http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/897403
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2023-06-09
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Benthic cover data photoquadrat images from patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i from 2015 to 2022
2023-06-09
publication
2023-06-09
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2023-11-28
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.897403.1
Katie Barott
University of Pennsylvania
principalInvestigator
Hollie Putnam
University of Rhode Island
principalInvestigator
Kristen Brown
University of Pennsylvania
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Brown, K. T., Barott, K., Putnam, H. (2023) Benthic cover data photoquadrat images from patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i from 2015 to 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2023-06-09 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.897403.1 [access date]
Dataset Description: <p>This dataset and other data from this study will be published in the results paper "Divergent bleaching and recovery trajectories in reef-building corals following a decade of successive marine heatwaves." (see pre-print Brown, et al. (2023), doi: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549193).&nbsp;<br />
<br />
All BCO-DMO datasets related to this publication can be found on the page https://www.bco-dmo.org/related-resource/915300.</p> Methods and Sampling: <p><strong>Location:</strong><br />
patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i (21.4509, -157.7954).<br />
<br />
This dataset provides benthic cover data.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;following section also describes the closely related dataset&nbsp;"Colony level bleaching severity and mortality"&nbsp;https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/897415 which provides the community composition point counts and images.<br />
<br />
Coral colony selection:</p>
<p dir="ltr">All colonies followed in this study were first categorized as bleaching-susceptible (severely bleached) or bleaching-resistant (fully pigmented) based on their bleaching phenotype during the peak of the 2015 heatwave and coral bleaching event&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>. For this study, ten pairs of adjacent conspecific colonies of M. capitata and P. compressa with contrasting bleaching susceptibilities (N=10 colonies per species per phenotype) were selected. Adjacent pairs of bleaching-resistant and bleaching-susceptible colonies of the same species were selected in order to minimize the influence of microenvironment on the bleaching response. Individual colonies were monitored for bleaching (color/pigmentation) and partial mortality from 2015–2017&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>&nbsp;and 2019–2023 (this study), and sampled for physiological assessments from 2019–2023 (Brown et al., 2023 Tables S3 and S4). An additional pair of M. capitata and two pairs of P. compressa were added to the time series in 2022 to supplement our observations after three pairs could no longer be located; all of these colonies had been assessed for bleaching, mortality and recovery from 2015–2017.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Nearly all of the M. capitata colonies used in this study (20 of the 22 colonies) were identified as unique genotypes in an earlier study&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/vlRzv">(2)</a>. In general, clonality in M. capitata in Kāne‘ohe Bay is very low&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/qUP1D">(3)</a>, with a bay-wide genet-ramen ratio of 0.917. Caruso et al (2022) included two sites at the same reef investigated in this study (Patch Reef 13), identifying a genet-ramen (G:R) ratio of 0.95 (i.e., 21 genotypes in 22 colonies sampled). For P. compressa, the bay-wide genet-ramen ratio is approximately 0.875, but clonality is rare in low wave energy (inner bay) environments&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/rRj5b">(4)</a>. Similarly, P. compressa from sheltered South Bay sites have a genet-ramen ratio of 0.96&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/CKRCo">(5)</a>. The likelihood of there being more than three clones in P. compressa is very low (0.92 [average of two papers G:R] * 24 colonies = 22 genotypes), especially considering the physiological variation observed. Overall, these studies indicate infrequent asexual reproduction at the study site for either species.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">Coral bleaching and partial mortality assessments:</p>
<p dir="ltr">Colony-level bleaching severity was determined from photographs of each colony following the methodology of&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/lImAj">(6)</a>, in which colonies were scored as: (1) no signs of paling (0%), (2) mild paling (&gt;20%), (3) moderate paling (20–50%), (4) mostly bleached (50–80%), and (5) fully bleached (80–100%). Cumulative colony-level partial mortality was also determined from these same photographs as described in&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>. Observations occurred during peak and off-peak seasonal temperatures in most years. Benthic community composition was determined at the same time as colony-level observations following the same methods as in&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/lImAj+FDlNI">(1, 6)</a>. Specifically, benthic photoquadrats (0.33 m2), were imaged at 2 m intervals along a 40 m transect tape laid parallel to the reef crest at 1 m and 3 m depths (n = 1–2 per depth) at PR13. Benthic community composition was determined from each image via CoralNet using 50 randomly allocated points per photograph&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/dLnFd">(7)</a>. Bleaching severity of each coral point was scored as: (1) pigmented (no signs of bleaching), (2) pale (moderately bleached), or (3) severely bleached (white). Reef-wide bleaching prevalence for each species was determined as the proportion of observations of that species showing signs of moderate or severe bleaching (i.e. bleaching score of 2 or 3).</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2102989 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2102989
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2103067 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2103067
completed
Katie Barott
University of Pennsylvania
215-746-6911
433 South University Avenue Leidy Laboratories 326
Philadelphia
PA
19104
USA
kbarott@sas.upenn.edu
pointOfContact
Hollie Putnam
University of Rhode Island
808-554-1462
120 Flagg Rd.
Kingston
RI
02881
USA
hputnam@uri.edu
pointOfContact
Kristen Brown
University of Pennsylvania
433 S University Ave
Philadelphia
PA
19104-4544
USA
ktbrown@sas.upenn.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Image_ID
Image_name
month
day
year
Date
Annotation_status
Points
Coral_Juvenile
Diseased_Coral
Leptastrea_purpurea
Pigmented_Montipora_capitata
Pavona_varians
Pigmented_Porites_Compressa
Recent_Dead_Coral
Ascidian
Mycale_grandis
Sponge
Zoanthid
Sand
Sediment
Dead_coral
Rock_Pavement
Rock_Rubble
All_other
Broken_coral_rubble
Dead_coral_with_algae
Rubble
Schizothrix
white_band_disease
Amphiroa_sp
CCA
Dictyosphaeria
Dictyota
Halimeda
Liagora
Lobophora
Macroalgae
Montipora_capitata_recently_dead
Padina
Porites_compressa_recently_dead
Sargassum
Stypopodium_sp
Turbinaria_algae
Turf_algae
Montipora_bleached_and_pale
Pocillopora
Bleached_and_pale_Porites
theme
None, User defined
sample description
file_name
month of year
day of month
year
date
status
count
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Underwater Camera
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
RAPID: Collaborative Research: Disentangling the effects of heat stress versus bleaching phenotype on coral performance
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/868513
RAPID: Collaborative Research: Disentangling the effects of heat stress versus bleaching phenotype on coral performance
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
Coral bleaching has become increasingly common on reefs worldwide as rising sea surface temperatures associated with climate change disrupt the coral-algal symbiosis. This dramatic heat stress response turns the normally colorful corals bright white, and yet during these heat stress events not all corals undergo bleaching. This project focuses on assessing the effects of bleaching by comparing pairs of corals side-byside on the reef during an ongoing heat wave, where one has bleached and the other has not, despite experiencing the same temperatures. These coral pairs have been monitored throughout three bleaching events in the past five years, providing a unique resource to address whether corals with consistently different bleaching susceptibilities have the capacity to acclimate in response to disturbances through epigenetic changes, or changes in gene expression not due to change in DNA bases. To address this, the project will characterize the impacts of bleaching or not bleaching on coral physiology, gene expression, and epigenetic patterns using coral pairs in their natural habitat during a marine heatwave. This project also provides research support for graduate student trainees, as well as data and materials for the research and training of undergraduate and high school students. This project will recruit underrepresented minority students from URI and UPenn area high schools and university undergraduates for work on computer analysis of images (benthic and colony photographs, brightfield and confocal micrographs) and sequencing data. It will also support the training of an undergraduate student at the University of Hawaiʻi in coral ecology and physiology, and the development of her senior thesis.</p>
<p>This project will investigate the effects of repeated heat stress events on the performance of Montipora capitata, a dominant reef builder throughout Hawaiʻi. It utilizes the timely context of paired colonies of M. capitata with bleached vs. unbleached histories that have been monitored through two past bleaching events in Hawaiʻi (2015 and 2019) and the currently ongoing 2020 event. This system allows for the unique opportunity to disentangle the consequences of heat stress versus bleaching on coral performance through time, an essential feature of reef resilience. The contrasting physiological and energetic processes these two phenotypes undergo during a heatwave are likely to result in alterations to the cellular environment within the animal that impacts epigenetic transcriptional regulation. These regulatory and energetic changes, if persistent over time, have the potential to alter coral fitness beyond the duration of the heatwave differentially between corals with contrasting bleaching phenotypes. Specifically, the project will: 1) quantify the effect of the 2020 heatwave on coral physiology during bleaching and recovery, 2) generate a corresponding archive of coral tissues and nucleic acids as a resource for future work characterizing how bleaching phenotype alters energetics and non-genetic inheritance, and 3) characterize how bleaching phenotype alters intra-generational inheritance of epigenetic marks (i.e., DNA methylation) and gene expression, and the duration of these marks and expression patterns following heat stress. This project represents an urgent assessment of an ideal system to test the legacy of coral bleaching phenotype on coral fitness. The results of this project will therefore lay the foundation for intra and cross-generational effects of bleaching vs. heat stress, which is essential for understanding coral resilience to climate change.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Mcap pairs time series
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
-157.7954
-157.7954
21.4509
21.4509
2015-10-01
2022-09-30
Coral reefs of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Benthic cover data photoquadrat images from patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i from 2015 to 2022
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904913.rdf
Name: Image_ID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Image identifier</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904914.rdf
Name: Image_name
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Image name (images are provided in benthic cover images.zip)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904915.rdf
Name: month
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Numeric month of year</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904916.rdf
Name: day
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Day</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904917.rdf
Name: year
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year (in format YYYY)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904918.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date (ISO 8601 date format)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904919.rdf
Name: Annotation_status
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Annotation status. 'confirmed' indicates manually annotated</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904920.rdf
Name: Points
Units: per point
Description: <p>number of points per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904921.rdf
Name: Coral_Juvenile
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Coral Juvenile" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904922.rdf
Name: Diseased_Coral
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Diseased Coral" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904923.rdf
Name: Leptastrea_purpurea
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Leptastrea purpurea" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904924.rdf
Name: Pigmented_Montipora_capitata
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Pigmented Montipora capitata" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904925.rdf
Name: Pavona_varians
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Pavona varians" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904926.rdf
Name: Pigmented_Porites_Compressa
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Pigmented Porites Compressa" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904927.rdf
Name: Recent_Dead_Coral
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Recent Dead Coral" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904928.rdf
Name: Ascidian
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Ascidian" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904929.rdf
Name: Mycale_grandis
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Mycale grandis" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904930.rdf
Name: Sponge
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Sponge" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904931.rdf
Name: Zoanthid
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Zoanthid" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904932.rdf
Name: Sand
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Sand" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904933.rdf
Name: Sediment
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Sediment" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904934.rdf
Name: Dead_coral
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Dead coral" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904935.rdf
Name: Rock_Pavement
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Rock Pavement" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904936.rdf
Name: Rock_Rubble
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Rock Rubble" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904937.rdf
Name: All_other
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "All other" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904938.rdf
Name: Broken_coral_rubble
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Broken coral rubble" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904939.rdf
Name: Dead_coral_with_algae
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Dead coral with algae" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904940.rdf
Name: Rubble
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Rubble" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904941.rdf
Name: Schizothrix
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Schizothrix" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904942.rdf
Name: white_band_disease
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "white band disease" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904943.rdf
Name: Amphiroa_sp
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Amphiroa sp" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904944.rdf
Name: CCA
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "CCA" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904945.rdf
Name: Dictyosphaeria
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Dictyosphaeria" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904946.rdf
Name: Dictyota
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Dictyota" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904947.rdf
Name: Halimeda
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Halimeda" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904948.rdf
Name: Liagora
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Liagora" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904949.rdf
Name: Lobophora
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Lobophora" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904950.rdf
Name: Macroalgae
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Macroalgae" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904951.rdf
Name: Montipora_capitata_recently_dead
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Montipora capitata recently dead" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904952.rdf
Name: Padina
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Padina" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904953.rdf
Name: Porites_compressa_recently_dead
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Porites compressa recently dead" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904954.rdf
Name: Sargassum
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Sargassum" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904955.rdf
Name: Stypopodium_sp
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Stypopodium sp" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904956.rdf
Name: Turbinaria_algae
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Turbinaria algae" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904957.rdf
Name: Turf_algae
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Turf algae" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904958.rdf
Name: Montipora_bleached_and_pale
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Montipora bleached and pale" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904959.rdf
Name: Pocillopora
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Pocillopora" per image</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/904960.rdf
Name: Bleached_and_pale_Porites
Units: per point
Description: <p>Point count of "Bleached and pale Porites" per image</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
204746
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a542c4b3-2140-4486-a178-7664057d6f6e/content
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.897403.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p><strong>Location:</strong><br />
patch reef 13 in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i (21.4509, -157.7954).<br />
<br />
This dataset provides benthic cover data.&nbsp;&nbsp;The&nbsp;following section also describes the closely related dataset&nbsp;"Colony level bleaching severity and mortality"&nbsp;https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/897415 which provides the community composition point counts and images.<br />
<br />
Coral colony selection:</p>
<p dir="ltr">All colonies followed in this study were first categorized as bleaching-susceptible (severely bleached) or bleaching-resistant (fully pigmented) based on their bleaching phenotype during the peak of the 2015 heatwave and coral bleaching event&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>. For this study, ten pairs of adjacent conspecific colonies of M. capitata and P. compressa with contrasting bleaching susceptibilities (N=10 colonies per species per phenotype) were selected. Adjacent pairs of bleaching-resistant and bleaching-susceptible colonies of the same species were selected in order to minimize the influence of microenvironment on the bleaching response. Individual colonies were monitored for bleaching (color/pigmentation) and partial mortality from 2015–2017&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>&nbsp;and 2019–2023 (this study), and sampled for physiological assessments from 2019–2023 (Brown et al., 2023 Tables S3 and S4). An additional pair of M. capitata and two pairs of P. compressa were added to the time series in 2022 to supplement our observations after three pairs could no longer be located; all of these colonies had been assessed for bleaching, mortality and recovery from 2015–2017.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Nearly all of the M. capitata colonies used in this study (20 of the 22 colonies) were identified as unique genotypes in an earlier study&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/vlRzv">(2)</a>. In general, clonality in M. capitata in Kāne‘ohe Bay is very low&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/qUP1D">(3)</a>, with a bay-wide genet-ramen ratio of 0.917. Caruso et al (2022) included two sites at the same reef investigated in this study (Patch Reef 13), identifying a genet-ramen (G:R) ratio of 0.95 (i.e., 21 genotypes in 22 colonies sampled). For P. compressa, the bay-wide genet-ramen ratio is approximately 0.875, but clonality is rare in low wave energy (inner bay) environments&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/rRj5b">(4)</a>. Similarly, P. compressa from sheltered South Bay sites have a genet-ramen ratio of 0.96&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/CKRCo">(5)</a>. The likelihood of there being more than three clones in P. compressa is very low (0.92 [average of two papers G:R] * 24 colonies = 22 genotypes), especially considering the physiological variation observed. Overall, these studies indicate infrequent asexual reproduction at the study site for either species.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">Coral bleaching and partial mortality assessments:</p>
<p dir="ltr">Colony-level bleaching severity was determined from photographs of each colony following the methodology of&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/lImAj">(6)</a>, in which colonies were scored as: (1) no signs of paling (0%), (2) mild paling (&gt;20%), (3) moderate paling (20–50%), (4) mostly bleached (50–80%), and (5) fully bleached (80–100%). Cumulative colony-level partial mortality was also determined from these same photographs as described in&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/FDlNI">(1)</a>. Observations occurred during peak and off-peak seasonal temperatures in most years. Benthic community composition was determined at the same time as colony-level observations following the same methods as in&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/lImAj+FDlNI">(1, 6)</a>. Specifically, benthic photoquadrats (0.33 m2), were imaged at 2 m intervals along a 40 m transect tape laid parallel to the reef crest at 1 m and 3 m depths (n = 1–2 per depth) at PR13. Benthic community composition was determined from each image via CoralNet using 50 randomly allocated points per photograph&nbsp;<a href="https://paperpile.com/c/ML5O8o/dLnFd">(7)</a>. Bleaching severity of each coral point was scored as: (1) pigmented (no signs of bleaching), (2) pale (moderately bleached), or (3) severely bleached (white). Reef-wide bleaching prevalence for each species was determined as the proportion of observations of that species showing signs of moderate or severe bleaching (i.e. bleaching score of 2 or 3).</p>
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<p>See results publication Brown, et al. (2023) for more detailed information on analysis and results.</p>
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* Sheet 1 of file "Benthic cover.csv" was imported into the BCO-DMO data system with values "NA" as missing data values.
** Missing data values are displayed differently based on the file format you download. They are blank in csv files, "NaN" in MatLab files, etc.
* Column names adjusted to conform to BCO-DMO naming conventions designed to support broad re-use by a variety of research tools and scripting languages. [Only numbers, letters, and underscores. Can not start with a number]
* column b_year removed as recommended by the submitter.
* Date converted to ISO 8601 format
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PI Supplied Instrument Name: Instrument Name: Underwater Camera Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment that may be deployed underwater including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/180/