http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/892206 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2023-03-19 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Morphological Characteristics of Oysters from Predator Experiments at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, AL from July to October 2020 2023-03-30 publication 2023-03-30 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2023-03-30 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.892206.1 Delbert Lee Smee Dauphin Island Sea Lab principalInvestigator Marc Weissburg Georgia Institute of Technology principalInvestigator Benjamin A. Belgrad Dauphin Island Sea Lab principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Belgrad, B. A., Smee, D. L., Weissburg, M. (2023) Morphological Characteristics of Oysters from Predator Experiments at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, AL from July to October 2020. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2023-03-30 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.892206.1 [access date] Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oyster culturing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Oysters (&lt;em&gt;Crassostrea virginica&lt;/em&gt;) were cultured as spat-on-shell at the Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory (AUSL) on Dauphin Island, AL starting in late May 2019 using standard techniques (Congrove et al. 2009). Oyster larvae were settled onto sun-bleached oyster shells to create spat-on-shell. After 3 days, when oyster spat were approximately 1.0 millimeters, they were exposed to either exudates from predatory blue crabs or empty cage controls in four flow-through holding tanks (length = 2.4 meters, width = 0.9 meters, water depth = 0.4 meters) supplied with unfiltered seawater pumped directly from the Gulf of Mexico. The number of spat per shell varied from approximately 5 – 40 and we elected to not alter the initial density to mimic natural settlement during the induction period. Oysters were suspended above the tank bottom in oyster aquaculture baskets (64 x 23 x 14 centimeters with 140 spat-covered per shells basket) to prevent sediment buildup from suffocating oysters. Seven oyster baskets were present in each tank (28 total).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Spat were exposed to blue crab predator cues by holding four live caged adult blue crabs (&lt;em&gt;Callinectes sapidus&lt;/em&gt;) in two of the tanks (8 crabs total), whereas the remaining two tanks contained empty cages (control) to mimic conditions where oysters regularly experience predator cues or are limited in their exposure from cues. Water volumes and crab densities were informed from established procedures (Belgrad et al. 2021). Crabs in each tank were held in four separate cages (32 x 23 x 14 centimeters) to prevent crabs from consuming the experimental oysters or each other. Every crab was fed one adult oyster daily (approximately 5.0 centimeters in length) to maximize predator cue intensity as experimental oysters would be exposed to exudates from predators and damaged conspecifics. This ensured that oysters were exposed to the most natural set of cues indicative of a predation event, which produces a strong response in oysters (Scherer et al. 2016). Crabs were replaced during the experiment as needed due to mortality. Experimental oyster baskets were rotated around the crab cages daily to reduce differences in oyster growth due to proximity to predator cues, and no differences among cages were found. The induction period was 2 months.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shell morphology measurements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; We sampled subsets of oysters to confirm that our predator cue treatments were causing control and induced oysters to exhibit different shell morphologies. Two shells were taken from every basket and three live spat were chosen from each shell for measuring spat shell characteristics after two months (number of individuals = 84 for each cue exposure treatment; 56 shells and 168 spat total). Spat shell properties were assessed by measuring shell size and shell crushing force. Oysters are roughly round at these early life stages, and we measured the shell length from the umbo to the outer shell edge to the nearest 0.01 millimeters using digital calipers. We took care to only measure individuals that were not bounded by cohorts to reduce any confounding effects on growth due to space limitation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The force required to break each spat shell was quantified by a penetrometer attached to a charge amplifier (Kistler force sensor 9203 and Kistler charge amplifier 5995). The sensor probe was placed in the center of the shell, perpendicular to the shell surface. Gentle, consistent pressure was applied until the shell cracked, and the maximum force applied by the sensor to break the shell (in Newtons) was recorded. We divided shell crushing force by shell length to produce a size-standardized metric of shell strength (i.e., standardized crushing force, Newtons per millimeter) because larger individuals naturally have a stronger shell as a byproduct of their larger size (shell thickness).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Oyster shells had their soft tissue removed and were placed in a drying oven for 48 hours at 70 degrees Celsius to obtain the shell dry weight.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1948423 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1948423 Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1948441 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1948441 completed Delbert Lee Smee Dauphin Island Sea Lab (251) 861-2141 101 Bienville BLVD Dauphin Island Alabama 36528 USA lsmee@disl.org pointOfContact Marc Weissburg Georgia Institute of Technology 404-894-8433 School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0230 USA marc.weissburg@biology.gatech.edu pointOfContact Benjamin A. Belgrad Dauphin Island Sea Lab babelgra@eckerd.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown spat_ID tile_ID tank_ID pred_treatment diameter crushing_force standard_force digital calipers Kinlan orce sensor 9203 Kistler charge amplifier 5995 theme None, User defined experiment id tank treatment diameter No BCO-DMO term featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters calipers Drying Oven Force sensor Power Amplifier instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Collaborative Research: Keystone chemicals: Identifying general and universal molecules of fear https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/839801 Collaborative Research: Keystone chemicals: Identifying general and universal molecules of fear <p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br /> Many prey species use chemicals released in predator urine to detect imminent danger and respond appropriately, but the identity of these ‘molecules of fear’ remains largely unknown. This proposal examines whether prey detect different estuarine predators using the same chemical or whether the identity of the chemical signals varies. Experiments focus on common and important estuarine prey, mud crabs and oysters, and their predators including fishes, crustaceans and marine snails. Bioactive molecules are being collected from predators and prey and characterized. The goal is to determine if there are predictive relationships between either the composition of prey flesh or the predator taxon and the signal molecule. Understanding the molecular nature of these cues can determine if there are general rules governing likely signal molecules. Once identified, investigators will have the ability to precisely manipulate or control these molecules in ecological or other types of studies. Oysters are critical to estuarine health, and they are important social, cultural and economic resources. Broader impacts of the project include training of undergraduate and graduate students from diverse backgrounds and working with aquaculture facilities and conservation managers to improve growth and survival of oysters. One response to predator cues involves creating stronger shells to deter predation. Determining the identity of cues used by oysters to detect predators can provide management options to produce oysters that either grow faster or are more resistant to predators. Project personnel is working with oystermen to increase yields of farmed oysters by managing chemical cues.</p> <p>For marine prey, waterborne chemical cues are important sources of information regarding the threat of predation, thus, modulating non-consumptive effects of predation in many systems. Often such cues are produced when the predators consume the flesh of that prey. In nearly all cases, the specific bioactive molecules responsible for modulating these interactions are unknown, raising the question whether there is a universal molecule of fear that prey respond to. Thus, the focus of the project is to determine the generality of fear-inducing metabolites released by predators and prey in estuarine food webs. The project combines metabolomics analysis of diet-derived urinary metabolites with bioassays to identify the bioactive molecules producing responses in two prey species from different taxonomic groups and trophic levels (oysters, mud crabs). Metabolites are sampled from three types of predators, fish, gastropods or crustaceans. This project aims to: 1) identify bioactive molecules produced by several common estuarine predators from different taxa; 2) compare cues from predators that induce defenses in prey vs. changes in prey behavior; and 3) contrast the identities and effects of predator-released cues with fear-inducing molecules from injured conspecifics. By identifying and contrasting the effects of waterborne molecules that induce prey responses from six predators and injured prey, this project is yielding insights into the mechanisms that mediate non-lethal predator effects, while addressing long-standing questions related to predator-prey interactions. In addition to the search of a universal molecule of fear, the experiments are exploring the role of complementary and distinct chemical information on the specificity of prey responses to different types of predators.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> Identifying molecules of fear largerWorkCitation project eng; USA biota oceans -88.077982 -88.077982 30.248451 30.248451 2020-07-01 2020-10-31 Wassaw Sound, GA, US and Dauphin Island, AL 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Morphological Characteristics of Oysters from Predator Experiments at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab, AL from July to October 2020 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892544.rdf Name: spat_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>individual spat identification number</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892545.rdf Name: tile_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>individual tile designation that spat were settled upon</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892546.rdf Name: tank_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>designation of tank that spat were raised within</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892547.rdf Name: pred_treatment Units: unitless Description: <p>oyster shells with spat were raised in the hatchery and either continuously exposed to predator cues (c) or received no predator cues (n)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892548.rdf Name: diameter Units: millimeters (mm) Description: <p>diameter of individual spat at the conclusion of the nursery period</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892549.rdf Name: crushing_force Units: Newtons (N) Description: <p>crushing force of individual spat at the conclusion of the nursery period</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/892550.rdf Name: standard_force Units: Newtons/millimeters (N/mm) Description: <p>crushing force standardized by the size of individual spat (crushing force per diameter) at the conclusion of the nursery period</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 1946 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/c79c5a0b-9e89-46c3-97a4-31958426e115/content download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.892206.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oyster culturing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Oysters (&lt;em&gt;Crassostrea virginica&lt;/em&gt;) were cultured as spat-on-shell at the Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory (AUSL) on Dauphin Island, AL starting in late May 2019 using standard techniques (Congrove et al. 2009). Oyster larvae were settled onto sun-bleached oyster shells to create spat-on-shell. After 3 days, when oyster spat were approximately 1.0 millimeters, they were exposed to either exudates from predatory blue crabs or empty cage controls in four flow-through holding tanks (length = 2.4 meters, width = 0.9 meters, water depth = 0.4 meters) supplied with unfiltered seawater pumped directly from the Gulf of Mexico. The number of spat per shell varied from approximately 5 – 40 and we elected to not alter the initial density to mimic natural settlement during the induction period. Oysters were suspended above the tank bottom in oyster aquaculture baskets (64 x 23 x 14 centimeters with 140 spat-covered per shells basket) to prevent sediment buildup from suffocating oysters. Seven oyster baskets were present in each tank (28 total).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Spat were exposed to blue crab predator cues by holding four live caged adult blue crabs (&lt;em&gt;Callinectes sapidus&lt;/em&gt;) in two of the tanks (8 crabs total), whereas the remaining two tanks contained empty cages (control) to mimic conditions where oysters regularly experience predator cues or are limited in their exposure from cues. Water volumes and crab densities were informed from established procedures (Belgrad et al. 2021). Crabs in each tank were held in four separate cages (32 x 23 x 14 centimeters) to prevent crabs from consuming the experimental oysters or each other. Every crab was fed one adult oyster daily (approximately 5.0 centimeters in length) to maximize predator cue intensity as experimental oysters would be exposed to exudates from predators and damaged conspecifics. This ensured that oysters were exposed to the most natural set of cues indicative of a predation event, which produces a strong response in oysters (Scherer et al. 2016). Crabs were replaced during the experiment as needed due to mortality. Experimental oyster baskets were rotated around the crab cages daily to reduce differences in oyster growth due to proximity to predator cues, and no differences among cages were found. The induction period was 2 months.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Shell morphology measurements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; We sampled subsets of oysters to confirm that our predator cue treatments were causing control and induced oysters to exhibit different shell morphologies. Two shells were taken from every basket and three live spat were chosen from each shell for measuring spat shell characteristics after two months (number of individuals = 84 for each cue exposure treatment; 56 shells and 168 spat total). Spat shell properties were assessed by measuring shell size and shell crushing force. Oysters are roughly round at these early life stages, and we measured the shell length from the umbo to the outer shell edge to the nearest 0.01 millimeters using digital calipers. We took care to only measure individuals that were not bounded by cohorts to reduce any confounding effects on growth due to space limitation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The force required to break each spat shell was quantified by a penetrometer attached to a charge amplifier (Kistler force sensor 9203 and Kistler charge amplifier 5995). The sensor probe was placed in the center of the shell, perpendicular to the shell surface. Gentle, consistent pressure was applied until the shell cracked, and the maximum force applied by the sensor to break the shell (in Newtons) was recorded. We divided shell crushing force by shell length to produce a size-standardized metric of shell strength (i.e., standardized crushing force, Newtons per millimeter) because larger individuals naturally have a stronger shell as a byproduct of their larger size (shell thickness).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Oyster shells had their soft tissue removed and were placed in a drying oven for 48 hours at 70 degrees Celsius to obtain the shell dry weight.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BCO-DMO Processing Description:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; - Rounded &quot;standard_force&quot; column to 2 decimal places&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact digital calipers digital calipers PI Supplied Instrument Name: digital calipers Instrument Name: calipers Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A caliper (or "pair of calipers") is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Drying Oven Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description:  a heated chamber for drying Kinlan orce sensor 9203 Kinlan orce sensor 9203 PI Supplied Instrument Name: Kinlan orce sensor 9203 Instrument Name: Force sensor Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instrument that measures forces such as dynamic and quasistatic tensile and compression forces.  Units commonly as Newtons (N). Kistler charge amplifier 5995 Kistler charge amplifier 5995 PI Supplied Instrument Name: Kistler charge amplifier 5995 Instrument Name: Power Amplifier Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An electronic device designed to take an input signal and output an increased signal strength.