http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/893182
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2023-04-04
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Primary productivity estimates from the incubation of seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from December 1988 through June 2025
2026-02-03
publication
2026-02-03
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2023-04-18
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.893182.1
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rebecca May
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Claire Medley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Dominic Smith
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Emma Stuart
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Johnson, R. J., Bates, N. R., Lethaby, P. J., Smith, D., Medley, C., Stuart, E., May, R. (2026) Primary productivity estimates from the incubation of seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from December 1988 through June 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 7) Version Date 2026-02-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.893182.7 [access date]
BATS primary production Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>Primary production is measured <em>in situ</em> as part of the monthly Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) cruises.&nbsp;Research was conducted on many research vessels including R/V Weatherbird I, R/V Weatherbird II, R/V Cape Henlopen, R/V Cape Hatteras, R/V Oceanus, R/V Endeavor, R/V Atlantic Explorer.&nbsp;Nominal deployment location at BATS site&nbsp; (31 40'N, 64 10'W).&nbsp; Numerous Chief Scientists: Tony Knap, Rachel Dow, Anthony Michaels, Kjell Gundersen, Rodney Johnson, Ann Close, Deborah Steinberg, Paul Lethaby, Julian Mitchell, Vivienne Lochhead, Deborah Lomas, Steven Bell, Jonathan Whitefield, Gwyn Evans, James Sadler, Samuel Monk, Samuel Stevens, Afonso Goncalves, Matt Enright, Fernando Pacheco, Zac Anderson, Claire Medley, Dominic Smith.</p>
<p><strong>Scope and field of application</strong><br />
Primary production is a fundamental ecological variable for understanding the flow of energy into an ecosystem as it supports the availability of organic material as building blocks for higher trophic levels. This method uses a radiocarbon <sup>14</sup>C spike and liquid scintillation counter (LSC) techniques to quantify the rate of primary production. This procedure describes the method for the determination of primary production in seawater, expressed as milligrams of carbon per cubic meter per day (mg C m<sup>−3&nbsp;</sup>day<sup>−1</sup>) . This method is suitable for the assay of all levels of primary production found in the ocean.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Primary production is defined as the rate of uptake of inorganic carbon (DIC) into particulate organic carbon (POC),</p>
<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DIC<sub>n</sub> * POC<sup>14</sup>C * 1.05<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C uptake&nbsp; &nbsp;=&nbsp; &nbsp;-----------------------------&nbsp; &nbsp; , where<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DIC<sup>14</sup>C&nbsp;</p>
<p>C uptake = rate of carbon fixation (mg Carbon m<sup>−3&nbsp;</sup>day<sup>−1</sup>)&nbsp;<br />
DIC<sub>n</sub> = naturally occurring dissolved inorganic carbon<br />
POC<sup>14</sup>C = <sup>14</sup>C spiked particulate organic carbon<br />
DIC<sup>14</sup>C = <sup>14</sup>C spiked dissolved inorganic carbon<br />
1.05 = metabolic discrimination factor due to biological isotopic fractionation (preferable uptake of lighter isotopes)</p>
<p><strong>Principle of analysis</strong><br />
The rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs in seawater is measured by tracing the uptake of radioactive <sup>14</sup>C from the inorganic form to the particulate organic form. Radiocarbon is added at an assumed ratio to the total inorganic carbon content of the seawater sample. The uptake of radiocarbon by the particulate phytoplankton is converted to total carbon uptake by the application of this radiocarbon: total carbon ratio. Inorganic carbon is not measured because samples are acidified before analysis. The seawater is collected using the CTD at discrete depths every 20 meters from the surface to 140 meters. The radioactive <sup>14</sup>C spike is added and samples are incubated in situ at their respective depths using a free-floating array. The array is deployed prior to first light and recovered after sunset to capture the dawn to dusk light cycle.</p>
<p dir="ltr">A liquid scintillation counter (LSC) is used to calculate the level of radioactivity in the sample and therefore the amount of <sup>14</sup>C particulate organic carbon. The LSC measures the conversion of radioactive decay events into photons of light, which are detected by photomultiplier tubes and converted into electrical pulses. In order to aid the detection of radioactivity, a liquid scintillation cocktail is added (Ultima gold for this method). The cocktail contains both solvent and scintillator molecules. The radioactive decay from the <sup>14</sup>C excites the solvent molecule, and the energy is transferred to the scintillator which re-emits the energy in the form of light. Often more than one type of scintillator is present in the cocktail to allow for the emission of light at a suitable wavelength to be detected by the photomultiplier tubes. The resulting electrical signal that is generated is recorded as counts per minute (CPM).&nbsp;</p>
<div><strong>Field sampling</strong></div>
<div>Samples for primary production are collected two hours before dawn (pre-dawn production cast) and no other samples are taken during this cast. Nitrile gloves are used during the handling of samples. The polycarbonate incubation bottles are filled directly from the Niskins under low light conditions. Each bottle is rinsed 3 times before filling. Five bottles are filled for each sample depth. 250 µl of the <sup>14</sup>C working solution is added to each of the five bottles in the shared use radioisotope lab container. Low light levels are maintained by using red lights in the lab. One of the five bottles is wrapped in electrical tape; this bottle is then wrapped in aluminium foil to ensure it is kept in dark conditions. One of the five productivity bottles is used as the time-zero (T-0) sample. The spike is added, the sample is then thoroughly shaken before 50 ml is filtered. A 250 µl aliquot -- to be used for counting total added <sup>14</sup>C activity -- is removed from each of the T-0 bottles and is placed in a 20 ml glass scintillation vial containing 250 µl ethanolamine.<br />
&nbsp;</div>
<div>Approximately one hour before sunrise the productivity array is deployed. The incubation occurs throughout the day and the array is recovered approximately half an hour after sunset. Upon recovery and under low light conditions, a 50 ml aliquot is withdrawn from each productivity bottle and filtered onto a 25 mm Whatman® Glass Fibre Filter, maintaining vacuum levels of 70 mm Hg or less. Neither the filter nor the syringe is rinsed. The filter is placed into a 20 ml glass scintillation vial. Under a fume hood, excess radioactive carbon is driven off by adding 250 µl 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. A 250 µl aliquot for counting total added <sup>14</sup>C activity (Time End Specific Activity) is removed from one of the light productivity bottles. This is placed in a 20 ml glass scintillation vial containing 250 µl ethanolamine (Sigma), similar to the T-0 described in Time Zero Specific Activity Sample. The samples are then stored at room temperature until analysis.</div>
<p>For additional details, please see Protocols for the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Core Measurements.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-0752366 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0752366
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1756105 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1756105
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2241455 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2241455
onGoing
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
1-441-297-1880
17 Biological Lane GE 01
St. Georges
Bermuda
nick.bates@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
441-297-1880
7 Biological Station
St. Georges
GE 01
Bermuda
rod.johnson@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Bermuda
paul.lethaby@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Rebecca May
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Rebecca.May@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Claire Medley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Claire.Medley@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Dominic Smith
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Dominic.Smith@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Emma Stuart
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
emma.stuart@bios.asu.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 7
Unknown
ID
Date
Vessel
ISO_DateTime_UTC_CTD_in
ISO_DateTime_UTC_CTD_out
Latitude_CTD_in
Longitude_CTD_in
Latitude_CTD_out
Longitude_CTD_out
ISO_DateTime_UTC_Array_in
ISO_DateTime_UTC_Array_out
Latitude_Array_in
Longitude_Array_in
Latitude_Array_out
Longitude_Array_out
Cruise_type
Cruise_num
Cast_type
Cast_num
Bottle_num
QF_Niskin_GoFlo
Depth
QF1_Depth
Pressure
QF2_Pressure
Temp
QF3_Temp
Sal
QF4_Sal
lt1
QF5_lt1
lt2
QF6_lt2
lt3
QF7_lt3
dark
QF8_dark
t0
QF9_t0
pp
QF10_pp
decy_CTD_in
decy_CTD_out
yyyymmdd_CTD_in
yyyymmdd_CTD_out
yymmdd_Array_in
yymmdd_Array_out
hhmm_CTD_in
hhmm_CTD_out
hhmm_Array_in
hhmm_Array_out
CTD
light and dark incubation bottles
Liquid Scintillation Counter
Niskin bottle
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
date
ship
ISO_DateTime_UTC
latitude
longitude
cruise type
Cruise identfier
cast type
cast
Niskin bottle number
quality flag
depth
water pressure
water temperature at measurement depth
salinity
primary production
year_decimal
start_date
end_date
time of day
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
CTD Sea-Bird 911
Light-Dark Bottle
Liquid Scintillation Counter
Niskin bottle
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
BATS_cruises
service
Deployment Activity
Sargasso Sea
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
http://us-ocb.org/
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.
The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.
The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.
OCB
largerWorkCitation
program
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.
The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).
U.S. JGOFS
largerWorkCitation
program
Ocean Time-series Sites
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/program/562656
Ocean Time-series Sites
Program description text taken from Chapter 1: Introduction from the Global Intercomparability in a Changing Ocean: An International Time-Series Methods Workshop report published following the workshop held November 28-30, 2012 at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences. The full report is available from the workshop Web site hosted by US OCB: http://www.whoi.edu/website/TS-workshop/home
Decades of research have demonstrated that the ocean varies across a range of time scales, with anthropogenic forcing contributing an added layer of complexity. In a growing effort to distinguish between natural and human-induced earth system variability, sustained ocean time-series measurements have taken on a renewed importance. Shipboard biogeochemical time-series represent one of the most valuable tools scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean carbon fluxes and biogeochemical processes and their links to changing climate (Karl, 2010; Chavez et al., 2011; Church et al., 2013). They provide the oceanographic community with the long, temporally resolved datasets needed to characterize ocean climate, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem change.
The temporal scale of shifts in marine ecosystem variations in response to climate change are on the order of several decades. The long-term, consistent and comprehensive monitoring programs conducted by time-series sites are essential to understand large-scale atmosphere-ocean interactions that occur on interannual to decadal time scales. Ocean time-series represent one of the most valuable tools scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean carbon fluxes and biogeochemical processes and their links to changing climate.
Launched in the late 1980s, the US JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study; http://usjgofs.whoi.edu) research program initiated two time-series measurement programs at Hawaii and Bermuda (HOT and BATS, respectively) to measure key oceanographic measurements in oligotrophic waters. Begun in 1995 as part of the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling Project, the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series (formerly known as the CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) Program has studied the relationship between surface primary production, physical forcing variables like the wind, and the settling flux of particulate carbon in the Cariaco Basin.
The objective of these time-series effort is to provide well-sampled seasonal resolution of biogeochemical variability at a limited number of ocean observatories, provide support and background measurements for process-oriented research, as well as test and validate observations for biogeochemical models. Since their creation, the BATS, CARIACO and HOT time-series site data have been available for use by a large community of researchers.
Data from those three US funded, ship-based, time-series sites can be accessed at each site directly or by selecting the site name from the Projects section below.
Ocean Time-series
largerWorkCitation
program
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
http://bats.bios.edu
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
<p>A full description of the BATS research program (including links to the processed BATS data) is available from the BATS Web site (see above for Project URL/ Project Website links). Any data contributed from selected ancillary projects are listed (linked) in the 'Datasets Collection' section below. </p>
<p><strong>Collaborative Research: The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study: Sustained Biogeochemical, Ecosystem and Ocean Change Observations and Linkages in the North Atlantic (Years 36-40)</strong><br />
<em><strong>Awards OCE-</strong></em><strong>2241455<em>, OCE-</em>2241456<em> and OCE-</em>2241457<em>)</em></strong><br />
<u>NSF award abstract</u></p>
<p>Long-term observations of ocean physics, biology, and chemistry across decades provide a powerful lens for understanding the response of the oceans to environmental change. This award will continue the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) research program, which began in 1988, for another five years. Observations at the BATS site provide crucial information for understanding the ocean?s role in the global climate system and the response of the ocean carbon system and marine ecosystems to climate perturbations. The research goals of the BATS program continue to be to improve our understanding of the time-varying components of the ocean carbon cycle and related elements of interest (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica) and to identify the physical, chemical, and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The BATS program has substantial broader impacts, contributing to the field of ocean sciences by providing high-quality ocean observations and a framework in which other researchers can conceive and test hypotheses. In addition, the recent acquisition of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences by the Global Futures Laboratory of Arizona State University provides new avenues for educational opportunities and innovation.</p>
<p>In the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean, warming, salinification, deoxygenation, ocean ecosystem changes, and acidification have accelerated their rate of change. Fundamental questions and challenges remain about understanding present and future ocean function, prediction, and modelling. An overarching question for the BATS program is: Will ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning continue to change in response to the acceleration of ocean warming, salinification, stratification, deoxygenation and acidification? With this question in mind, the sustained goals for the BATS program are: 1. Quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate variability on air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon export to the ocean interior; 2. Document trends and controls of the following: (a) the interannual to decadal scale variability in carbon and nutrient cycles and their coupling in the surface and deep ocean via the Redfield Ratio paradigm; and, (b) biological community structure in the oligotrophic North Atlantic Ocean in response to low-frequency climate variability; 3. Quantify the response of planktonic and microbial community structure and function and impact on biogeochemical cycles (including new and export productivity) to variability in surface fluxes (e.g., heat, freshwater and momentum) and physical processes (e.g., mesoscale eddies, Rossby Waves, internal waves); 4. Facilitate development, calibration and validation of next-generation oceanographic sensors, tools and technologies; 5. Generate datasets that can be used by empiricists and modelers to test new hypotheses about North Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning; 6. Use BATS cruise, infrastructure, laboratory and analytical expertise, and data to improve education and training programs for BATS staff, STEM-literate students, and future oceanographers.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
<p>Please see the BATS Web site (<a href="http://bats.bios.edu" target="_blank">http://bats.bios.edu</a>) for additional information.</p>
<p><a href="http://data.bco-dmo.org/BATS/BATS_References.pdf">List of References (PDF)</a></p>
BATS
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
Sargasso Sea
-64.914
-64.012
31.135
32.108
1988-12-18
2025-06-03
Northwest Sargasso Sea at 31 deg 40' N, 64 deg 10' W
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Primary productivity estimates from the incubation of seawater collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from December 1988 through June 2025
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993551.rdf
Name: ID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>A unique bottle ID which identifies cruise, cast, and Niskin number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993552.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date productivity array was deployed in YYYY-MM-DD format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993553.rdf
Name: Vessel
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Name of vessel used for cruise</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993554.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_CTD_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Datetime CTD was deployed in ISO8601 format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993555.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_CTD_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Datetime CTD was recovered in ISO8601 format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993556.rdf
Name: Latitude_CTD_in
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude CTD was deployed in decimal degrees, South is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993557.rdf
Name: Longitude_CTD_in
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude CTD was deployed in decimal degrees, West is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993558.rdf
Name: Latitude_CTD_out
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude CTD was recovered in decimal degrees, South is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993559.rdf
Name: Longitude_CTD_out
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude CTD was recovered in decimal degrees, West is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993560.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_Array_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Datetime productivity array was deployed in ISO8601 format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993561.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC_Array_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Datetime productivity array was recovered in ISO8601 format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993562.rdf
Name: Latitude_Array_in
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude productivity array was deployed in decimal degrees, South is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993563.rdf
Name: Longitude_Array_in
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude productivity array was deployed in decimal degrees, West is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993564.rdf
Name: Latitude_Array_out
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude productivity array was recovered in decimal degrees, South is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993565.rdf
Name: Longitude_Array_out
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude productivity array was recovered in decimal degrees, West is negative</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993566.rdf
Name: Cruise_type
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cruise type (BATS Core, Bloom A, or Bloom B)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993567.rdf
Name: Cruise_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>BATS Cruise number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993568.rdf
Name: Cast_type
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cast type (CTD or Hydrocast)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993569.rdf
Name: Cast_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cast Number (1-80 = CTD, 81-99 = Hydrocast)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993570.rdf
Name: Bottle_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Niskin bottle number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993571.rdf
Name: QF_Niskin_GoFlo
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Niskin/GoFlo quality flag (-3 = suspect, 1=unverified, 2= verified/acceptable)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993572.rdf
Name: Depth
Units: meters (m)
Description: <p>Collection depth</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993573.rdf
Name: QF1_Depth
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for depth; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993574.rdf
Name: Pressure
Units: decibars (dbar)
Description: <p>Pressure (dbar) from CTD</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993575.rdf
Name: QF2_Pressure
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for pressure; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993576.rdf
Name: Temp
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>CTD temp (C)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993577.rdf
Name: QF3_Temp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for temperature; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993578.rdf
Name: Sal
Units: PSU
Description: <p>Salinity from Goflo bottle or CTD</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993579.rdf
Name: QF4_Sal
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for salinity; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993580.rdf
Name: lt1
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>14C Primary Production light bottle #1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993581.rdf
Name: QF5_lt1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for 14C Primary Production light bottle #1; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993582.rdf
Name: lt2
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>14C Primary Production light bottle #2</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993583.rdf
Name: QF6_lt2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for 14C Primary Production light bottle #2; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993584.rdf
Name: lt3
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>14C Primary Production light bottle #3</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993585.rdf
Name: QF7_lt3
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for 14C Primary Production light bottle #3; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993586.rdf
Name: dark
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>14C Primary Production dark bottle</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993587.rdf
Name: QF8_dark
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for 14C Primary Production dark bottle; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993588.rdf
Name: t0
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>14C Primary Production Time zero</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993589.rdf
Name: QF9_t0
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for 14C Primary Production Time zero; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993590.rdf
Name: pp
Units: mgC/m^3/day
Description: <p>Primary Production Mean Light values - Dark value</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993591.rdf
Name: QF10_pp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality control flag for Mean Light values - Dark value; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993592.rdf
Name: decy_CTD_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date CTD was deployed in Decimal Year format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993593.rdf
Name: decy_CTD_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date CTD was recovered in Decimal Year format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993594.rdf
Name: yyyymmdd_CTD_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year, month, and day CTD was deployed in YYYYMMDD format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993595.rdf
Name: yyyymmdd_CTD_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year, month, and day CTD was recovered in YYYYMMDD format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993596.rdf
Name: yymmdd_Array_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year, month, and day productivity array was deployed in YYYYMMDD format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993597.rdf
Name: yymmdd_Array_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year, month, and day productivity array was recovered in YYYYMMDD format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993598.rdf
Name: hhmm_CTD_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Time CTD was deployed in HHMM format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993599.rdf
Name: hhmm_CTD_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Time CTD was recovered in HHMM format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993600.rdf
Name: hhmm_Array_in
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Time productivity array was deployed in HHMM format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993601.rdf
Name: hhmm_Array_out
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Time productivity array was recovered in HHMM format</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
822825
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/310f9122-6305-495e-b8e2-493e9f0cbeab/content
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812483
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/97dc6981-7552-4a3b-bbe9-30ef8930b9b2/content
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797849
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5d648425-03d9-44c2-857a-04d5498b24ef/content
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605077
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6e66a34d-2d31-4745-9c5c-2815e2e20465/content
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https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.893182.1
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onLine
dataset
<p>Primary production is measured <em>in situ</em> as part of the monthly Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) cruises.&nbsp;Research was conducted on many research vessels including R/V Weatherbird I, R/V Weatherbird II, R/V Cape Henlopen, R/V Cape Hatteras, R/V Oceanus, R/V Endeavor, R/V Atlantic Explorer.&nbsp;Nominal deployment location at BATS site&nbsp; (31 40'N, 64 10'W).&nbsp; Numerous Chief Scientists: Tony Knap, Rachel Dow, Anthony Michaels, Kjell Gundersen, Rodney Johnson, Ann Close, Deborah Steinberg, Paul Lethaby, Julian Mitchell, Vivienne Lochhead, Deborah Lomas, Steven Bell, Jonathan Whitefield, Gwyn Evans, James Sadler, Samuel Monk, Samuel Stevens, Afonso Goncalves, Matt Enright, Fernando Pacheco, Zac Anderson, Claire Medley, Dominic Smith.</p>
<p><strong>Scope and field of application</strong><br />
Primary production is a fundamental ecological variable for understanding the flow of energy into an ecosystem as it supports the availability of organic material as building blocks for higher trophic levels. This method uses a radiocarbon <sup>14</sup>C spike and liquid scintillation counter (LSC) techniques to quantify the rate of primary production. This procedure describes the method for the determination of primary production in seawater, expressed as milligrams of carbon per cubic meter per day (mg C m<sup>−3&nbsp;</sup>day<sup>−1</sup>) . This method is suitable for the assay of all levels of primary production found in the ocean.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Primary production is defined as the rate of uptake of inorganic carbon (DIC) into particulate organic carbon (POC),</p>
<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DIC<sub>n</sub> * POC<sup>14</sup>C * 1.05<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C uptake&nbsp; &nbsp;=&nbsp; &nbsp;-----------------------------&nbsp; &nbsp; , where<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DIC<sup>14</sup>C&nbsp;</p>
<p>C uptake = rate of carbon fixation (mg Carbon m<sup>−3&nbsp;</sup>day<sup>−1</sup>)&nbsp;<br />
DIC<sub>n</sub> = naturally occurring dissolved inorganic carbon<br />
POC<sup>14</sup>C = <sup>14</sup>C spiked particulate organic carbon<br />
DIC<sup>14</sup>C = <sup>14</sup>C spiked dissolved inorganic carbon<br />
1.05 = metabolic discrimination factor due to biological isotopic fractionation (preferable uptake of lighter isotopes)</p>
<p><strong>Principle of analysis</strong><br />
The rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs in seawater is measured by tracing the uptake of radioactive <sup>14</sup>C from the inorganic form to the particulate organic form. Radiocarbon is added at an assumed ratio to the total inorganic carbon content of the seawater sample. The uptake of radiocarbon by the particulate phytoplankton is converted to total carbon uptake by the application of this radiocarbon: total carbon ratio. Inorganic carbon is not measured because samples are acidified before analysis. The seawater is collected using the CTD at discrete depths every 20 meters from the surface to 140 meters. The radioactive <sup>14</sup>C spike is added and samples are incubated in situ at their respective depths using a free-floating array. The array is deployed prior to first light and recovered after sunset to capture the dawn to dusk light cycle.</p>
<p dir="ltr">A liquid scintillation counter (LSC) is used to calculate the level of radioactivity in the sample and therefore the amount of <sup>14</sup>C particulate organic carbon. The LSC measures the conversion of radioactive decay events into photons of light, which are detected by photomultiplier tubes and converted into electrical pulses. In order to aid the detection of radioactivity, a liquid scintillation cocktail is added (Ultima gold for this method). The cocktail contains both solvent and scintillator molecules. The radioactive decay from the <sup>14</sup>C excites the solvent molecule, and the energy is transferred to the scintillator which re-emits the energy in the form of light. Often more than one type of scintillator is present in the cocktail to allow for the emission of light at a suitable wavelength to be detected by the photomultiplier tubes. The resulting electrical signal that is generated is recorded as counts per minute (CPM).&nbsp;</p>
<div><strong>Field sampling</strong></div>
<div>Samples for primary production are collected two hours before dawn (pre-dawn production cast) and no other samples are taken during this cast. Nitrile gloves are used during the handling of samples. The polycarbonate incubation bottles are filled directly from the Niskins under low light conditions. Each bottle is rinsed 3 times before filling. Five bottles are filled for each sample depth. 250 µl of the <sup>14</sup>C working solution is added to each of the five bottles in the shared use radioisotope lab container. Low light levels are maintained by using red lights in the lab. One of the five bottles is wrapped in electrical tape; this bottle is then wrapped in aluminium foil to ensure it is kept in dark conditions. One of the five productivity bottles is used as the time-zero (T-0) sample. The spike is added, the sample is then thoroughly shaken before 50 ml is filtered. A 250 µl aliquot -- to be used for counting total added <sup>14</sup>C activity -- is removed from each of the T-0 bottles and is placed in a 20 ml glass scintillation vial containing 250 µl ethanolamine.<br />
&nbsp;</div>
<div>Approximately one hour before sunrise the productivity array is deployed. The incubation occurs throughout the day and the array is recovered approximately half an hour after sunset. Upon recovery and under low light conditions, a 50 ml aliquot is withdrawn from each productivity bottle and filtered onto a 25 mm Whatman® Glass Fibre Filter, maintaining vacuum levels of 70 mm Hg or less. Neither the filter nor the syringe is rinsed. The filter is placed into a 20 ml glass scintillation vial. Under a fume hood, excess radioactive carbon is driven off by adding 250 µl 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. A 250 µl aliquot for counting total added <sup>14</sup>C activity (Time End Specific Activity) is removed from one of the light productivity bottles. This is placed in a 20 ml glass scintillation vial containing 250 µl ethanolamine (Sigma), similar to the T-0 described in Time Zero Specific Activity Sample. The samples are then stored at room temperature until analysis.</div>
<p>For additional details, please see Protocols for the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study Core Measurements.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Imported data from source files "bats_primary_production_v007.txt", "bats_primary_production_qcmask_v007.txt", and "BATS_bottle_v006_unique_vessel_cruise_combos.txt" into the BCO-DMO data system. Data file imported using missing data identifiers "NA" and all variants of -999
- Joined "bats_primary_production_v007.txt" and "bats_primary_production_qcmask_v007.txt" on Id, yymmdd_in, Lat_in, and Lat_out, bringing all QF flag fields into the dataset
- Converted both CTD and production array longitudes to decimal degrees (west is negative)
- Added columns for Cruise type, Cruise number, Cast number, and Bottle number based on the Id
- Zero padded the time column (A_hhmm_in, A_hhmm_out, time_corr_in, time_corr_out) values and then combined with the yymmdd_in, A_yymmdd_in, yymmdd_out, and A_yymmdd_out time column to create datetime columns for CTD water collection and production array deployment
- Converted dates and datetimes to ISO8601 format
- Created a separate Date field from yymmdd_in formatted as YYYY-MM-DD, since not all rows have time values
- Created type fields for Cruise and Cast numbers
- Joined "bats_primary_production_v007.txt" and "BATS_bottle_v006_unique_vessel_cruise_combos.txt"
- Modified parameter (column) names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions and to be more similar to other BATS datasets. The only allowed characters are A-Z,a-z,0-9, and underscores. No spaces, hyphens, commas, parentheses, or Greek letters
- Added Vessel values for cruises not included in "BATS_bottle_v006_unique_vessel_cruise_combos.txt"
- Exported dataset file as "893182_v7_bats_primary_production.csv"
**Version 4 (v004)**
- All no data notation was replaced with blanks. Mask file information was incorporated into the dataset.
- Dataset and metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
**Version 5 (v005)**
- New authors added. Dataset and metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
**Version 6 (v006)**
- Dataset and metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
**Version 7 (v007)**
- Dataset and metadata updated with latest extents, vessels used, and cruises.
- Additional columns were provided and integrated into the dataset, which specifies the datetimes, lat, and lon of CTD deployments and production array deployments.
- In previous versions, datetimes and lat/lon values were attributed to production array deployment, which actually represented CTD deployments. This has been clarified and separated in the latest version.
- Parameter Q5_it1 was corrected to Q5_lt1
- Units were previously missing for Pressure, Temp, and Sal. These have been added in this version
- There are data revisions for two of the existing cruises that are outlined in the release notes for this version.
See the supplemental release/update notes for more information.
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
CTD
CTD
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CTD PI Supplied Instrument Description:The seawater is collected using the CTD at discrete depths every 20 meters from the surface to 140 meters. Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911 Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911 Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 911 includes the SBE 9 Underwater Unit and the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). More information from Sea-Bird Electronics. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0035/
light and dark incubation bottles
light and dark incubation bottles
PI Supplied Instrument Name: light and dark incubation bottles PI Supplied Instrument Description:Seawater samples were collected prior to sunrise, separated into three light bottles and one dark bottle, and a radioactive 14C tracer added. The bottles were then deployed on an incubation array at their collection depths, and allowed to drift on the array for the full light day. Instrument Name: Light-Dark Bottle Instrument Short Name:Light-Dark Bottle Instrument Description: The light/dark bottle is a way of measuring primary production by comparing before and after concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Bottles containing seawater samples with phytoplankton are incubated for a predetermined period of time under light and dark conditions. Incubation is preferably carried out in situ, at the depth from which the samples were collected. Alternatively, the light and dark bottles are incubated in a water trough on deck, and neutral density filters are used to approximate the light conditions at the collection depth.Rates of net and gross photosynthesis and respiration can be determined from measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration in the sample bottles. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/82/
Liquid Scintillation Counter
Liquid Scintillation Counter
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Liquid Scintillation Counter PI Supplied Instrument Description:A Liquid Scintillation Counter is used to calculate the level of radioactivity in the sample and therefore the amount of 14C particulate organic carbon Instrument Name: Liquid Scintillation Counter Instrument Short Name:LSC Instrument Description: Liquid scintillation counting is an analytical technique which is defined by the incorporation of the radiolabeled analyte into uniform distribution with a liquid chemical medium capable of converting the kinetic energy of nuclear emissions into light energy. Although the liquid scintillation counter is a sophisticated laboratory counting system used to quantify the activity of particulate emitting (ß and a) radioactive samples, it can also detect the auger electrons emitted from 51Cr and 125I samples.
Liquid scintillation counters are instruments assaying alpha and beta radiation by quantitative detection of visible light produced by the passage of rays or particles through a suitable scintillant incorporated into the sample. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB21/
Niskin bottle
Niskin bottle
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/
Cruise: BATS_cruises
BATS_cruises
Multiple Vessels
vessel
BATS_cruises
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
http://bats.bios.edu/bats-data/
Report describing BATS_cruises
Multiple Vessels
vessel