http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/917255
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2023-12-19
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Discrete bottle samples collected during BATS Validation (BVAL) cruises from April 1991 through July 2025
2026-02-17
publication
2026-02-17
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2024-09-20
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.917255.4
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Michael W. Lomas
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Craig A. Carlson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Emily Davey
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Lucinda Derbyshire
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rebecca Garley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Debra Lomas
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Rebecca May
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Claire Medley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Dominic Smith
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Emma Stuart
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Johnson, R. J., Bates, N. R., Lomas, M. W., Carlson, C. A., Smith, D., Lethaby, P. J., Lomas, D., Medley, C., May, R., Davey, E., Stuart, E., Garley, R., Derbyshire, L. (2026) Discrete bottle samples collected during BATS Validation (BVAL) cruises from April 1991 through July 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 8) Version Date 2026-02-17 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.917255.8 [access date]
BATS Validation cruise bottle data Dataset Description: <p><strong>BATS Validation Cruises</strong></p>
<p>Following the first several years of the BATS project it was deemed necessary by the JGOFS steering committee and BATS PI’s to conduct validation cruises in the vicinity of the nominal BATS site to better understand the mesoscale and larger scale variability of the region. In particular, a focus of the BVAL cruises was to assess the spatial scale representation of the BATS and Hydrostation ‘S’ programs. Initial focus of the BVAL cruises was to investigate mesoscale variability and meridional gradients of the local region. Later, cruises focused on specific mesoscale eddies (e.g., Mcgillicuddy et al., 1998; McGillicuddy et al., 1999) and effects of tropical cyclones through the local region.</p>
<p>In 2000 it was deemed more important to document the larger scale changes in the North Atlantic Subtropical gyre and BVAL cruises established a transect line from ~ 35N to 19N (Bermuda to Puerto Rico) very similar to the WOCE A22 repeat hydrography line (Johnson et al., 2020). These annual Bermuda to Puerto Rico transects have been run since 2000 and target stations at every one degree of latitude and typically have been conducted in September/October of each year to capture maximal heat content in the upper ocean. However, since this timeframe coincides with high tropical cyclone activity the cruises were reluctantly (as of 2022) moved to start in June/July of each year for safety and operational reasons. In the pentad prior to 2022 every BVAL cruise was significantly impacted but multiple tropical cyclones. Parameters presented are the same as provided in the BATS standard CTD data.</p> Methods and Sampling: <p dir="ltr"><strong>Data Collection</strong></p>
<p>Data were collected on BVAL cruises from April 1991 (BVAL cruise #50001) through July 2025&nbsp;(BVAL cruise #50063).&nbsp;Research was conducted on many research vessels including R/V Weatherbird II, R/V Cape Henlopen, R/V Cape Hatteras and R/V Atlantic Explorer. Numerous Chief Scientists: Rachel Dow, Anthony Michaels, Kjell Gundersen, Rodney Johnson,&nbsp; Michael Lomas, Ann Close, Paul Lethaby, Vivienne Lochhead, Steven Bell, Gwyn Evans, Samuel Stevens, Claire Medley, and Dominic Smith.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Water sampling</strong><br />
Full depth water sampling&nbsp;and data collection at the BATS site are achieved with a total of three hydrocasts using a General Oceanics Intelligent Rosette® with an array of 24 12L water bottles and a Sea-Bird Scientific CTD system. Water samples are collected during the upcast with a 1-minute resting period between reaching the sampling depth and triggering the bottle to close.&nbsp; Bottom measurements/ sampling are achieved within 20 meters from the bottom, as determined using an altimeter.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Water samples are taken right after Rosette® recovery. On any cast, if only a&nbsp;single water bottle is collected to sample all biogeochemical parameters, then gas samples are collected first due to their exposure to air when opened. However, if enough bottles are available, two bottles can be taken for a single depth. Water is usually split between large-volume particulate samples (POCN, HPLC, POP and PSi) and all other small volume samples, including gas samples. When two bottles are taken for a single depth, particulate samples are collected first to prevent settling within the Niskin bottle. Samples are fixed or frozen once all same-sample bottles from one cast have been collected. Particulate samples are filtered as soon as collected.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Nutrients</strong><br />
The BATS nutrient methodology is based on the Protocols for the <span style="font-family:sans-serif,arial,verdana,trebuchet ms; font-size:14px">Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements </span>(<span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family:sans-serif,arial,verdana,trebuchet ms; font-size:14px">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 1994) which&nbsp;</span>describes the method for the determination of dissolved inorganic macronutrients in seawater: nitrite (NO2 – ), nitrate + nitrite (NO3 – + NO2 – ), orthophosphate (PO4 3 – ) and reactive silicate (Si(OH)4) using Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA).&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">While the definition of the dissolved fraction has changed throughout the years that the BATS time series has operated, the pore size used has remained constant in order to create a comparable temporal dataset. While similar studies in oligotrophic ocean regions have opted to forego the use of nutrient filters under the assumption that the particulate nutrient pool is negligible, we continue the use of filters for the sake of continuity. Sample filtration also removes the potential for turbidity-derived uncertainties during analysis, and may aid preservation of frozen samples.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Discrete samples are collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from surface to bottom depths (∼4,200 meters). Sea water is filtered directly from the Niskin spigot using a 0.8 µm membrane to remove particulates. Collected sea water is preserved by freezing until analysis. Replicate samples are taken during each cast to ensure quality control standards are met during analytical and data processes. Dissolved inorganic nutrients are measured using a SEAL AA500 Autoanalyzer by Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA). During this process, a subset of sample is drawn and further split into four different channels driven by a peristaltic pump. The sample stream is segmented with air or nitrogen bubbles throughout the flow path to enhance the mixing of reagents with the sample. The nutrients, NO<sub>2</sub>-, nitrate + nitrite (NO<sub>3</sub>– + NO2-) , PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3– </sup>and Si,&nbsp;are chemically reacted in the separate channels to produce a color change and are&nbsp;measured colorimetrically at different wavelengths using a flow-through colorimeter located&nbsp;at the end of the flow path. The light absorption by the sample-reagent mixture is proportional to the concentration of nutrient in the sample according to the principles of the Beer-Lambert Law. Raw absorbance units are converted into nutrient concentrations according to a linear calibration curve formulated from known standards.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Bacterial enumeration</strong><br />
In addition to the casts for shallow water, mode water, and deep water, a separate cast is deployed for the estimation of bacterial growth rates using 3H-thymidine. Heterotrophic bacteria are expected to grow and assimilate 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid material under incubation conditions.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Three replicate samples from the same depth are used as live tubes for thymidine incorporation, and are incubated for four hours.&nbsp; Samples used as killed controls (aka kill tubes) are treated with 100 microliters of 100% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) at the beginning of the incubation to halt biological activity. After incubation, 10 microliters (µl) from the live tubes are extracted for Specific Activities measurements and the biological activity in the live tubes is halted by adding 100% TCA.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">All tubes are centrifuged at 14,000 RPM at 4°C for 7 minutes. The supernatant is discarded and DNA is extracted by adding 100% TCA; centrifuging again for 7 minutes at 4°C at 14,000 RPM;&nbsp; adding 80% ethanol and centrifuging once more for 7 minutes at 4°C at 14,000 RPM. The DNA in the resulting pellet is resuspended in Ultima Gold by vortexing. Samples are stored at room temperature until analysis.</p>
<div>
<div>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Full methodology</strong><br />
Detailed methods are available&nbsp;in Knap et al. (1997).</p>
</div>
</div>
<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1756105 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1756105
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2241455 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2241455
onGoing
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
1-441-297-1880
17 Biological Lane GE 01
St. Georges
Bermuda
nick.bates@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Rodney J. Johnson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
441-297-1880
7 Biological Station
St. Georges
GE 01
Bermuda
rod.johnson@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Michael W. Lomas
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
207-315-2567 ext 311
60 Bigelow Drive PO Box 380
East Boothbay
ME
04544
United States
mlomas@bigelow.org
pointOfContact
Craig A. Carlson
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
(805) 893-2541
University of California Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology
Santa Barbara
CA
93106-6150
USA
craig_carlson@ucsb.edu
pointOfContact
Emily Davey
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
pointOfContact
Lucinda Derbyshire
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Lucinda.Derbyshire@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Rebecca Garley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
441-297-1880 x212
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences/Arizona State University
rebecca.garley@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Paul J. Lethaby
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Bermuda
paul.lethaby@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Debra Lomas
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
60 Bigelow Drive
East Boothbay
ME
04544
USA
dlomas@bigelow.org
pointOfContact
Rebecca May
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Rebecca.May@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Claire Medley
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Claire.Medley@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Dominic Smith
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Dominic.Smith@bios.edu
pointOfContact
Emma Stuart
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
emma.stuart@bios.asu.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 8
Unknown
Bottle_ID
ISO_DateTime_UTC
Vessel
Latitude
Longitude
Cruise_type
Cruise_num
Cast_num
Bottle_num
QF_Bottle
Depth
QF_Depth
Temp
QF_Temp
CTD_Sal
QF_CTD_Sal
Sal1
QF_Sal1
Sigma_theta
QF_Sigma_theta
O2
QF_O2
DIC
QF_DIC
Alkalinity
QF_Alkalinity
NO3_NO2
QF_NO3_NO2
NO2
QF_NO2
PO4
QF_PO4
Silicate
QF_Silicate
POC
QF_POC
PON
QF_PON
TOC
QF_TOC
TN
QF_TN
Bact
QF_Bact
POP
QF_POP
TDP
QF_TDP
SRP
QF_SRP
Bio_Si
QF_Bio_Si
Lith_Si
QF_Lith_Si
Prochlorococcus
QF_Prochlorococcus
Synechococcus
QF_Synechococcus
Picoeukaryotes
QF_Picoeukaryotes
Nanoeukaryotes
QF_Nanoeukaryotes
decy
time
yyyymmdd
centrifuge
Seabird 911+
Incubation cooler
Niskin bottle
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
ISO_DateTime_UTC
ship
latitude
longitude
cruise type
Cruise identfier
cast
bottle
quality flag
depth
water temperature at measurement depth
salinity from CTD
salinity
sigma-theta
dissolved Oxygen
dissolved inorganic Carbon
total alkalinity (TA)
nitrate plus nitrite
Nitrite
reactive phosphorus (PO4)
Silicate, Si(OH)4, silicic acid
particulate organic Carbon (POC)
particulate organic nitrogen
total organic Carbon
Nitrogen
bacterial abundance
particulate organic phosphorus
Total Dissolved Phosphorus
Low Level Phosphorus
biogenic silica concentration
lithogenic silica concentration
prochlorococcus abundance
synechococcus abundance
pico_euks
nano eukaryotic phytoplankton
year_decimal
time of day
date
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Centrifuge
CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus
Incubator
Niskin bottle
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
BVAL_cruises
service
Deployment Activity
Sargasso Sea
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
http://us-ocb.org/
Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.
The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.
The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.
OCB
largerWorkCitation
program
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/
U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
The United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study was a national component of international JGOFS and an integral part of global climate change research.
The U.S. launched the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the late 1980s to study the ocean carbon cycle. An ambitious goal was set to understand the controls on the concentrations and fluxes of carbon and associated nutrients in the ocean. A new field of ocean biogeochemistry emerged with an emphasis on quality measurements of carbon system parameters and interdisciplinary field studies of the biological, chemical and physical process which control the ocean carbon cycle. As we studied ocean biogeochemistry, we learned that our simple views of carbon uptake and transport were severely limited, and a new "wave" of ocean science was born. U.S. JGOFS has been supported primarily by the U.S. National Science Foundation in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Research. U.S. JGOFS, ended in 2005 with the conclusion of the Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP).
U.S. JGOFS
largerWorkCitation
program
Ocean Time-series Sites
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/program/562656
Ocean Time-series Sites
Program description text taken from Chapter 1: Introduction from the Global Intercomparability in a Changing Ocean: An International Time-Series Methods Workshop report published following the workshop held November 28-30, 2012 at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences. The full report is available from the workshop Web site hosted by US OCB: http://www.whoi.edu/website/TS-workshop/home
Decades of research have demonstrated that the ocean varies across a range of time scales, with anthropogenic forcing contributing an added layer of complexity. In a growing effort to distinguish between natural and human-induced earth system variability, sustained ocean time-series measurements have taken on a renewed importance. Shipboard biogeochemical time-series represent one of the most valuable tools scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean carbon fluxes and biogeochemical processes and their links to changing climate (Karl, 2010; Chavez et al., 2011; Church et al., 2013). They provide the oceanographic community with the long, temporally resolved datasets needed to characterize ocean climate, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem change.
The temporal scale of shifts in marine ecosystem variations in response to climate change are on the order of several decades. The long-term, consistent and comprehensive monitoring programs conducted by time-series sites are essential to understand large-scale atmosphere-ocean interactions that occur on interannual to decadal time scales. Ocean time-series represent one of the most valuable tools scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean carbon fluxes and biogeochemical processes and their links to changing climate.
Launched in the late 1980s, the US JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study; http://usjgofs.whoi.edu) research program initiated two time-series measurement programs at Hawaii and Bermuda (HOT and BATS, respectively) to measure key oceanographic measurements in oligotrophic waters. Begun in 1995 as part of the US JGOFS Synthesis and Modeling Project, the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series (formerly known as the CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) Program has studied the relationship between surface primary production, physical forcing variables like the wind, and the settling flux of particulate carbon in the Cariaco Basin.
The objective of these time-series effort is to provide well-sampled seasonal resolution of biogeochemical variability at a limited number of ocean observatories, provide support and background measurements for process-oriented research, as well as test and validate observations for biogeochemical models. Since their creation, the BATS, CARIACO and HOT time-series site data have been available for use by a large community of researchers.
Data from those three US funded, ship-based, time-series sites can be accessed at each site directly or by selecting the site name from the Projects section below.
Ocean Time-series
largerWorkCitation
program
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
http://bats.bios.edu
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
<p>A full description of the BATS research program (including links to the processed BATS data) is available from the BATS Web site (see above for Project URL/ Project Website links). Any data contributed from selected ancillary projects are listed (linked) in the 'Datasets Collection' section below. </p>
<p><strong>Collaborative Research: The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study: Sustained Biogeochemical, Ecosystem and Ocean Change Observations and Linkages in the North Atlantic (Years 36-40)</strong><br />
<em><strong>Awards OCE-</strong></em><strong>2241455<em>, OCE-</em>2241456<em> and OCE-</em>2241457<em>)</em></strong><br />
<u>NSF award abstract</u></p>
<p>Long-term observations of ocean physics, biology, and chemistry across decades provide a powerful lens for understanding the response of the oceans to environmental change. This award will continue the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) research program, which began in 1988, for another five years. Observations at the BATS site provide crucial information for understanding the ocean?s role in the global climate system and the response of the ocean carbon system and marine ecosystems to climate perturbations. The research goals of the BATS program continue to be to improve our understanding of the time-varying components of the ocean carbon cycle and related elements of interest (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica) and to identify the physical, chemical, and ecosystem properties responsible for this variability. The BATS program has substantial broader impacts, contributing to the field of ocean sciences by providing high-quality ocean observations and a framework in which other researchers can conceive and test hypotheses. In addition, the recent acquisition of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences by the Global Futures Laboratory of Arizona State University provides new avenues for educational opportunities and innovation.</p>
<p>In the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean, warming, salinification, deoxygenation, ocean ecosystem changes, and acidification have accelerated their rate of change. Fundamental questions and challenges remain about understanding present and future ocean function, prediction, and modelling. An overarching question for the BATS program is: Will ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning continue to change in response to the acceleration of ocean warming, salinification, stratification, deoxygenation and acidification? With this question in mind, the sustained goals for the BATS program are: 1. Quantify the role of ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate variability on air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon export to the ocean interior; 2. Document trends and controls of the following: (a) the interannual to decadal scale variability in carbon and nutrient cycles and their coupling in the surface and deep ocean via the Redfield Ratio paradigm; and, (b) biological community structure in the oligotrophic North Atlantic Ocean in response to low-frequency climate variability; 3. Quantify the response of planktonic and microbial community structure and function and impact on biogeochemical cycles (including new and export productivity) to variability in surface fluxes (e.g., heat, freshwater and momentum) and physical processes (e.g., mesoscale eddies, Rossby Waves, internal waves); 4. Facilitate development, calibration and validation of next-generation oceanographic sensors, tools and technologies; 5. Generate datasets that can be used by empiricists and modelers to test new hypotheses about North Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning; 6. Use BATS cruise, infrastructure, laboratory and analytical expertise, and data to improve education and training programs for BATS staff, STEM-literate students, and future oceanographers.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
<p>Please see the BATS Web site (<a href="http://bats.bios.edu" target="_blank">http://bats.bios.edu</a>) for additional information.</p>
<p><a href="http://data.bco-dmo.org/BATS/BATS_References.pdf">List of References (PDF)</a></p>
BATS
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
Sargasso Sea
-74.167
-59.649
19.225
39.455
1991-04-29
2025-07-05
Northwest Sargasso Sea at 31 deg 40' N, 64 deg 10' W
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Discrete bottle samples collected during BATS Validation (BVAL) cruises from April 1991 through July 2025
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947507.rdf
Name: Bottle_ID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>A unique bottle ID which identifies cruise, cast, and Niskin number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947508.rdf
Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sampling date in ISO8601 format</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947509.rdf
Name: Vessel
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Name of vessel used for cruise</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947510.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude of sampling</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947511.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude of sampling</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947512.rdf
Name: Cruise_type
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cruise type (BATS Validation)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947513.rdf
Name: Cruise_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cruise number where the 5 represents a BATS Validation cruise followed by the BATS cruise ID</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947515.rdf
Name: Cast_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cast number where 1-80 are CTD casts and 81-99 are Hydrocasts</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947516.rdf
Name: Bottle_num
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Niskin (or GoFlo) bottle number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947517.rdf
Name: QF_Bottle
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for bottle (-3 = suspect, 1 = unverified, 2 = verified/acceptable)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947518.rdf
Name: Depth
Units: meters (m)
Description: <p>Depth of sampling</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947519.rdf
Name: QF_Depth
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for depth; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947520.rdf
Name: Temp
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Temperature (ITS-90 scale)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947521.rdf
Name: QF_Temp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for temperature; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947522.rdf
Name: CTD_Sal
Units: PSS-78
Description: <p>CTD Salinity (PSS-78 scale) </p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947523.rdf
Name: QF_CTD_Sal
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for CTD salinity; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947524.rdf
Name: Sal1
Units: PSS-78
Description: <p>Salinity-1 (PSS-78 scale)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947525.rdf
Name: QF_Sal1
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for Salinity-1; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947526.rdf
Name: Sigma_theta
Units: kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m^3)
Description: <p>Sigma-theta potential density</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947527.rdf
Name: QF_Sigma_theta
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for sigma-theta; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947528.rdf
Name: O2
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Oxygen-1</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947529.rdf
Name: QF_O2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for oxygen; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947530.rdf
Name: DIC
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Dissolved inorganic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947531.rdf
Name: QF_DIC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon); Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947532.rdf
Name: Alkalinity
Units: microequivalents (uequiv)
Description: <p>Alkalinity</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947533.rdf
Name: QF_Alkalinity
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for alkalinity; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947534.rdf
Name: NO3_NO2
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Nitrate + Nitrite</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947535.rdf
Name: QF_NO3_NO2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for nitrate + nitrite; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947536.rdf
Name: NO2
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Nitrite</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947537.rdf
Name: QF_NO2
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for nitrite; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947538.rdf
Name: PO4
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Phosphate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947539.rdf
Name: QF_PO4
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for phosphate; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947540.rdf
Name: Silicate
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Silicate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947541.rdf
Name: QF_Silicate
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for silicate; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947542.rdf
Name: POC
Units: micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg)
Description: <p>Particulate organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947543.rdf
Name: QF_POC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for POC; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947544.rdf
Name: PON
Units: micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg)
Description: <p>Particulate organic nitrogen</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947545.rdf
Name: QF_PON
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for PON; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947546.rdf
Name: TOC
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Total organic carbon</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947547.rdf
Name: QF_TOC
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for TOC; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947548.rdf
Name: TN
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Total nitrogen</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947549.rdf
Name: QF_TN
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for total nitrogen; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947550.rdf
Name: Bact
Units: cells times 10^8 per kilogram (cells*10^8/kg)
Description: <p>Bacteria enumeration</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947551.rdf
Name: QF_Bact
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for bacteria enumeration; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947552.rdf
Name: POP
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Particulate organic phosphorus</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947553.rdf
Name: QF_POP
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for POP; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947554.rdf
Name: TDP
Units: nanomole per kilogram (nmol/kg)
Description: <p>Total dissolved phosphorus</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947555.rdf
Name: QF_TDP
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for TDP; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947556.rdf
Name: SRP
Units: nanomole per kilogram (nmol/kg)
Description: <p>Low-level phosphorus</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947557.rdf
Name: QF_SRP
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for low-level phosphorus; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947558.rdf
Name: Bio_Si
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Particulate biogenic silica</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947559.rdf
Name: QF_Bio_Si
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for particulate biogenic silica; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947560.rdf
Name: Lith_Si
Units: micromole per kilogram (umol/kg)
Description: <p>Particulate lithogenic silica</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947561.rdf
Name: QF_Lith_Si
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for particulate lithogenic silica; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947562.rdf
Name: Prochlorococcus
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Prochlorococcus abundance</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947563.rdf
Name: QF_Prochlorococcus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for prochlorococcus abundance; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947564.rdf
Name: Synechococcus
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Synechococcus abundance</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947565.rdf
Name: QF_Synechococcus
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for synechococcus abundance; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947566.rdf
Name: Picoeukaryotes
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Picoeukaryote abundance</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947567.rdf
Name: QF_Picoeukaryotes
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for picoeukaryote abundance; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947568.rdf
Name: Nanoeukaryotes
Units: cells per milliliter (cells/mL)
Description: <p>Nanoeukaryote abundance</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947569.rdf
Name: QF_Nanoeukaryotes
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flag for nanoeukaryote abundance; Parameter quality flags defined as 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947570.rdf
Name: decy
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Decimal Year</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947571.rdf
Name: time
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Time in Hour Minute format (hhmm)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/947572.rdf
Name: yyyymmdd
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date in Year Month Day format</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
4228034
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/45d8034a-d951-446e-9182-b872b31b0fe3/content
download
4365161
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/270d3185-57a2-4a8e-b31f-90af9e52b46e/content
download
4462497
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8066c8c4-fd6c-4757-ab1f-b4c277bfbf63/content
download
3458683
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7892a482-21ee-4fbc-83cb-99dc5562f0d5/content
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https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.917255.4
download
onLine
dataset
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Data Collection</strong></p>
<p>Data were collected on BVAL cruises from April 1991 (BVAL cruise #50001) through July 2025&nbsp;(BVAL cruise #50063).&nbsp;Research was conducted on many research vessels including R/V Weatherbird II, R/V Cape Henlopen, R/V Cape Hatteras and R/V Atlantic Explorer. Numerous Chief Scientists: Rachel Dow, Anthony Michaels, Kjell Gundersen, Rodney Johnson,&nbsp; Michael Lomas, Ann Close, Paul Lethaby, Vivienne Lochhead, Steven Bell, Gwyn Evans, Samuel Stevens, Claire Medley, and Dominic Smith.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Water sampling</strong><br />
Full depth water sampling&nbsp;and data collection at the BATS site are achieved with a total of three hydrocasts using a General Oceanics Intelligent Rosette® with an array of 24 12L water bottles and a Sea-Bird Scientific CTD system. Water samples are collected during the upcast with a 1-minute resting period between reaching the sampling depth and triggering the bottle to close.&nbsp; Bottom measurements/ sampling are achieved within 20 meters from the bottom, as determined using an altimeter.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Water samples are taken right after Rosette® recovery. On any cast, if only a&nbsp;single water bottle is collected to sample all biogeochemical parameters, then gas samples are collected first due to their exposure to air when opened. However, if enough bottles are available, two bottles can be taken for a single depth. Water is usually split between large-volume particulate samples (POCN, HPLC, POP and PSi) and all other small volume samples, including gas samples. When two bottles are taken for a single depth, particulate samples are collected first to prevent settling within the Niskin bottle. Samples are fixed or frozen once all same-sample bottles from one cast have been collected. Particulate samples are filtered as soon as collected.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Nutrients</strong><br />
The BATS nutrient methodology is based on the Protocols for the <span style="font-family:sans-serif,arial,verdana,trebuchet ms; font-size:14px">Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements </span>(<span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family:sans-serif,arial,verdana,trebuchet ms; font-size:14px">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 1994) which&nbsp;</span>describes the method for the determination of dissolved inorganic macronutrients in seawater: nitrite (NO2 – ), nitrate + nitrite (NO3 – + NO2 – ), orthophosphate (PO4 3 – ) and reactive silicate (Si(OH)4) using Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA).&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">While the definition of the dissolved fraction has changed throughout the years that the BATS time series has operated, the pore size used has remained constant in order to create a comparable temporal dataset. While similar studies in oligotrophic ocean regions have opted to forego the use of nutrient filters under the assumption that the particulate nutrient pool is negligible, we continue the use of filters for the sake of continuity. Sample filtration also removes the potential for turbidity-derived uncertainties during analysis, and may aid preservation of frozen samples.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Discrete samples are collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from surface to bottom depths (∼4,200 meters). Sea water is filtered directly from the Niskin spigot using a 0.8 µm membrane to remove particulates. Collected sea water is preserved by freezing until analysis. Replicate samples are taken during each cast to ensure quality control standards are met during analytical and data processes. Dissolved inorganic nutrients are measured using a SEAL AA500 Autoanalyzer by Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA). During this process, a subset of sample is drawn and further split into four different channels driven by a peristaltic pump. The sample stream is segmented with air or nitrogen bubbles throughout the flow path to enhance the mixing of reagents with the sample. The nutrients, NO<sub>2</sub>-, nitrate + nitrite (NO<sub>3</sub>– + NO2-) , PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3– </sup>and Si,&nbsp;are chemically reacted in the separate channels to produce a color change and are&nbsp;measured colorimetrically at different wavelengths using a flow-through colorimeter located&nbsp;at the end of the flow path. The light absorption by the sample-reagent mixture is proportional to the concentration of nutrient in the sample according to the principles of the Beer-Lambert Law. Raw absorbance units are converted into nutrient concentrations according to a linear calibration curve formulated from known standards.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Bacterial enumeration</strong><br />
In addition to the casts for shallow water, mode water, and deep water, a separate cast is deployed for the estimation of bacterial growth rates using 3H-thymidine. Heterotrophic bacteria are expected to grow and assimilate 3H-thymidine into nucleic acid material under incubation conditions.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Three replicate samples from the same depth are used as live tubes for thymidine incorporation, and are incubated for four hours.&nbsp; Samples used as killed controls (aka kill tubes) are treated with 100 microliters of 100% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) at the beginning of the incubation to halt biological activity. After incubation, 10 microliters (µl) from the live tubes are extracted for Specific Activities measurements and the biological activity in the live tubes is halted by adding 100% TCA.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">All tubes are centrifuged at 14,000 RPM at 4°C for 7 minutes. The supernatant is discarded and DNA is extracted by adding 100% TCA; centrifuging again for 7 minutes at 4°C at 14,000 RPM;&nbsp; adding 80% ethanol and centrifuging once more for 7 minutes at 4°C at 14,000 RPM. The DNA in the resulting pellet is resuspended in Ultima Gold by vortexing. Samples are stored at room temperature until analysis.</p>
<div>
<div>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Full methodology</strong><br />
Detailed methods are available&nbsp;in Knap et al. (1997).</p>
</div>
</div>
<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>Data processing steps are outlined in the BATS Methods Manual.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
** Version 8 **
This version contains data for two new cruises (50062 and 50063), as well as minor updates for certain flags. See the supplemental file for this version's release notes.
- Imported "bval_bottle_v008.txt" and "bval_bottle_qcmask_v008.txt" into BCO-DMO system
using missing data identifiers 'nd' and '-999'.
- Joined "bval_bottle_qcmask_v008.txt" and "bval_bottle_v008.txt" to add flag columns for the parameters adjacent to the measurements.
- Converted longitude values to decimal degrees (degrees West are negative)
- Combined date and time to create ISO UTC timestamp
- Added columns for Cruise type, Cruise number, Cast number, and Bottle number by extracting the information from the ID column.
- Added vessel names
- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions and to be more consistent with other BATS data submissions
** Version 7 **
There are no new cruises for this version. This update includes new values for measurements made since the last version (bacterial abundance, FCM, etc.) See release notes supplemental file for more information
- Imported "bval_bottle_v007.txt" and "bval_bottle_qcmask_v007.txt" into BCO-DMO system
using missing data identifiers 'nd' and '-999'.
- Joined "bval_bottle_qcmask_v007.txt" and "bval_bottle_v007.txt" to add flag columns for the parameters
- Converted longitude values to decimal degrees (degrees West are negative)
- Converted date to ISO yyyy-mm-dd format
- Combined date and time to create ISO UTC timestamp
- Added Cruise_type, Cruise_num, Cast, Cast_type, and Bottle_number columns (extracted from ID column)
- Added vessel names as defined in "bval_pigments_v006.txt"
- Added cast types as defined in "bval_pigments_v006.txt"
- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions and to be more consistent with other BATS data submissions
- Renamed parameters from mask file to reflect parameter names from data file
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
centrifuge
centrifuge
PI Supplied Instrument Name: centrifuge PI Supplied Instrument Description:All tubes are centrifuged at 14,000 RPM and 4°C for 7 minutes
Instrument Name: Centrifuge Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different densities (e.g., cream from milk) or liquids from solids.
Seabird 911+
Seabird 911+
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Seabird 911+ PI Supplied Instrument Description:Samples were collected using a Seabird 911+ Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911plus Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0058/
Incubation cooler
Incubation cooler
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Incubation cooler PI Supplied Instrument Description:Incubation coolers are used to hold samples at temperature within ±4°C of their Niskin sampling temperature.
Instrument Name: Incubator Instrument Short Name:incubator (general) Instrument Description: A device in which environmental conditions (light, photoperiod, temperature, humidity, etc.) can be controlled.
Note: we have more specific terms for shipboard incubators (https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/629001) and in-situ incubators (https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/494).
Niskin bottle
Niskin bottle
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/
Cruise: BVAL_cruises
BVAL_cruises
Multiple Vessels
vessel
BVAL_cruises
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
Multiple Vessels
vessel