http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/907028
eng; USA
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dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2023-08-29
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
CTD-associated variables, bottle salinity measurements, oxygen titrations, nutrient analyses, biogeochemical/biological variables, and DIC/Freon chemistry variables from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2004 along the 150W meridian from 30S to 60S
2023-08-31
publication
2023-08-31
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2023-09-01
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.907028.1
William M. Balch
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Dennis J. McGillicuddy
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Peter L. Morton
Florida State University - National High Magnetic Field Lab
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Balch, W. M., Bates, N., McGillicuddy, D. J., Morton, P. L. (2023) CTD-associated variables, bottle salinity measurements, oxygen titrations, nutrient analyses, biogeochemical/biological variables, and DIC/Freon chemistry variables from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2004 along the 150W meridian from 30S to 60S. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2023-08-31 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.907028.1 [access date]
RR2004 Bottle Data Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>R/V Roger Revelle (cruise ID RR2004) departed Honolulu, Hawaii on 26 December 2020. The ship transited south along the great circle route from Honolulu to 30°S x 150°W.</p>
<p><strong>Sampling Overview:</strong><br />
Hydrographic profiles were performed along the transect with the CTD (the "full-water cast"), sampling for Freons, dissolved oxygen, DIC, alkalinity (and all other parameters of the carbonate cycle using the CO2-SYS program), extracted chlorophyll, nutrients, POC, PIC, biogenic silica, coccolithophore counts and FlowCAM analyses (for enumerating and classification of nanoplankton and microplankton species). Each CTD full-water cast was alternated with a "trip-on-fly" water cast. The latter casts involved tripping bottles at 24 depths "on the fly" as they passed the following 24 depth targets: 1000 meters (m), 900m, 800m, 700m,600m 500m, 450m, 400m, 350m, 300m, 250m, 200m, 150m, 120m, 110m, 100m, 90m, 80m, 70m, 60m, 50m, 40m, 25m, 5m. These later casts were used only to sample full water properties at the surface only, as well as DIC and nutrients at eight depths. These trip-on-fly casts served to provide greater resolution in hydrographic sections across the features. Once per day, typically pre-dawn, CTD casts included samples drawn for primary productivity and calcification. These measurements involved the use of 14C-bicarbonate and all manipulations were done in a portable radioisotope van on deck.</p>
<p>Sampling for trace metals was performed daily using nine Niskin-X bottles clamped to nonmetallic Aracom line, hung at depths to ~1000m and tripped with nonmetallic messengers. All trace-metal-clean manipulations were performed in a trace-metal-clean laboratory or a plastic bubble built within the ship's wet lab. Five carboy experiments were performed over the cruise, which involved incubating surface, trace-metal-clean water collected by a "Big Jon" surface sampler (towed from the side of the ship at 1-3 knots (kts), which maintained a distance of 5-10m from the side of the ship as it pumped surface water into two 200-liter (L) plastic tanks within the wet lab bubble). For three of the carboy experiments, the investigators conducted triplicate incubations of untreated control water plus five treatments (three replicates each) in plastic, acid-cleaned cubitainers with a) 5% dilution with subsurface water, b) 20-micromoles (uM) trace metal-clean nitrate, (c) 20 uM trace metal-silicate, (d) 1 nanomole (nM) of iron and (e) 1 nM of iron+20 um of silicate 6. The cubitainers were then sampled approximately every other day for 4-5 days while being incubated under surface light conditions in an on-deck incubator, with temperature maintained at T0 in-situ surface conditions. The carboys were sampled about every two days by the Balch group for chlorophyll, nutrients, PIC, POC, biogenic silica, quantitative coccolithophore counts, and quantitative FlowCAM samples (for enumeration of algal classes, cell volumes, and slope of the particle-size distribution). Later in the cruise, for two of the carboy experiments, due to time constraints with two simultaneous incubations, incubations could only be performed with a control and two treatments of (a) 5% subsurface water and (b) 2 nM iron).</p>
<p><strong>Sampling Methods:</strong><br />
At sea collections: Water samples were collected using CTD casts from 103 stations encompassing Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar waters in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Discrete samples were taken from 10L Niskin bottles for the following measurements:</p>
<p><strong>1. Chlorophyll </strong>- Water samples were filtered onto a 25-millimeter (mm) Millipore HA filter (mixed cellulose ester, 0.45-micrometer (µm) pore size). The filters were transferred to test tubes filled with chilled 90% acetone for extraction and vortexed until the filter dissolved. Tubes were stored in the dark in a freezer for 24 hours before analysis. Tubes were then re-vortexed and gently centrifuged (~1300g) for 5 minutes before being decanted into a glass cuvette for the fluorometer. A Turner Designs 10AU was used to read Fb of the sample and then, after adding 50 microliters (µl) of 10% HCL, to read Fa. The fluorometer was calibrated pre-cruise with a pure chlorophyll extract (Turner Designs part# 10-850) to determine Tau τ=(Fb/Fa pure chl a) and chlorophyll a was then calculated from: (Fb – Fa) * (τ/ τ-1) * (Vfiltered/Vextracted). Generally, all surface measurements were made in triplicate. The fluorometers (Turner 10-AUs) were calibrated using the calibration method defined by Turner Designs using standards purchased from Turner Designs. Additionally, for long cruises such as this cruise, a calibration was performed on the ship. References: Trees, et al.</p>
<p><strong>2. Particulate organic carbon (POC) plus particulate organic nitrogen (PON) </strong>- Water samples were filtered onto 25 mm GF/F filters which were pre-combusted (450°, 5 hours). Filters were rinsed with filtered seawater (FSW) and then stored in individual petri-plates and dried (60°) for storage. Prior to analysis, the plates were opened and placed overnight in a sealed container like a dessicator with saturated HCL fumes to remove any particulate inorganic carbon (PIC). These samples were run by the Bigelow Laboratory Analytical Facility. The filters were packed into pre-combusted nickel sleeves and analyzed on a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O for C, N, and H. The analyzer was calibrated using tin capsules as blanks and acetanilide to calibrate instrument response to carbon and nitrogen. NIST-certified check standards consisting of either low organic content soil or sediment are analyzed to determine accuracy of carbon detection. NIST-certified organic check standards such as corn flour or rice flour were analyzed to determine the accuracy of nitrogen detection. If values varied by more than 4% from stated values, the instrument was examined, any problems were addressed and the instrument was recalibrated and checked standards rerun until the error was within acceptable limits. Duplicate samples were run during each sample run to ensure results were reproducible. If duplicates could not be run on actual samples, as in the case of filter samples, duplicate check standards were analyzed. Duplicate samples typically varied less than 2%. One instrument blank was analyzed for every 12 samples run. One acetanilide standard was analyzed for every 15 samples run. If blank or acetanilide values differed significantly from previous values, a new series of standards and blanks were analyzed to recalibrate the instrument. The actual minimum detection limit (3 times the standard error) determined from the standard error of the instrument blanks is 2 micrograms for carbon and 4 micrograms for nitrogen. References: JGOFS (1996).</p>
<p><strong>3. PIC (Particulate Inorganic Carbon) </strong>- Water samples were filtered through a 25mm, 0.4 µm pore size polycarbonate filter. The dry filter was rinsed with Potassium tetraborate (6.11 grams per liter K₂B₄O₇ · 4H₂O) buffer while still in the filter tower to remove as much seawater salt and also to maintain a high pH (~8.1) during sample storage and to preserve the CaCO₃ on the filter. Filters were placed into trace metal clean polypropylene centrifuge tubes and dried at approximately 60°. For analysis, the filters were sent to (a) the Sawyer Environmental Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Maine or to (b) the Department of Earth Sciences at Boston University. Filters were digested in a 5% nitric acid solution for 12 hours to dissolve all CaCO₃ and the solution was analyzed by ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry) for Ca concentration. Filter and dissolution blanks were run as well as QC standards run with each batch of samples. The investigators also used the concentration of dissolved Na in the digestate to correct for any Ca present in sea salts left on the filter. PIC concentrations were calculated using the volumes of water filtered and the volume of the digestions, and assuming all Particulate Inorganic Carbon was in the form of CaCO₃.</p>
<p><strong>4. Biogenic Silicas</strong> - To determine reactive silicate, 200 milliliters (mL) of seawater sample is filtered onto a 25 mm, 0.4um pore size polycarbonate filter. Filters are folded and placed in a super clear polypropylene centrifuge tube and dried in a drying oven at 60° Celsius (C) for 24 hours then tightly capped and stored until analysis. On shore, 0.2N NaOH is added and the sample is placed in a 95°C water bath. The digestions are then cooled and neutralized with 1N HCl. After centrifuging, the supernatant is transferred to a new tube and diluted with MilliQ water. Molybdate reagent is added and then a reducing agent is added to reduce silicomolybdate to silicomolybdous acid. The transmission at 810 nanometers (nm) is read on a Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010). Reactive silicate is calculated using a silicate standard solution standard curve prepared at least every 5 days or whenever new reagents are prepared. Readings are corrected using a reagent blank run at the same time as the standard curve and three tube blanks interspersed in each batch. References: Brzezinski &amp; Nelson (1989); JGOFS (1996); Strickland &amp; Parsons (1972).</p>
<p><strong>5. Freon analysis</strong> - Sampling for the freons, CFC11 and CFC12, as well as analytical methods for their measurement were described previously (Bullister &amp; Weiss, 1988; Bullister &amp; Wisegarver, 2008), along with the equation of solubility of CFC11 and CFC12 as a function of temperature and salinity (Fine, 2011). A look-up table (Bullister, 2015) was used to convert CFC partial pressures measured in the Southern Hemispheric to the year of equilibration; the initial table covered up to the year 2015. The look-up table was extended to 2021 (M. Warner (Univ. Washington), personal communication).</p>
<p><strong>6. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Total Alkalinity Measurements</strong> - The analytical method followed standardized protocols (Bates et al., 1996; Bates et al., 2001; Dickson et al., 2007; Knap et al., 1993). Samples for DIC and TA were collected in 250ml borosilicate glass bottles according to standard JGOFS methods. Milli‐Q cleaned bottles were rinsed out 3 times, bottom filled using silicone tubing, allowed to overflow at least 1X the bottle volume, ensuring no bubbles were in the sample and that it was sealed with a small headspace to allow for water expansion. Water samples were collected from all depths the CTD‐rosette sampled on full casts and from eight depths on the "trip‐on‐fly" casts. Two samples were collected from each Niskin bottle on the full casts. The first sample was poisoned with 100μl saturated mercuric chloride solution for analysis ashore. The second sample was not spiked and stored in the dark for no longer than 12 hours (to minimize any biological activity altering the sample) before being run aboard the ship, DIC first then TA. In addition to sampling from the rosette, samples were also collected and analyzed on board from the underway system. Both the underway and carboy samples were unpreserved, stored in the dark and analyzed on board the ship. Samples were processed at sea using a highly precise (0.02%; 0.4 millimoles per kilogram (mmoles kg-1)) VINDTA system (Bates, 2007; Bates et al., 1996; Bates &amp; Peters, 2007). TA was measured on the VINDTA 3S by titration with a strong acid (HCl). The titration curve shows 2 inflection points, characterizing the protonation of carbonate and bicarbonate respectively, where consumption of acid at the second point is equal to the titration alkalinity. DIC was measured on the AIRICA by the extraction of total dissolved inorganic carbon content from the sample by phosphoric acid addition. The liberated CO₂ flowed with a N₂ carrier gas into a Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer where the CO₂ levels were measured. For both instruments, within bottle replicates were run consecutively on start-up to check the precision, continuing once the instrument precision was ±2 micromoles per kilogram (μmol kg‐1) or better. These were followed by a combination of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) produced by the Marine Physical Laboratory at UCSD and low nutrient surface water from the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) site, which were run every 20‐24 samples on the VINDTA and every 6 samples on the AIRICA, to determine the accuracy and precision of the measurements and to correct for any discrepancies. The TA system CRM values did not vary more than 2 millimoles (mmol) within each batch of HCl acid. The AIRICA was more susceptible to drift and was affected by the lab temperature which is why CRMs were run much more often on the AIRICA, the system did not drift much and the lab temperature did not vary markedly. Both of the DIC and TA methods had a precision and accuracy of ~1 mmol kg-1 (precision estimates were determined from between-bottle and within-bottle replicates, and accuracy assessed using CRMs. The values for DIC and TA were used to calculate other parameters of the carbonate system using the software CO2sys (Lewis and Wallace, 1998). The calculated parameters were: pH, fCO₂, pCO₂, [HCO3‐], [CO3=], [CO2], alkalinity from borate; hydroxide ion; phosphate and silicate, Revelle Factor, plus the saturation states of calcite and aragonite.</p>
<p><strong>7. Nutrients</strong> - Analyses of phosphate, silicate, nitrate+nitrite, nitrite, and ammonia were performed on a Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3). The methods used were described by Gordon et al. (1992), Hager et al. (1972), and Atlas et al. (1971). Details of modification of analytical methods used in this cruise are also compatible with the methods described in the nutrient section of the GO-SHIP repeat hydrography manual (Hydes et al., 2010).</p>
<p><strong>8. Coccolithophore enumeration</strong> - Polarized microscopy was used to determine the concentration of coccolithophores and detached coccoliths in samples collected in the SW Pacific during the R/V Roger Revelle cruise from December 2020 to February 2021. A volume of 200mL was filtered onto 0.4μm-pore size, 25mm diameter polycarbonate filter and then processed according to Balch &amp; Utgoff (2009).</p>
<p><strong>9. Enumeration of major algal classes</strong> - A shipboard Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies FlowCam imaging cytometer was used to enumerate the major microalgal classes and estimate the particle size distribution function. The instrument was keyed on particle backscattering and fluorescence properties. Samples were first filtered through 100um Nitex mesh to make sure the 100um diameter flow chamber did not clog. The instrument was run with a 10X objective in order to reliably count particles bigger than 4-5um diameter. Samples were processed according to Poulton and Martin (2010). Concentrations (per mL), percent contribution with respect to total particles, and biomass are presented. Carbon biomass was determined based on Menden-Deuer &amp; Lessard (2000) method.</p>
<p><strong>10. Primary Production and Calcification Carbon rates</strong> - Samples were also taken for measuring photosynthesis and calcification rates from 21 morning, full-CTD stations over the course of the trip (here called Productivity Stations). For these measurements, Niskin bottles were tripped at specific light depths throughout the euphotic zone (0.56%, 3.86%, 7.10%, 23.4%, 42.2% and 73.6%). During casts where there was sufficient light to measure PAR throughout the euphotic zone, these depths were calculated assuming a constant diffuse attenuation coefficient. For samples taken during the nighttime, estimation of those light depths was performed based on the assumption that the fluorescence maximum was located at the 1% light depth (Poulton et al., 2017). Water samples for incubation were transferred from Niskin bottles to incubation bottles, typically inside the ship's enclosed hanger, under subdued light conditions. Water samples were pre-filtered through 120mm nitex mesh to remove large grazers. Incubations were performed in 70 mL polystyrene tissue culture bottles that were previously acid-cleaned, rinsed with ethanol, reverse-osmosis water, then rinsed 5x with each sea water sample prior to filling. Photosynthesis and calcification were measured using the microdiffusion technique (Paasche &amp; Brubak, 1994) with modifications by Balch et al. (2000) (see also Fabry (2010)). 14C bicarbonate (~30 mCi) was added for each water sample. Incubations were performed in triplicate (with an additional 2% buffered formalin sample (final concentration) used as a killed control) in simulated in situ conditions on-deck, corrected for both light quantity (extinction using bags made of neutral-density shade cloth) and quality (spectral narrowing) using blue acetate bag inserts. Bottle transfers between the incubators and radioisotope van were always done in darkened bags to avoid light shock to the phytoplankton. Deck incubators consisted of blue plastic tubs open to sky light, chilled using surface seawater from the ship's flowing seawater system. Calibration of those light levels in the bag were previously made using a Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor inserted into each bag relative to a scalar PAR sensor outside the bag. All filtrations were performed using 0.4 mm pore-size polycarbonate filters. Following sample filtration, polycarbonate filters were rinsed three times with filtered seawater, then carefully given a "rim rinse" to make sure that all 14C-HCO3 in interstitial seawater in the filters was rinsed out. Filters and sample "boats" were placed in scintillation vials with 7mL of Ecolume scintillation cocktail. Samples were counted using a high-sensitivity Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter with channel windows set for 14C counting. Counts were performed for sufficient time to reach 1% precision or 25 minutes for samples with lower counts. Blank 14C counts were always run for scintillation cocktail as well as the phenethylamine CO₂ absorbent. Standard equations were used for calculating primary production and calcification from the 14C counts with a 5% isotope discrimination factor assumed for the physiological fixation of 14C-HCO3 as opposed to 12C-HCO3. Specific intrinsic growth rates of organic matter were calculated by dividing daily photosynthetic carbon estimates by the concentration of POC. Carbon-specific intrinsic growth rates for PIC were calculated by dividing the calcification rate by the concentration of PIC.</p>
<p><strong>Known Problems or Issues:</strong><br />
The investigators discovered the calcification blanks during the cruise had consistently higher DPMs than the photosynthesis blanks. They ran an extra experiment on the formalin blanks to see whether the buffer in the buffered formalin used to kill the cells, was causing the artificially high blanks. This experiment was performed using highly oligotrophic, 0.2mm filtered water found north of the Subtropical front in which there was no measurable phytoplankton fluorescence. The investigators filled 10 productivity bottles with this water, and added buffered formalin (buffered to pH 8.8) to half of them (leaving the other five bottles "live" despite the fact that all particles &gt;0.2mm diameter had been filtered out), then incubated all bottles with 30uCi 14C bicarbonate in the dark for 24h. All 10 bottles were subsequently filtered onto 0.4um polycarbonate filters and subjected to the microdiffusion technique. The calcification blanks for the filtered, non-killed samples had radioactivity that was 46% lower than the blank samples "killed" with buffered formalin. Given the state of oligotrophy in the original water samples, and that they were incubated in darkness, the investigators conclude that the buffered formalin-killed calcification blanks caused a small chemical artifact. That is, that the buffer injected with the formalin into the incubation bottles was driving the carbonate equilibrium to precipitate a small amount of the 14C-bicarbonate, which was then caught on the filters for the killed blanks. For this reason, for all calcification blanks, the investigators subtracted the blank formalin values from filters that were acidified prior to counting (which drove off any residual 14C-carbonate precipitate (artifact) or residual 14C bicarbonate solution left in the interstices of filters).</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1735664 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1735664
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1735783 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1735783
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1735846 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1735846
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1736375 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1736375
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1735436 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1735436
completed
William M. Balch
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
207-315-2567
60 Bigelow Drive
East Boothbay
ME
04544
USA
bbalch@bigelow.org
pointOfContact
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
1-441-297-1880
17 Biological Lane GE 01
St. Georges
Bermuda
nick.bates@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Dennis J. McGillicuddy
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
508-289-2683
266 Woods Hole Road Bigelow 209B, Mail Stop 11
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
dmcgillicuddy@whoi.edu
pointOfContact
Peter L. Morton
Florida State University - National High Magnetic Field Lab
757-375-2904
Eller O&M 609
College Station
TX
77843
USA
pete.morton@tamu.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Sample
Type
Station
Event
Cast
Niskin
Trip_on_Fly
Incubation
Timepoint
Elapsed_Time_hours
Treatment
Cubitainer
Underway_Number
Salinometer_Sample_Number
Lab_O2_Sample_Number
Nutrient_Sample_Number
CTD_Sample_Number
Balch_Sample_Number
Freon_Sample_Number
Month
Day
Year
Trip_Time
Latitude
Longitude
Sal00
Sal11
Sigma_E900
Sigma_E911
Sbeox0_mL_per_L
Oxsol_mL_per_L
Bottle_O2_Flag
Potemp090C
Potemp190C
SvCM
SvCM1
PrDM
Depth_m
T090C
T190C
C0_S_per_m
C1_S_per_m
Sbeox0V
FlECO_AFL
FlECO_AFL1
CStarTr0
TurbWETbb0
Par
Spar
Cpar
V5_WET_Labs_ECO_BB_Volts
Scan
Lab_Salinity
Lab_Salinity_Flag
Lab_O2__mL_per_L
Lab_O2_Flag
NO3_umol_per_L
PO4_umol_per_L
SIL_umol_per_L
NO2_umol_per_L
NH4_umol_per_L
Nutrient_Flag
POC_ug_per_L
POC_Flag
PON_ug_per_L
POC_umol_per_L
PON_umol_per_L
PON_Flag
PIC_umol_per_L
PIC_ug_per_L
PIC_mol_per_cubic_m
PIC_Flag
Single_Lith_count_per_mL
Double_Lith_count_per_mL
Triple_Lith_count_per_mL
Quadruple_Lith_count_per_mL
Tot_Lith_count_per_mL
Cell_plus_Agg_count_per_mL
Lith_Area_square_um_per_mL
Cell_plus_Agg_Area_square_um_per_mL
Cell_Count_Flag
BSi_umol_per_L
BSi_Flag
Avg_Corr_Chl_a_ug_per_L
Avg_Corr_Phaeo_ug_per_L
Avg_Corr_Chl_a_plus_Phaeo_ug_per_L
Chl_Flag
PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Std_Err_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Y_int_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
R2of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
F_statistic_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Total_cells_per_mL
Small_0_4um_cells_per_mL
Round_4_12um_cells_per_mL
Ovoid_4_12um_cells_per_mL
Dinoflagellates_cells_per_mL
Ciliates_cells_per_mL
Diatoms_cells_per_mL
Silicoflagellates_cells_per_mL
Other_Cells_cells_per_mL
Small_0_4um_pcnt
Round_4_12um_pcnt
Ovoid_4_12um_pcnt
Dinoflagellates_pcnt
Ciliates_pcnt
Diatoms_pcnt
Silicoflagellates_pcnt
Other_Cells_pcnt
Total_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Small_0_4um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Round_4_12um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Ovoid_4_12um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Dinoflagellates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Ciliates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Diatoms_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Silicoflagellates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Other_Cells_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Flowcam_Flag
Psy_Avg_C_to_P
Psy_Avg_P
Psy_Avg_C
Psy_P_SD
Psy_C_SD
Psy_Avg_Chl_a_ug_per_L
Psy_Avg_Pmb_ug_C_per_ug_chl_d
Psy_Avg_Cmb_ug_C_per_ug_chl_d
Psy_Flag
Freon_Flag
Sal_corrected
Sbeox_corrected_mL_per_L
DIC_umol_per_kg
TA_umol_per_kg
F12_pM
F11_pM
ISO_Date_UTC
Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor
CTD Sea-Bird SBE911plus
Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O
Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer
ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry)
Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter
Polarized microscopy
Niskin-X and 10L Niskin bottles
Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3)
incubation bottles, deck incubators
Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010)
VINDTA 3S
Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer
Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
sample type
station
event
cast
bottle
flag
experiment id
time_point
time_elapsed
treatment
number
month of year
day of month
year
time of day
latitude
longitude
salinity
density
dissolved Oxygen
O2 saturation
potential temperature
sound velocity
water pressure
depth
water temperature at measurement depth
conductivity
Oxygen in volts
fluorescence
transmission
turbidity
PAR
SPAR
light backscattered
scan
Nitrate
reactive phosphorus (PO4)
Silicate, Si(OH)4, silicic acid
Nitrite
Ammonium
particulate organic Carbon (POC)
particulate organic nitrogen
particulate inorganic Carbon
count
area
biogenic silica concentration
chlorophyll a
total phaeopigment
Chl_a_plus_Phaeo
No BCO-DMO term
standard error
correlation coefficient
F statistic
cell_concentration
relative abundance
biomass_C
ratio
photosynthetic rate
calcification
standard deviation
primary production
dissolved inorganic Carbon
total alkalinity (TA)
CFC-12
CFC-11
date
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Biospherical PAR sensor
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Elemental Analyzer
Gas Analyzer
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer
Liquid Scintillation Counter
Microscope - Optical
Niskin bottle
Nutrient Autoanalyzer
Shipboard Incubator
Spectrophotometer
Titrator
Turner Designs Fluorometer 10-AU
Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies FlowCam VS particle imaging system
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
RR2004
service
Deployment Activity
Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean along 150W
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
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Collaborative Research: Biogeochemical and Physical Conditioning of Sub-Antarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/738118
Collaborative Research: Biogeochemical and Physical Conditioning of Sub-Antarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
Cold surface water in the southern Indian Ocean sinks to about 500 meters and travels in the dark for thousands of miles before it resurfaces some 40 years later near the equator in the other ocean basins. This major water mass is named the Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW). Nutrients it contains when it warms and rises into the sunlit subtropical and tropical waters are estimated to fuel up to 75% of the microscopic plant growth there. Before it sinks, the chemical properties of the SAMW are modified by the growth and distinct physiology of two common phytoplankton; diatoms with shells made of silica, and coccolithophores with carbonate shells. Local physical dynamics influence where and how fast these two phytoplankton classes grow. Consequently, differing nutrient and trace chemical fingerprints are established at the point of SAMW formation. This project is an exceptionally detailed field and modeling effort that will document and quantify the remarkable, interconnected processes that chemically connect two important oceanic ecosystems half a world apart. The scientists leading the project will study the complexity of the biological and chemical conditioning of the SAMW and thus provide critical data about the large-scale oceanic controls of the biological carbon pump that removes atmospheric carbon dioxide to the deep ocean over millennial timescales. Scientific impact from this project will stem from significant peer-reviewed publications and improved predictive models. Societal benefits will develop from training of a range of scholars, including high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, as well as technical and post-doctoral participants. A high school teacher and science communication specialist will go to sea with the project and share experiences from the ship with students on shore via social media and scheduled web interactions.</p>
<p>To examine how SAMW formation and subduction controls the productivity of global waters well to the north, two January expeditions to the SE Indian Ocean will identify, track, and study the unique mesoscale eddies that serve as discrete water parcels supporting rich populations of either coccolithophores or diatoms plus their associated microbial communities. The eddies will be tracked with Lagrangian Argo drifters and observations will be made of exactly how SAMW is chemically conditioned (i.e. Si, N, P, Fe, and carbonate chemistry) over time scales of months. Using data obtained on the feedback between ecological processes and nutrient, trace metal, and carbonate chemistry in these eddies and on related transect cruises, the project will have three main goals: (1) determine the rates at which SAMW coccolithophores and diatoms condition the carbonate chemistry plus nutrient and trace metal concentrations, as well as assess taxonomic and physiological diversity in the study area with traditional methods plus next-generation sequence DNA/RNA profiling, (2) explore growth limitations by iron, silicate and/or nitrate in controlling algal assemblages and genetic diversity, and (3) combine these findings with the Ekman- and eddy-driven subduction of SAMW to examine biogeochemical impact on a basin scale, using both observations and global numerical models. A meridional survey from 30 to 60 degrees south latitude will be used to characterize the larger-scale variability of carbonate chemistry, nutrient distributions, productivity, genetics and biomass of various plankton groups as SAMW is subducted and proceeds northward.</p>
Conditioning_SAMW
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean along 150W
-152.319
-137.022
-59.9983
-26.011
2021-01-08
2021-02-09
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from CTD-associated variables, bottle salinity measurements, oxygen titrations, nutrient analyses, biogeochemical/biological variables, and DIC/Freon chemistry variables from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2004 along the 150W meridian from 30S to 60S
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907182.rdf
Name: Sample
Units: unitless
Description: <p>unique sample number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907183.rdf
Name: Type
Units: unitless
Description: <p>four types of sampling: CTD, EXP, NX, UW. CTD = discrete Niskin bottle samples from CTD cast; EXP = Carboy Experiment sampling; NX = Niskin X cast using trace metal-clean Niskin X bottles hung from Kevlar cable; UW = surface underway sample taken from ship's non-toxic seawater line.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907184.rdf
Name: Station
Units: unitless
Description: <p>station number (between 1 and 103)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907185.rdf
Name: Event
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequential operation during station</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907186.rdf
Name: Cast
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequential attempted sampling operation for a given event</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907187.rdf
Name: Niskin
Units: unitless
Description: <p>numbered Niskin bottle tripped on CTD casts</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907188.rdf
Name: Trip_on_Fly
Units: unitless
Description: <p>code for trip-on-fly cast: 0 if "no" and 1 if "yes"</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907189.rdf
Name: Incubation
Units: unitless
Description: <p>letter A-E designating results from each of five experiments</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907190.rdf
Name: Timepoint
Units: unitless
Description: <p>numbered sampling of carboy experiment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907191.rdf
Name: Elapsed_Time_hours
Units: hours
Description: <p>number of hours after start of carboy incubation</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907192.rdf
Name: Treatment
Units: unitless
Description: <p>description of carboy treatment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907193.rdf
Name: Cubitainer
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of incubation cubitainer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907194.rdf
Name: Underway_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>unique number of underway sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907195.rdf
Name: Salinometer_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered salinometer sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907196.rdf
Name: Lab_O2_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered oxygen sample for Winkler titration O2 sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907197.rdf
Name: Nutrient_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered nutrient sample number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907198.rdf
Name: CTD_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered CTD sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907199.rdf
Name: Balch_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered sample from Balch lab</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907200.rdf
Name: Freon_Sample_Number
Units: unitless
Description: <p>sequentially numbered freon sample number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907201.rdf
Name: Month
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number month of year</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907202.rdf
Name: Day
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number day of month</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907203.rdf
Name: Year
Units: unitless
Description: <p>year</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907204.rdf
Name: Trip_Time
Units: unitless
Description: <p>time (GMT) bottle tripped</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907205.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: degrees North
Description: <p>decimal degrees of latitude of sample location, negative values = South</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907206.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: degrees East
Description: <p>decimal degrees of longitude of sample location; negative values = West</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907207.rdf
Name: Sal00
Units: PSU (Practical Salinity Units)
Description: <p>salinity of water sample as estimated by conductivity probe 0</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907208.rdf
Name: Sal11
Units: PSU (Practical Salinity Units)
Description: <p>salinity of water sample as estimated by conductivity probe 1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907209.rdf
Name: Sigma_E900
Units: metric tonnes per cubic meter
Description: <p>density anomaly of seawater calculated from salinity derived from conductivity probe 0</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907210.rdf
Name: Sigma_E911
Units: metric tonnes per cubic meter
Description: <p>density anomaly of seawater calculated from salinity derived from conductivity probe 1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907211.rdf
Name: Sbeox0_mL_per_L
Units: milliliters per liter (mL L-1)
Description: <p>Oxygen concentration derived from Sea Bird oxygen probe on CTD</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907212.rdf
Name: Oxsol_mL_per_L
Units: milliliters per liter (mL L-1)
Description: <p>Estimated 100%-saturated concentration of oxygen for given temperature and salinity conditions</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907213.rdf
Name: Bottle_O2_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect bottle oxygen datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 =no flag; 1=flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907214.rdf
Name: Potemp090C
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Potential temperature ITS-90 (primary temperature probe)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907215.rdf
Name: Potemp190C
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Potential temperature ITS-90 (secondary temperature probe)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907216.rdf
Name: SvCM
Units: meters per second (m/s)
Description: <p>Sound Velocity [Chen-Millero 1977] based on temperature & salinity probes #1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907217.rdf
Name: SvCM1
Units: meters per second (m/s)
Description: <p>Sound Velocity [Chen-Millero 1977] based on temperature & salinity probes #2</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907218.rdf
Name: PrDM
Units: decibars
Description: <p>water pressure</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907219.rdf
Name: Depth_m
Units: meters
Description: <p>water depth</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907220.rdf
Name: T090C
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>CTD temperature (ITS-90) probe 1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907221.rdf
Name: T190C
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>CTD temperature (ITS-90) probe 2</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907222.rdf
Name: C0_S_per_m
Units: Siemens per meter (S/m)
Description: <p>Conductivity based on conductivity probe 0</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907223.rdf
Name: C1_S_per_m
Units: Siemens per meter (S/m)
Description: <p>Conductivity based on conductivity probe 1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907224.rdf
Name: Sbeox0V
Units: volts
Description: <p>SeaBird oxygen probe 0</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907225.rdf
Name: FlECO_AFL
Units: Volts DC
Description: <p>Chlorophyll Fluorescence; WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL sensor 0</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907226.rdf
Name: FlECO_AFL1
Units: Volts DC
Description: <p>Chlorophyll Fluorescence; WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL sensor 1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907227.rdf
Name: CStarTr0
Units: percent
Description: <p>Beam transmission WetLabs Cstar</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907228.rdf
Name: TurbWETbb0
Units: per meter (m-1)
Description: <p>Turbidity; WET Labs ECO BB</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907229.rdf
Name: Par
Units: microEinsteins per square centimeter per second (uE/(cm2·sec))
Description: <p>Photosynthetically Available Radiation measured at depth</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907230.rdf
Name: Spar
Units: microEinsteins per square centimeter per second (uE/(cm2·sec))
Description: <p>Surface photosynthetically available radiation measured at the surface</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907231.rdf
Name: Cpar
Units: percent
Description: <p>fraction of photosynthetically available radiation measured at depth</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907232.rdf
Name: V5_WET_Labs_ECO_BB_Volts
Units: volts
Description: <p>backscattering measured with a WET Labs ECO-BB</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907233.rdf
Name: Scan
Units: unitless
Description: <p>number of the CTD scan in which measurements were made</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907234.rdf
Name: Lab_Salinity
Units: PSU (Practical Salinity Units)
Description: <p>lab-derived salinity</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907235.rdf
Name: Lab_Salinity_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect lab salinity datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907236.rdf
Name: Lab_O2__mL_per_L
Units: milliliters per liter (mL/L)
Description: <p>Oxygen concentration</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907237.rdf
Name: Lab_O2_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect oxygen datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907238.rdf
Name: NO3_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of nitrate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907239.rdf
Name: PO4_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of phosphate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907240.rdf
Name: SIL_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of silicate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907241.rdf
Name: NO2_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of nitrite</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907242.rdf
Name: NH4_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of ammonia</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907243.rdf
Name: Nutrient_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect nutrient sample datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907245.rdf
Name: POC_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907246.rdf
Name: POC_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect POC datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907247.rdf
Name: PON_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate organic nitrogen</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907248.rdf
Name: POC_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907249.rdf
Name: PON_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate organic nitrogen</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907250.rdf
Name: PON_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect PON datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907251.rdf
Name: PIC_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate inorganic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907252.rdf
Name: PIC_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate inorganic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907253.rdf
Name: PIC_mol_per_cubic_m
Units: moles per cubic meter (mol/m3)
Description: <p>concentration of particulate inorganic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907254.rdf
Name: PIC_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect PIC datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907255.rdf
Name: Single_Lith_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent particles-singlets</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907256.rdf
Name: Double_Lith_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent particles-doublets</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907257.rdf
Name: Triple_Lith_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent particles-triplets</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907258.rdf
Name: Quadruple_Lith_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent particles-quadruplets</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907259.rdf
Name: Tot_Lith_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent particles-all</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907260.rdf
Name: Cell_plus_Agg_count_per_mL
Units: numbers per milliliter (mL)
Description: <p>concentration of birefringent plated cells; coccospheres and aggregates</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907261.rdf
Name: Lith_Area_square_um_per_mL
Units: square micrometers per milliliter (um^2 per mL)
Description: <p>total area subtended by by detached coccoliths</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907262.rdf
Name: Cell_plus_Agg_Area_square_um_per_mL
Units: square micrometers per milliliter (um^2 per mL)
Description: <p>total area subtended by by plated coccolithophores; coccospheres and aggregates</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907263.rdf
Name: Cell_Count_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect cell count datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907264.rdf
Name: BSi_umol_per_L
Units: micromoles per liter (umoles/L)
Description: <p>concentration of biogenic silica</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907265.rdf
Name: BSi_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect biogenic silica datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907266.rdf
Name: Avg_Corr_Chl_a_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of chlorophyll a</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907267.rdf
Name: Avg_Corr_Phaeo_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of phaeopigments</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907268.rdf
Name: Avg_Corr_Chl_a_plus_Phaeo_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>concentration of chlorophyll a plus phaeopigments</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907269.rdf
Name: Chl_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect chlorophyll datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907270.rdf
Name: PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Units: unitless
Description: <p>PDF Slope logABD>0.75 (only particles >5um); Particle size Distribution Function slope of the plot of log cell abundance (particles per mL) versus Area Based Diameter (micrometers) calculated for particles of >5 micrometers diameter using a Yokogowa FlowCAM. Area Based Diameter (ABD) is defined as the diameter measured by the number of grey scale pixels of the binary image converted to a circle with the same number of pixels</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907271.rdf
Name: Std_Err_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Std Err of PDF Slope logABD>0.75 (for particles >5um); Standard error of the above particle size distribution slope for only particles of 5 micrometers diameter or larger using a Yokogowa FlowCAM</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907272.rdf
Name: Y_int_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Y-int of PDF Slope logABD>0.75 (only particles >5um); the Y intercept of above PDF for only particles of ~5um diameter or larger using a Yokogowa FlowCAM</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907273.rdf
Name: R2of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Units: unitless
Description: <p>R-squared value of PDF Slope logABD>0.75(only particles >5um); squared correlation coefficient of above PDF for only particles of >5um diameter or larger using a Yokogowa FlowCAM</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907274.rdf
Name: F_statistic_of_PSD_Slope_logABD_grthan_point_75
Units: unitless
Description: <p>F-statistic of PDF Slope logABD>0.75 (only particles >5um); the F statistic of of above PDF for only particles of >5um diameter or larger using a Yokogowa FlowCAM</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907275.rdf
Name: Total_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of total particles measured by Yokogowa measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907276.rdf
Name: Small_0_4um_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of small particles with diameters of 0 to 4 micrometers measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907277.rdf
Name: Round_4_12um_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of round particles with diameters of 4 to 12 micrometers measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907278.rdf
Name: Ovoid_4_12um_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of ovoid particles with diameters of 4 to 12 micrometers measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907279.rdf
Name: Dinoflagellates_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of dinoflagellates measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907280.rdf
Name: Ciliates_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of ciliates measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907281.rdf
Name: Diatoms_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of diatoms measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907282.rdf
Name: Silicoflagellates_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of silicoflagellates measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907283.rdf
Name: Other_Cells_cells_per_mL
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Concentration of other unidentified cells as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907284.rdf
Name: Small_0_4um_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by small (0-4 um) particles as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907285.rdf
Name: Round_4_12um_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by round (4-12 um) particles as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907286.rdf
Name: Ovoid_4_12um_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by ovoid (4-12 um) particles as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907287.rdf
Name: Dinoflagellates_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by dinoflagellates as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907288.rdf
Name: Ciliates_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by ciliates as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907289.rdf
Name: Diatoms_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by diatoms as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907290.rdf
Name: Silicoflagellates_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by silicoflagellates as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907291.rdf
Name: Other_Cells_pcnt
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of total particles contributed by unidentified other cells as measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907292.rdf
Name: Total_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Total carbon biomass (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907293.rdf
Name: Small_0_4um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of small 0-4um cells (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907294.rdf
Name: Round_4_12um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of round 4-12um cells (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907295.rdf
Name: Ovoid_4_12um_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of ovoid 4-12um cells (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907296.rdf
Name: Dinoflagellates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of dinoflagellates (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907297.rdf
Name: Ciliates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of ciliates (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907298.rdf
Name: Diatoms_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of diatoms (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907299.rdf
Name: Silicoflagellates_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of silicoflagellates (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907300.rdf
Name: Other_Cells_C_Biomass_Menden_Deuer_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>Carbon biomass of unidentified other cells (based on Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000) for total particles measured by Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907301.rdf
Name: Flowcam_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect FlowCAM datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907302.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_C_to_P
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Ratio of calcification to photosynthesis</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907303.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_P
Units: micromoles Carbon per liter per day (umol C/L/d)
Description: <p>Average photosynthesis rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907304.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_C
Units: micromoles Carbon per liter per day (umol C/L/d)
Description: <p>Average calcification rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907305.rdf
Name: Psy_P_SD
Units: micromoles Carbon per liter per day (umol C/L/d)
Description: <p>standard deviation of photosynthesis rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907306.rdf
Name: Psy_C_SD
Units: micromoles Carbon per liter per day (umol C/L/d)
Description: <p>standard deviation of calcification rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907307.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_Chl_a_ug_per_L
Units: micrograms per liter (ug/L)
Description: <p>chlorophyll concentration in productivity sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907308.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_Pmb_ug_C_per_ug_chl_d
Units: micrograms Carbon per micrograms chlorophyll per day (ugC/ugchl/d)
Description: <p>chlorophyll-normalized primary production rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907309.rdf
Name: Psy_Avg_Cmb_ug_C_per_ug_chl_d
Units: micrograms Carbon per micrograms chlorophyll per day (ugC/ugchl/d)
Description: <p>chlorophyll-normalized calcification rate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907310.rdf
Name: Psy_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect productivity or calcification datum as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907311.rdf
Name: Freon_Flag
Units: unitless
Description: <p>possible suspect freon sample as indicated by analist for various reasons; 0 = no flag; 1 = flag</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907312.rdf
Name: Sal_corrected
Units: PSU (Practical Salinity Units)
Description: <p>salinity corrected for bottle salinity measured aboard ship</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907313.rdf
Name: Sbeox_corrected_mL_per_L
Units: milliliters per liter (mL/L)
Description: <p>Seabird oxygen concentration corrected for lab oxygen concentration measured aboard ship</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907314.rdf
Name: DIC_umol_per_kg
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>dissolved inorganic carbon concentration</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907315.rdf
Name: TA_umol_per_kg
Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Total akalinity</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907316.rdf
Name: F12_pM
Units: picomolar (pM)
Description: <p>concentration of CFC-12</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907317.rdf
Name: F11_pM
Units: picomolar (pM)
Description: <p>concentration of CFC-11</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/907494.rdf
Name: ISO_Date_UTC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date (UTC) in ISO 8601 format</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
1424918
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/617dfdd6-57bf-4131-a530-e6b289d1046e/content
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https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.907028.1
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dataset
<p>R/V Roger Revelle (cruise ID RR2004) departed Honolulu, Hawaii on 26 December 2020. The ship transited south along the great circle route from Honolulu to 30°S x 150°W.</p>
<p><strong>Sampling Overview:</strong><br />
Hydrographic profiles were performed along the transect with the CTD (the "full-water cast"), sampling for Freons, dissolved oxygen, DIC, alkalinity (and all other parameters of the carbonate cycle using the CO2-SYS program), extracted chlorophyll, nutrients, POC, PIC, biogenic silica, coccolithophore counts and FlowCAM analyses (for enumerating and classification of nanoplankton and microplankton species). Each CTD full-water cast was alternated with a "trip-on-fly" water cast. The latter casts involved tripping bottles at 24 depths "on the fly" as they passed the following 24 depth targets: 1000 meters (m), 900m, 800m, 700m,600m 500m, 450m, 400m, 350m, 300m, 250m, 200m, 150m, 120m, 110m, 100m, 90m, 80m, 70m, 60m, 50m, 40m, 25m, 5m. These later casts were used only to sample full water properties at the surface only, as well as DIC and nutrients at eight depths. These trip-on-fly casts served to provide greater resolution in hydrographic sections across the features. Once per day, typically pre-dawn, CTD casts included samples drawn for primary productivity and calcification. These measurements involved the use of 14C-bicarbonate and all manipulations were done in a portable radioisotope van on deck.</p>
<p>Sampling for trace metals was performed daily using nine Niskin-X bottles clamped to nonmetallic Aracom line, hung at depths to ~1000m and tripped with nonmetallic messengers. All trace-metal-clean manipulations were performed in a trace-metal-clean laboratory or a plastic bubble built within the ship's wet lab. Five carboy experiments were performed over the cruise, which involved incubating surface, trace-metal-clean water collected by a "Big Jon" surface sampler (towed from the side of the ship at 1-3 knots (kts), which maintained a distance of 5-10m from the side of the ship as it pumped surface water into two 200-liter (L) plastic tanks within the wet lab bubble). For three of the carboy experiments, the investigators conducted triplicate incubations of untreated control water plus five treatments (three replicates each) in plastic, acid-cleaned cubitainers with a) 5% dilution with subsurface water, b) 20-micromoles (uM) trace metal-clean nitrate, (c) 20 uM trace metal-silicate, (d) 1 nanomole (nM) of iron and (e) 1 nM of iron+20 um of silicate 6. The cubitainers were then sampled approximately every other day for 4-5 days while being incubated under surface light conditions in an on-deck incubator, with temperature maintained at T0 in-situ surface conditions. The carboys were sampled about every two days by the Balch group for chlorophyll, nutrients, PIC, POC, biogenic silica, quantitative coccolithophore counts, and quantitative FlowCAM samples (for enumeration of algal classes, cell volumes, and slope of the particle-size distribution). Later in the cruise, for two of the carboy experiments, due to time constraints with two simultaneous incubations, incubations could only be performed with a control and two treatments of (a) 5% subsurface water and (b) 2 nM iron).</p>
<p><strong>Sampling Methods:</strong><br />
At sea collections: Water samples were collected using CTD casts from 103 stations encompassing Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar waters in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Discrete samples were taken from 10L Niskin bottles for the following measurements:</p>
<p><strong>1. Chlorophyll </strong>- Water samples were filtered onto a 25-millimeter (mm) Millipore HA filter (mixed cellulose ester, 0.45-micrometer (µm) pore size). The filters were transferred to test tubes filled with chilled 90% acetone for extraction and vortexed until the filter dissolved. Tubes were stored in the dark in a freezer for 24 hours before analysis. Tubes were then re-vortexed and gently centrifuged (~1300g) for 5 minutes before being decanted into a glass cuvette for the fluorometer. A Turner Designs 10AU was used to read Fb of the sample and then, after adding 50 microliters (µl) of 10% HCL, to read Fa. The fluorometer was calibrated pre-cruise with a pure chlorophyll extract (Turner Designs part# 10-850) to determine Tau τ=(Fb/Fa pure chl a) and chlorophyll a was then calculated from: (Fb – Fa) * (τ/ τ-1) * (Vfiltered/Vextracted). Generally, all surface measurements were made in triplicate. The fluorometers (Turner 10-AUs) were calibrated using the calibration method defined by Turner Designs using standards purchased from Turner Designs. Additionally, for long cruises such as this cruise, a calibration was performed on the ship. References: Trees, et al.</p>
<p><strong>2. Particulate organic carbon (POC) plus particulate organic nitrogen (PON) </strong>- Water samples were filtered onto 25 mm GF/F filters which were pre-combusted (450°, 5 hours). Filters were rinsed with filtered seawater (FSW) and then stored in individual petri-plates and dried (60°) for storage. Prior to analysis, the plates were opened and placed overnight in a sealed container like a dessicator with saturated HCL fumes to remove any particulate inorganic carbon (PIC). These samples were run by the Bigelow Laboratory Analytical Facility. The filters were packed into pre-combusted nickel sleeves and analyzed on a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O for C, N, and H. The analyzer was calibrated using tin capsules as blanks and acetanilide to calibrate instrument response to carbon and nitrogen. NIST-certified check standards consisting of either low organic content soil or sediment are analyzed to determine accuracy of carbon detection. NIST-certified organic check standards such as corn flour or rice flour were analyzed to determine the accuracy of nitrogen detection. If values varied by more than 4% from stated values, the instrument was examined, any problems were addressed and the instrument was recalibrated and checked standards rerun until the error was within acceptable limits. Duplicate samples were run during each sample run to ensure results were reproducible. If duplicates could not be run on actual samples, as in the case of filter samples, duplicate check standards were analyzed. Duplicate samples typically varied less than 2%. One instrument blank was analyzed for every 12 samples run. One acetanilide standard was analyzed for every 15 samples run. If blank or acetanilide values differed significantly from previous values, a new series of standards and blanks were analyzed to recalibrate the instrument. The actual minimum detection limit (3 times the standard error) determined from the standard error of the instrument blanks is 2 micrograms for carbon and 4 micrograms for nitrogen. References: JGOFS (1996).</p>
<p><strong>3. PIC (Particulate Inorganic Carbon) </strong>- Water samples were filtered through a 25mm, 0.4 µm pore size polycarbonate filter. The dry filter was rinsed with Potassium tetraborate (6.11 grams per liter K₂B₄O₇ · 4H₂O) buffer while still in the filter tower to remove as much seawater salt and also to maintain a high pH (~8.1) during sample storage and to preserve the CaCO₃ on the filter. Filters were placed into trace metal clean polypropylene centrifuge tubes and dried at approximately 60°. For analysis, the filters were sent to (a) the Sawyer Environmental Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Maine or to (b) the Department of Earth Sciences at Boston University. Filters were digested in a 5% nitric acid solution for 12 hours to dissolve all CaCO₃ and the solution was analyzed by ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry) for Ca concentration. Filter and dissolution blanks were run as well as QC standards run with each batch of samples. The investigators also used the concentration of dissolved Na in the digestate to correct for any Ca present in sea salts left on the filter. PIC concentrations were calculated using the volumes of water filtered and the volume of the digestions, and assuming all Particulate Inorganic Carbon was in the form of CaCO₃.</p>
<p><strong>4. Biogenic Silicas</strong> - To determine reactive silicate, 200 milliliters (mL) of seawater sample is filtered onto a 25 mm, 0.4um pore size polycarbonate filter. Filters are folded and placed in a super clear polypropylene centrifuge tube and dried in a drying oven at 60° Celsius (C) for 24 hours then tightly capped and stored until analysis. On shore, 0.2N NaOH is added and the sample is placed in a 95°C water bath. The digestions are then cooled and neutralized with 1N HCl. After centrifuging, the supernatant is transferred to a new tube and diluted with MilliQ water. Molybdate reagent is added and then a reducing agent is added to reduce silicomolybdate to silicomolybdous acid. The transmission at 810 nanometers (nm) is read on a Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010). Reactive silicate is calculated using a silicate standard solution standard curve prepared at least every 5 days or whenever new reagents are prepared. Readings are corrected using a reagent blank run at the same time as the standard curve and three tube blanks interspersed in each batch. References: Brzezinski &amp; Nelson (1989); JGOFS (1996); Strickland &amp; Parsons (1972).</p>
<p><strong>5. Freon analysis</strong> - Sampling for the freons, CFC11 and CFC12, as well as analytical methods for their measurement were described previously (Bullister &amp; Weiss, 1988; Bullister &amp; Wisegarver, 2008), along with the equation of solubility of CFC11 and CFC12 as a function of temperature and salinity (Fine, 2011). A look-up table (Bullister, 2015) was used to convert CFC partial pressures measured in the Southern Hemispheric to the year of equilibration; the initial table covered up to the year 2015. The look-up table was extended to 2021 (M. Warner (Univ. Washington), personal communication).</p>
<p><strong>6. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Total Alkalinity Measurements</strong> - The analytical method followed standardized protocols (Bates et al., 1996; Bates et al., 2001; Dickson et al., 2007; Knap et al., 1993). Samples for DIC and TA were collected in 250ml borosilicate glass bottles according to standard JGOFS methods. Milli‐Q cleaned bottles were rinsed out 3 times, bottom filled using silicone tubing, allowed to overflow at least 1X the bottle volume, ensuring no bubbles were in the sample and that it was sealed with a small headspace to allow for water expansion. Water samples were collected from all depths the CTD‐rosette sampled on full casts and from eight depths on the "trip‐on‐fly" casts. Two samples were collected from each Niskin bottle on the full casts. The first sample was poisoned with 100μl saturated mercuric chloride solution for analysis ashore. The second sample was not spiked and stored in the dark for no longer than 12 hours (to minimize any biological activity altering the sample) before being run aboard the ship, DIC first then TA. In addition to sampling from the rosette, samples were also collected and analyzed on board from the underway system. Both the underway and carboy samples were unpreserved, stored in the dark and analyzed on board the ship. Samples were processed at sea using a highly precise (0.02%; 0.4 millimoles per kilogram (mmoles kg-1)) VINDTA system (Bates, 2007; Bates et al., 1996; Bates &amp; Peters, 2007). TA was measured on the VINDTA 3S by titration with a strong acid (HCl). The titration curve shows 2 inflection points, characterizing the protonation of carbonate and bicarbonate respectively, where consumption of acid at the second point is equal to the titration alkalinity. DIC was measured on the AIRICA by the extraction of total dissolved inorganic carbon content from the sample by phosphoric acid addition. The liberated CO₂ flowed with a N₂ carrier gas into a Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer where the CO₂ levels were measured. For both instruments, within bottle replicates were run consecutively on start-up to check the precision, continuing once the instrument precision was ±2 micromoles per kilogram (μmol kg‐1) or better. These were followed by a combination of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) produced by the Marine Physical Laboratory at UCSD and low nutrient surface water from the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) site, which were run every 20‐24 samples on the VINDTA and every 6 samples on the AIRICA, to determine the accuracy and precision of the measurements and to correct for any discrepancies. The TA system CRM values did not vary more than 2 millimoles (mmol) within each batch of HCl acid. The AIRICA was more susceptible to drift and was affected by the lab temperature which is why CRMs were run much more often on the AIRICA, the system did not drift much and the lab temperature did not vary markedly. Both of the DIC and TA methods had a precision and accuracy of ~1 mmol kg-1 (precision estimates were determined from between-bottle and within-bottle replicates, and accuracy assessed using CRMs. The values for DIC and TA were used to calculate other parameters of the carbonate system using the software CO2sys (Lewis and Wallace, 1998). The calculated parameters were: pH, fCO₂, pCO₂, [HCO3‐], [CO3=], [CO2], alkalinity from borate; hydroxide ion; phosphate and silicate, Revelle Factor, plus the saturation states of calcite and aragonite.</p>
<p><strong>7. Nutrients</strong> - Analyses of phosphate, silicate, nitrate+nitrite, nitrite, and ammonia were performed on a Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3). The methods used were described by Gordon et al. (1992), Hager et al. (1972), and Atlas et al. (1971). Details of modification of analytical methods used in this cruise are also compatible with the methods described in the nutrient section of the GO-SHIP repeat hydrography manual (Hydes et al., 2010).</p>
<p><strong>8. Coccolithophore enumeration</strong> - Polarized microscopy was used to determine the concentration of coccolithophores and detached coccoliths in samples collected in the SW Pacific during the R/V Roger Revelle cruise from December 2020 to February 2021. A volume of 200mL was filtered onto 0.4μm-pore size, 25mm diameter polycarbonate filter and then processed according to Balch &amp; Utgoff (2009).</p>
<p><strong>9. Enumeration of major algal classes</strong> - A shipboard Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies FlowCam imaging cytometer was used to enumerate the major microalgal classes and estimate the particle size distribution function. The instrument was keyed on particle backscattering and fluorescence properties. Samples were first filtered through 100um Nitex mesh to make sure the 100um diameter flow chamber did not clog. The instrument was run with a 10X objective in order to reliably count particles bigger than 4-5um diameter. Samples were processed according to Poulton and Martin (2010). Concentrations (per mL), percent contribution with respect to total particles, and biomass are presented. Carbon biomass was determined based on Menden-Deuer &amp; Lessard (2000) method.</p>
<p><strong>10. Primary Production and Calcification Carbon rates</strong> - Samples were also taken for measuring photosynthesis and calcification rates from 21 morning, full-CTD stations over the course of the trip (here called Productivity Stations). For these measurements, Niskin bottles were tripped at specific light depths throughout the euphotic zone (0.56%, 3.86%, 7.10%, 23.4%, 42.2% and 73.6%). During casts where there was sufficient light to measure PAR throughout the euphotic zone, these depths were calculated assuming a constant diffuse attenuation coefficient. For samples taken during the nighttime, estimation of those light depths was performed based on the assumption that the fluorescence maximum was located at the 1% light depth (Poulton et al., 2017). Water samples for incubation were transferred from Niskin bottles to incubation bottles, typically inside the ship's enclosed hanger, under subdued light conditions. Water samples were pre-filtered through 120mm nitex mesh to remove large grazers. Incubations were performed in 70 mL polystyrene tissue culture bottles that were previously acid-cleaned, rinsed with ethanol, reverse-osmosis water, then rinsed 5x with each sea water sample prior to filling. Photosynthesis and calcification were measured using the microdiffusion technique (Paasche &amp; Brubak, 1994) with modifications by Balch et al. (2000) (see also Fabry (2010)). 14C bicarbonate (~30 mCi) was added for each water sample. Incubations were performed in triplicate (with an additional 2% buffered formalin sample (final concentration) used as a killed control) in simulated in situ conditions on-deck, corrected for both light quantity (extinction using bags made of neutral-density shade cloth) and quality (spectral narrowing) using blue acetate bag inserts. Bottle transfers between the incubators and radioisotope van were always done in darkened bags to avoid light shock to the phytoplankton. Deck incubators consisted of blue plastic tubs open to sky light, chilled using surface seawater from the ship's flowing seawater system. Calibration of those light levels in the bag were previously made using a Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor inserted into each bag relative to a scalar PAR sensor outside the bag. All filtrations were performed using 0.4 mm pore-size polycarbonate filters. Following sample filtration, polycarbonate filters were rinsed three times with filtered seawater, then carefully given a "rim rinse" to make sure that all 14C-HCO3 in interstitial seawater in the filters was rinsed out. Filters and sample "boats" were placed in scintillation vials with 7mL of Ecolume scintillation cocktail. Samples were counted using a high-sensitivity Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter with channel windows set for 14C counting. Counts were performed for sufficient time to reach 1% precision or 25 minutes for samples with lower counts. Blank 14C counts were always run for scintillation cocktail as well as the phenethylamine CO₂ absorbent. Standard equations were used for calculating primary production and calcification from the 14C counts with a 5% isotope discrimination factor assumed for the physiological fixation of 14C-HCO3 as opposed to 12C-HCO3. Specific intrinsic growth rates of organic matter were calculated by dividing daily photosynthetic carbon estimates by the concentration of POC. Carbon-specific intrinsic growth rates for PIC were calculated by dividing the calcification rate by the concentration of PIC.</p>
<p><strong>Known Problems or Issues:</strong><br />
The investigators discovered the calcification blanks during the cruise had consistently higher DPMs than the photosynthesis blanks. They ran an extra experiment on the formalin blanks to see whether the buffer in the buffered formalin used to kill the cells, was causing the artificially high blanks. This experiment was performed using highly oligotrophic, 0.2mm filtered water found north of the Subtropical front in which there was no measurable phytoplankton fluorescence. The investigators filled 10 productivity bottles with this water, and added buffered formalin (buffered to pH 8.8) to half of them (leaving the other five bottles "live" despite the fact that all particles &gt;0.2mm diameter had been filtered out), then incubated all bottles with 30uCi 14C bicarbonate in the dark for 24h. All 10 bottles were subsequently filtered onto 0.4um polycarbonate filters and subjected to the microdiffusion technique. The calcification blanks for the filtered, non-killed samples had radioactivity that was 46% lower than the blank samples "killed" with buffered formalin. Given the state of oligotrophy in the original water samples, and that they were incubated in darkness, the investigators conclude that the buffered formalin-killed calcification blanks caused a small chemical artifact. That is, that the buffer injected with the formalin into the incubation bottles was driving the carbonate equilibrium to precipitate a small amount of the 14C-bicarbonate, which was then caught on the filters for the killed blanks. For this reason, for all calcification blanks, the investigators subtracted the blank formalin values from filters that were acidified prior to counting (which drove off any residual 14C-carbonate precipitate (artifact) or residual 14C bicarbonate solution left in the interstices of filters).</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Imported original file "rr2004_masterData_v8 for BCO-DMO.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Re-named fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Removed the original "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss" field, which was mostly empty.
- Created the ISO_Date_UTC column using the Month, Day, and Year fields as input.
- Saved the final data file as "907028_v1_rr2204_bottle.csv".
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor
Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Biospherical OSR2100 scalar PAR sensor Instrument Name: Biospherical PAR sensor Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An irradiance sensor designed to measure Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), manufactured by Biospherical Instruments Inc.
CTD Sea-Bird SBE911plus
CTD Sea-Bird SBE911plus
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird SBE911plus Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911plus Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0058/
Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O
Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O Instrument Name: Elemental Analyzer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB01/
Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer
Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Li‐Cor non‐dispersive IR gas analyzer Instrument Name: Gas Analyzer Instrument Short Name:Gas Analyzer Instrument Description: Gas Analyzers - Instruments for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of gas mixtures.
ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry)
ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: ICP-AES (Inductively Couple Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry) Instrument Name: Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer Instrument Short Name:ICP-OES or ICP-AES Instrument Description: Also referred to as an Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES). These instruments pass nebulised samples into an inductively-coupled gas plasma (8-10000 K) where they are atomised and excited. The de-excitation optical emissions at characteristic wavelengths are spectroscopically analysed. It is often used in the detection of trace metals.
Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter
Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Beckman Tricarb liquid scintillation counter Instrument Name: Liquid Scintillation Counter Instrument Short Name:LSC Instrument Description: Liquid scintillation counting is an analytical technique which is defined by the incorporation of the radiolabeled analyte into uniform distribution with a liquid chemical medium capable of converting the kinetic energy of nuclear emissions into light energy. Although the liquid scintillation counter is a sophisticated laboratory counting system used to quantify the activity of particulate emitting (ß and a) radioactive samples, it can also detect the auger electrons emitted from 51Cr and 125I samples.
Liquid scintillation counters are instruments assaying alpha and beta radiation by quantitative detection of visible light produced by the passage of rays or particles through a suitable scintillant incorporated into the sample. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB21/
Polarized microscopy
Polarized microscopy
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Polarized microscopy Instrument Name: Microscope - Optical Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a "light microscope". Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Niskin-X and 10L Niskin bottles
Niskin-X and 10L Niskin bottles
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Niskin-X and 10L Niskin bottles Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/
Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3)
Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Seal Analytical continuous-flow AutoAnalyzer 3 (AA3) Instrument Name: Nutrient Autoanalyzer Instrument Short Name:Nutrient Autoanalyzer Instrument Description: Nutrient Autoanalyzer is a generic term used when specific type, make and model were not specified. In general, a Nutrient Autoanalyzer is an automated flow-thru system for doing nutrient analysis (nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and silicate) on seawater samples. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB04/
incubation bottles, deck incubators
incubation bottles, deck incubators
PI Supplied Instrument Name: incubation bottles, deck incubators Instrument Name: Shipboard Incubator Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A device mounted on a ship that holds water samples under conditions of controlled temperature or controlled temperature and illumination.
Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010)
Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Hitachi U-3010 spectrophotometer (SN 0947-010) Instrument Name: Spectrophotometer Instrument Short Name:Spectrophotometer Instrument Description: An instrument used to measure the relative absorption of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths in the near infra-red, visible and ultraviolet wavebands by samples. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB20/
VINDTA 3S
VINDTA 3S
PI Supplied Instrument Name: VINDTA 3S Instrument Name: Titrator Instrument Short Name:Titrator Instrument Description: Titrators are instruments that incrementally add quantified aliquots of a reagent to a sample until the end-point of a chemical reaction is reached. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12/
Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer
Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Turner Designs 10AU fluorometer Instrument Name: Turner Designs Fluorometer 10-AU Instrument Short Name:Turner Fluorometer 10-AU Instrument Description: The Turner Designs 10-AU Field Fluorometer is used to measure Chlorophyll fluorescence. The 10AU Fluorometer can be set up for continuous-flow monitoring or discrete sample analyses. A variety of compounds can be measured using application-specific optical filters available from the manufacturer (read more from Turner Designs, turnerdesigns.com, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0393/
Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer
Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Yokogowa FlowCAM imaging cytometer Instrument Name: Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies FlowCam VS particle imaging system Instrument Short Name:FlowCAM Instrument Description: Imaging cytometers are automated instruments that quantify properties of single cells, one cell at a time. They combine some aspects of flow cytometry with particle imaging capabilities in an automated device to classify small particles, including phytoplankton and protozoa. They can measure a variety of properties: cell size, cell granularity, cell aspect ratio, equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and area-based diameter (ABD) [to estimate bio-volume, which is used to estimate cell carbon biomass]. Particle images are digitally recorded and sorted into different classes according to training libraries using a support vector machine (supervised learning methods). The instruments particle-size is calibrated using different sizes of latex beads.
The FlowCam VS series are automated imaging-in-flow instruments that generate high-resolution digital images for measuring size and shape of microscopic particles. The sample introduced in the system is attracted by a peristaltic or a syringe pump into a flow cell (or flow chamber) with known dimensions, located in front of a microscope objective which is connected to a camera video. The benchtop model is ideally suited to a typical laboratory environment with applications in oceanographic research, municipal water, biopharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, oil and gas, biofuels, and many other markets. FlowCam VS is available in four models, from the imaging-only VS-I (i.e. without excitation wavelength or fluorescence emission wavelengths) to the top-of-the-line VS-IV with two channels of fluorescence measurement and scatter triggering capabilities. The instrument can measure particles between 2µm and 2mm; can analyse in vivo or fixed samples; has a flow rate between 0.005 ml/minute and 250 ml/minute (dependant upon magnification, flow cell depth, camera frame rate, efficiency desired, etc.). It can produce either 8-bit Grayscale (Monochrome Camera) or 24-bit Colour (Colour Camera) images, depending on the model.
Cruise: RR2004
RR2004
R/V Roger Revelle
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V Roger Revelle
vessel
RR2004
William M. Balch
R/V Roger Revelle
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V Roger Revelle
vessel