3 months of these devastating storms. Using a combination of natural and experimentally cleared plots, the investigators will assess the progress of sponge succession and whether the presence of algae interferes with sponge recruitment and recovery. Subsamples of recruits and nearby conspecifics will be collected to evaluate population genetic diversity and potential sources of new individuals. The data resulting from this project will provide critical insights into sponge resilience in response to hurricanes at sites previously exposed to land-based stressors, the initiation of succession within sponge communities, potential predictors of successional trajectory, and genetic diversity within sponge populations following a storm event. This information will help identify factors that inhibit coral recovery and potential approaches to enhance resilience of coral reefs.</p>
Sponge resilience
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
-64.9851
-64.0345
18.2786
18.3743
2016-01-01
2017-12-31
St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Sponge Density, Morphology, and Assemblages from repeated surveys in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, before and after the 2017 hurricane season
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891398.rdf
Name: Year
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year of sampling</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891399.rdf
Name: Site
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sample site unique identifier (BP=Black point; BB=Botany bay; BI=Buck Island; CR=Coculus Rocks; MB=Magen's bay; SI=Savana Island</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891400.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude of sampling site North (South is negative)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891401.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude of sampling site East (West is negative)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891402.rdf
Name: Transect
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Transect unique identification</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891403.rdf
Name: pcnt_Excavating
Units: percent
Description: <p>Percent of sponges in each morphotype out of total sponges on that transect (morphotypes: excavating, encrusting, massive, upright)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891404.rdf
Name: pcnt_Encrusting
Units: percent
Description: <p>Percent of sponges in each morphotype out of total sponges on that transect (morphotypes: excavating, encrusting, massive, upright)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891405.rdf
Name: pcnt_Massive
Units: percent
Description: <p>Percent of sponges in each morphotype out of total sponges on that transect (morphotypes: excavating, encrusting, massive, upright)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891406.rdf
Name: pcnt_Upright
Units: percent
Description: <p>Percent of sponges in each morphotype out of total sponges on that transect (morphotypes: excavating, encrusting, massive, upright)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891407.rdf
Name: Sponge_density
Units: number of sponges per square meter
Description: <p>density of sponges</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891408.rdf
Name: Oscarella_filipoi
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891409.rdf
Name: Oscarella_sp_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891410.rdf
Name: Oscarella_sp_2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891411.rdf
Name: Plakinastrella_cf_onkodes
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891412.rdf
Name: Plakortis_angulospiculatus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891413.rdf
Name: Plakortis_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891414.rdf
Name: Dysidea_etheria
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891415.rdf
Name: Dysidea_janiae
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891416.rdf
Name: Ircinia_campana
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891417.rdf
Name: Ircinia_felix_complex
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891418.rdf
Name: Ircinia_strobilina
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891419.rdf
Name: Hyattella_cavernosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891420.rdf
Name: Hyrtios_proteus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891421.rdf
Name: Smenospongia_aurea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891422.rdf
Name: Smenospongia_cf_aurea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891423.rdf
Name: Smenospognia_conulosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891424.rdf
Name: Smenopongia_cf_echina
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891425.rdf
Name: Chelonaplysilla_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891426.rdf
Name: Igernella_notabilis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891427.rdf
Name: Aiolochroia_crassa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891428.rdf
Name: Aiolochroia_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891429.rdf
Name: Aplysina_archeri
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891430.rdf
Name: Aplysina_cauliformis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891431.rdf
Name: Aplysina_fistularis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891432.rdf
Name: Aplysina_fulva
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891433.rdf
Name: Aplysina_insularis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891434.rdf
Name: Aplysina_lacunosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891435.rdf
Name: Aplysina_sp_VI_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891436.rdf
Name: Verongula_reiswigi
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891437.rdf
Name: Verongula_rigida
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891438.rdf
Name: Verongula_sp_mama
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891439.rdf
Name: Verongula_sp_fouled
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891440.rdf
Name: Suberea_flavolivescens
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891441.rdf
Name: Suberea_soft_Aplysina_lacunosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891442.rdf
Name: Suberea_sp_2_or_Aplysina_sensu_Gomez_2018
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891443.rdf
Name: Vansoestia_caribensis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891444.rdf
Name: Psudoceratina_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891445.rdf
Name: Chondrosia_collectrix
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891446.rdf
Name: Chondrosia_reniformis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891447.rdf
Name: Chondrilla_caribensis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891448.rdf
Name: Halisarca_caerulea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891449.rdf
Name: Callyspongia_fallax
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891450.rdf
Name: Callyspongia_armigera
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891451.rdf
Name: Callyspongia_plicifera
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891452.rdf
Name: Callyspongia_tenerrima
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891453.rdf
Name: Callyspongia_aculeatus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891454.rdf
Name: Chalinula_molitba
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891455.rdf
Name: Chalinula_zeai
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891456.rdf
Name: Haliclona_caerulea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891457.rdf
Name: Haliclona_sp_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891458.rdf
Name: Haliclona_sp_2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891459.rdf
Name: Amphimedon_cf_complanata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891460.rdf
Name: Amphimedon_compressa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891461.rdf
Name: Amphimedon_viridis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891462.rdf
Name: Amphimedon_sp_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891463.rdf
Name: Niphatidae_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891464.rdf
Name: Niphates_caribica
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891465.rdf
Name: Niphates_digitalis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891466.rdf
Name: Niphates_erecta
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891467.rdf
Name: Niphates_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891468.rdf
Name: Siphonodictyon_xamaycaense
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891469.rdf
Name: Oceanapia_bartschi
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891470.rdf
Name: Neopetrosia_carbonaria
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891471.rdf
Name: Neopetrosia_dendrocrevacea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891472.rdf
Name: Neopetrosia_proxima
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891473.rdf
Name: Neopetrosia_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891474.rdf
Name: Petrosia_pellasarca
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891475.rdf
Name: Petrosia_weinbergi
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891476.rdf
Name: Petrosia_davilai
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891477.rdf
Name: Xestospongia_deweerdtae
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891478.rdf
Name: Xestospongia_muta
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891479.rdf
Name: Tectitethya_crypta
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891480.rdf
Name: Dercitus_luteus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891481.rdf
Name: Erylus_formosus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891482.rdf
Name: Cinachyrella_cf_alloclada
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891483.rdf
Name: Cinachyrella_apion
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891484.rdf
Name: Cinachyrella_kuekenthali
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891485.rdf
Name: Agelas_citrina
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891486.rdf
Name: Agelas_conifera
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891487.rdf
Name: Agelas_dilatata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891488.rdf
Name: Agelas_dispar
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891489.rdf
Name: Agelas_sceptrum
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891490.rdf
Name: Agelas_schmidti
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891491.rdf
Name: Agelas_cf_sventres
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891492.rdf
Name: Agelas_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891493.rdf
Name: Prosuberites_laughlini
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891494.rdf
Name: Ectyoplasia_ferox
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891495.rdf
Name: Dragmacidon_alvarezae
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891496.rdf
Name: Dragmacidon_reticulatum
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891497.rdf
Name: Dragmaxia_undata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891498.rdf
Name: Ptilocaulis_walpersii
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891499.rdf
Name: Myrmekioderma_gyroderma
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891500.rdf
Name: Myrmekioderma_rea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891501.rdf
Name: Dictyonella_funicularis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891502.rdf
Name: Biemna_tough_yellow_cushions
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891503.rdf
Name: Neofibularia_nolitangere
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891504.rdf
Name: Batzella_rubra
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891505.rdf
Name: Monanchora_arbuscula
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891506.rdf
Name: Desmapsamma_anchorata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891507.rdf
Name: Desmapsamma_cf_anchorata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891508.rdf
Name: Phorbas_amaranthus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891509.rdf
Name: Iotrochota_arenosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891510.rdf
Name: Iotrochota_birotulata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891511.rdf
Name: Clathria_curacaoensis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891512.rdf
Name: Clathria_venosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891513.rdf
Name: Clathria_sp_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891514.rdf
Name: Clathria_sp_2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891515.rdf
Name: Pandaros_acanthifolium
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891516.rdf
Name: Mycale_laevis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891517.rdf
Name: Mycale_laxissima
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891518.rdf
Name: Tedania_ignis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891519.rdf
Name: Cliona_aprica
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891520.rdf
Name: Cliona_cf_celata
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891521.rdf
Name: Cliona_delitrix
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891522.rdf
Name: Cliona_tenuis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891523.rdf
Name: Cliona_varians
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891524.rdf
Name: Placospongia_sp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891525.rdf
Name: Placospherastra_antillensis
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891526.rdf
Name: Spirastrella_coccinea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891527.rdf
Name: Spirastrella_hartmani
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891528.rdf
Name: Polymastia_tenax
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891529.rdf
Name: Topsentia_ophiraphidites
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891530.rdf
Name: Terpios_fugax
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891531.rdf
Name: Scopalina_ruetzleri
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891532.rdf
Name: Svenzea_cristinae
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891533.rdf
Name: Svenzea_tubulosa
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891534.rdf
Name: Svenzea_zeai
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891535.rdf
Name: Calcarea_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891536.rdf
Name: Clathrina_lutea
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891537.rdf
Name: Leucetta_cf_floridana
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891538.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891539.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891540.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_3
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891541.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_4
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891542.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_5
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891543.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_6
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891544.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_7
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891545.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_8
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891546.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_9
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891547.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_10
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891548.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_11
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891549.rdf
Name: Demospongiae_12
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891550.rdf
Name: Dictyonellidae_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891551.rdf
Name: Poecilosclerida_3
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891552.rdf
Name: Poecilosclerida_4
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891553.rdf
Name: Poecilosclerida_6
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891554.rdf
Name: Poecilosclerida_7
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891555.rdf
Name: Tethyidae_sp_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891556.rdf
Name: Halichondriidae_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891557.rdf
Name: Suberitidae_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891558.rdf
Name: Dictyoceratida_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891559.rdf
Name: Dictyoceratida_2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/891560.rdf
Name: Verongiida_1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of individual sponges per transect</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
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https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.890333.1
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<p>Prior to the 2017 hurricanes, six shallow (8-15 meter depth) reef sites had been selected from the Virgin Islands Territorial Coral Reef Monitoring Program’s (TCRMP) permanent monitoring sites to study variation in sponge communities in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. These sites included Black Point (N18° 20.665’, W64° 59.107’), Coculus Rock (N18° 18.734’, W64° 51.613’), and Magen’s Bay (N18° 22.459’, W64° 56.077’), which are in embayments with heavily developed watersheds. Buck Island (N18° 16.717’, W64° 53.925’) and Savana Island (N18° 20.437’, W65° 04.939’) are located near undeveloped offshore cays. Botany Bay (N18° 21.433’, W65° 02.071’) is a nearshore site in a bay with a low level of watershed development.</p>
<p>For this study, we used three randomly selected transects out of the six permanently established 10-meter TCRMP transects at each site. The same three transects at each site were re-surveyed repeatedly in August 2016 (pre-hurricanes), December 2017 (10 weeks post-hurricanes), March 2018 (24 weeks post-hurricanes), November 2018 (61 weeks post-hurricanes), and July 2019 (93 weeks post-hurricanes).<br />
<br />
Sponge assemblages were surveyed on each transect using multiple measures. Sponge density was quantified by a diver in situ by counting every sponge individual (i.e., ramet) within 0.5 meters (m) of each transect (resulting in 0.5 x 10 m belt transects) for all sites except Black Point in 2016, where 0.5 m on both sides of the transects (1 x 10 m belt transects) were surveyed. Density (sponges/m2) was calculated as the total number of individual sponges per transect, divided by the transect area (Gochfeld et al. 2020). &nbsp;<br />
<br />
At each site, sponge volume was calculated within permanent 1 square meter (m2) quadrats centered on the transect line within the initial and/or final meter of the transect. Sponge volume was calculated for 3-5 quadrats per site. As there were over 80 species of sponges within our survey areas, representing a wide diversity of morphologies, we used a standardized measurement approach for all sponges, rather than calculating the true volumetric measurement for each sponge based on its actual morphology. Thus, sponges were essentially treated as cuboids. We used a flexible sewing tape to measure the longest dimension of the sponge, then one to several width measurements perpendicular to the initial length measurement, and one to several height measurements, as needed to represent the shape and dimensions of each sponge. Multiple measurements for each dimension were averaged and length x width x height was calculated. For large tubes, of which there were relatively few, we subtracted the dimensions of the interior cavity from the exterior dimensions of the sponge. Generated data were in centimeters cubed (cm3) of sponge per meter squared (Gochfeld et al. 2020).<br />
<br />
The percent cover of sponges was determined from videos of the three transects at each site following established methods from the Virgin Islands Territorial Coral Reef Monitoring Program (Smith et al. 2016). A diver swam at uniform speed while videoing the substrata from a height of approximately 0.4 m (the height of a guide wand). Consecutive, non-overlapping images, each approximately 0.64 x 0.48 m in planar area, were captured for each transect, for an average of 21 images per transect. Twenty random points were superimposed on each image (average of 1282 points per site, per sampling period) and the benthic cover underneath each point was identified to the lowest identifiable taxonomic level and used in the calculation of percent cover by transect. Specific sponges were not identified in the benthic cover analysis and were instead grouped into the overarching category of “Sponge”. The number of points per image required to adequately characterize the percent cover of each of the benthic categories (sponges, hard corals, macroalgae, epilithic algal community [EAC; i.e., diminutive turf algae and other low complexity filamentous algal communities; Smith et al. 2016], non-living substrata, calcareous algae, cyanobacterial mats, gorgonians, zoanthids, and other/unknown living substrata) was determined by visual inspection of the running means. For all categories, the mean value stabilized at no more than 17 points per image per transect, indicating that the 20 points analyzed per image were sufficient to accurately reflect the percent cover at these sites (Gochfeld et al. 2020). &nbsp;</p>
<p>To determine whether different sponge morphologies were differentially affected by hurricanes, each sponge from each transect was assigned to a broad morphological category (sensu Wulff 2006). These categories included excavating sponges (“excavating”); low relief encrusting sponges (“encrusting”); thicker cushions, massive, tube, vase, or other amorphous shapes of medium relief (“massive”); and upright, branching, and rope sponges (“upright”). These groupings differ slightly from those used by Wulff (2006) but represent the morphotypes found within our transects in St. Thomas. The percent of the entire sponge community represented by each morphological category was calculated as the number of individuals in each category divided by the total number of individuals for each transect and multiplied by 100 (Gochfeld et al. 2020).<br />
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To describe the sponge assemblages across dates and sites, all sponges recorded in each transect were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level.&nbsp; For those that could not be identified in situ, photographs and voucher samples collected into 90 percent ethanol were used for spicule preparations and sectioning and identified with the help of collaborator Dr. M. Cristina Diaz. For each transect, the abundance of each sponge taxon was converted into a proportion (number of individuals/total number of sponges in that transect) for analysis.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>To test for effects of the hurricanes (2016 vs. 2017), subsequent recovery (2017-2019) and resilience (2016 vs. 2019) on various metrics of the sponge community at the six sites, repeated-measures analyses of variance (RMANOVAs) were performed on sponge density, volume, species richness and Shannon index [H+] in JMP. Square-root transformations were performed in order to meet the assumptions for parametric analysis. For significant effects of time, site or time x site interactions, post-hoc comparisons were performed using Tukey’s HSD tests in JMP.</p>
<p>Sponge percent cover was not fully blocked in 2019 (i.e., some sites were surveyed in July 2019, while others were surveyed in November 2019, both months or neither), so a 2-way ANOVA was performed on percent cover with site and date as fixed factors, followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests.</p>
<p>To characterize hurricane effects and recovery for sponges with differing morphologies, a RMANOVA was performed on arcsin transformed proportions of each morphotype to test for the main effects of site and year, followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc tests where warranted.</p>
<p>Sponge species composition was characterized using the species-specific sponge counts on each transect. Proportional sponge abundances were entered into PRIMER v6 + PERMANOVA (Clarke and Warwick 2001). Diversity indices (species richness [S], Shannon index [H’]) were calculated in PRIMER and compared using RMANOVAs, followed by Tukey’s least square means post-hoc tests in JMP.<br />
<br />
The sponge assemblages were visualized using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) plots generated in the PRIMER 7 + PERMANOVA software package (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research; Clarke et al. 2014) for all sites combined and for each site separately. A Bray-Curtis similarity matrix was calculated for the ranked proportional abundance of each species and analyzed with a permutational ANOVA (PERMANOVA), with site and date as fixed factors, using the PERMANOVA function in PRIMER, followed by pairwise tests among dates. Species contributing to dissimilarity among dates were identified using Similarity of Percentages (SIMPER) analysis in PRIMER. For the species identified as major contributors to dissimilarity among dates in the SIMPER analysis, patterns of change in abundance across sites and dates were analyzed using two way ANOVAs on ranked proportions.</p>
<p><strong>BCO-DMO Processing Description:</strong><br />
- Added columns for “Latitude” and “Longitude” by site</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
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PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Measuring Tape Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common tool for measuring distance or length.
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Instrument Short Name:SCUBA Instrument Description: The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or scuba diving system is the result of technological developments and innovations that began almost 300 years ago. Scuba diving is the most extensively used system for breathing underwater by recreational divers throughout the world and in various forms is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes.
Reference: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/technical/technical.html
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Underwater Camera Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment that may be deployed underwater including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/180/
Cruise: 17336
17336
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
vessel
17336
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
Cruise: 18079
18079
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
vessel
18079
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
Cruise: 18325
18325
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
vessel
18325
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
Cruise: 19178
19178
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
vessel
19178
Deborah J. Gochfeld
University of Mississippi
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V F.G. Walton Smith
vessel