http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/918182 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2024-01-19 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Measurements of seawater temperature, depth, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) across seven sites at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef from 2015 to 2020 2024-01-19 publication 2024-01-19 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2024-01-23 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.918182.1 Katie Barott University of Pennsylvania principalInvestigator Kristen Brown University of Pennsylvania principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Barott, K., Brown, K. (2024) Measurements of seawater temperature, depth, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) across seven sites at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef from 2015 to 2020. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-01-19 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.918182.1 [access date] In situ seawater temperature at Heron Island (2015-2020) Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study location:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; This study was conducted across eight sites at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef (23°27’ S 151°55’ E), previously characterized in detail (Brown et al. 2018, 2020). Briefly, sites included each geomorphological habitat of Heron Reef: reef slope, reef crest, reef flat, shallow lagoon, and deep lagoon (Phinn et al. 2012) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). The geomorphological habitats of Heron Reef are distinguished by diverse benthic communities, with hard coral cover higher within the reef slope and macroalgae cover greater within the lagoonal habitats (Brown et al. 2018; Roelfsema et al. 2021). Reef-wide coral cover in 2015 and 2016 was amongst the highest observations in the past 60 years (Connell et al. 1997; Brown et al. 2018; Roelfsema et al. 2021) (e.g., ~75% within the south-west reef slope and ~20% within lagoon), making these years optimal as a recent baseline record.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Within the reef slope habitat, four sites were established: two within the north-east section of the reef (Fourth Point, 4.2 meters (m) and 8 m) and two within the south-west (Harry’s Bommie, 6.1 m and 8.2 m) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). The northeast of Heron Reef is the exposed side, subject to extreme wave forces during cyclones, whereas the south-west is sheltered from waves generated by both the south-east trade winds and extreme wave action of cyclones (Connell et al. 1997). One site was established in each other geomorphological habitat, with each site sharing its name: Reef Crest (RC; 0.9 m), Reef Flat (RF; 0.7 m), Shallow Lagoon (SL; 1.3 m) and Deep Lagoon (DL; 2.6 m) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). Inside the lagoon, semidiurnal tidal fluctuations result in higher variability in temperature and pH than reef slope sites (Brown et al. 2018; Cyronak et al. 2020) (Fig. 2, Fig. S1 of Brown et al. 2023). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; µmol quanta m⁻²s⁻¹) is lower within reef slope habitats (HB5: 75.9, HB8: 72.8, FP5: 179.4, FP8: 58.9) than within the lagoon habitats (RC: 199.2, RF: 371.7, SL: 201.8, DL: 198.8), due to differences in depth (Brown et al. 2018; Cyronak et al. 2020). Mean depth and PAR were determined by use of Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) units that continuously recorded between July 2015 and November 2016 (SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT fitted with an auxiliary PAR sensor, Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor) (see Brown et al. 2018 for more detailed methodology).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evaluation of thermal stress:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Seawater temperatures were recorded at hourly intervals using cross-calibrated HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64; ± 0.552 degrees Celsius (°C) accuracy) between September 2019 and August 2020. Logger accuracy was assessed at the end of the deployment period using a water bath (Thermo Scientific Precision TSGP20). Due to logger failures, only a partial temperature record was obtained at HB8 (from December 2019), RC (from February 2020), and DL (from February 2020) and there is no temperature record at FP5 (Table 1, Fig. S1 of Brown et al. 2023). No loggers were deployed at FP8 during 2019-2020.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Seawater temperatures recorded in 2019-2020 were compared to temperatures recorded at the same locations in 2015-2016 (see Brown et al. 2018 for detailed methodology). The mean, maximum, minimum, and mean daily amplitude were calculated at each site for the two periods September 2015 to August 2016 and September 2019 to August 2020 (Table 1 of Brown et al. 2023). Daily (24-hour) mean temperatures (T) were extracted from the logger data. The climatological maximum monthly mean (MMM) of Heron Reef is 27.3°C (Weeks et al. 2008). Temperature anomalies, or ‘hotspots’ (HS), were calculated from the logger data using U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch (CRW) methodology (Eakin et al. 2010). If T, representing the daily mean temperature, exceeded the region's coral bleaching threshold (MMM + 1°C; 28.3°C), then the MMM was subtracted from T. Importantly, we did not use nighttime-only temperatures, as is done with NOAA CRW, instead choosing to use 24-hour mean temperatures due to the diel variability across sites. Thermal anomalies were then summed across a rolling 12-week (90-day) period to determine the extent of thermal stress in degree heating weeks (DHW; °C per week).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For more detailed information, please see:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Brown, K.T., Eyal, G., Dove, S.G. et al. (2023) Fine-scale heterogeneity reveals disproportionate thermal stress and coral mortality in thermally variable reef habitats during a marine heatwave. Coral Reefs 42, 131-142. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02328-6&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02328-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1923743 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1923743 completed Katie Barott University of Pennsylvania 215-746-6911 433 South University Avenue Leidy Laboratories 326 Philadelphia PA 19104 USA kbarott@sas.upenn.edu pointOfContact Kristen Brown University of Pennsylvania 433 S University Ave Philadelphia PA 19104-4544 USA ktbrown@sas.upenn.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown ISO_DateTime_AEST ISO_DateTime_UTC Site Latitude Longitude Date_AEST Depth PAR Temperature HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64) PAR sensor; Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT theme None, User defined ISO_DateTime_Local ISO_DateTime_UTC site latitude longitude date depth PAR water temperature at measurement depth featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Onset HOBO Pendant Temperature/Light Data Logger Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor Sea-Bird SBE 16Plus V2 SEACAT instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Influence of environmental pH variability and thermal sensitivity on the resilience of reef-building corals to acidification stress https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/843347 Influence of environmental pH variability and thermal sensitivity on the resilience of reef-building corals to acidification stress <p><strong>NSF Award Abstract:</strong><br /> Coral reefs are incredibly diverse ecosystems that provide food, tourism revenue, and shoreline protection for coastal communities. The ability of coral reefs to continue providing these services to society is currently threatened by climate change, which has led to increasing ocean temperatures and acidity that can lead to the death of corals, the animals that build the reef framework upon which so many species depend. This project examines how temperature and acidification stress work together to influence the future health and survival of corals. The scientists are carrying out the project in Hawaii where they have found individual corals with different sensitivities to temperature stress that are living on reefs with different environmental pH conditions. This project improves understanding of how an individual coral's history influences its response to multiple stressors and helps identify the conditions that are most likely to support resilient coral communities. The project will generate extensive biological and physicochemical data that will be made freely available. Furthermore, this project supports the education and training of undergraduate and high school students and one postdoctoral researcher in marine science and coral reef ecology. Hands-on activities for high school students are being developed into a free online educational resource.</p> <p>This project compares coral responses to acidification stress in populations experiencing distinct pH dynamics (high diel variability vs. low diel variability) and with distinct thermal tolerances (historically bleaching sensitive vs. tolerant) to learn about how coral responses to these two factors differ between coral species and within populations. Experiments focus on the two dominant reef builders found at these stable and variable pH reefs: Montipora capitata and Porites compressa. Individuals of each species exhibiting different thermal sensitivities (i.e., bleached vs. pigmented) were tagged during the 2015 global coral bleaching event. This system tests the hypotheses that 1) corals living on reefs with larger diel pH fluctuations have greater resilience to acidification stress, 2) coral resilience to acidification is a plastic trait that can be promoted via acclimatization, and 3) thermally sensitive corals have reduced capacity to cope with pH stress, which is exacerbated at elevated temperatures. Coral cells isolated from colonies from each environmental and bleaching history are exposed to acute pH stress and examined for their ability to recover intracellular pH in vivo using confocal microscopy, and the expression level of proteins predicted to be involved in this recovery (e.g., proton transporters) is examined via Western blot and immunolocalization. Corals from each pH history are exposed to stable and variable seawater pH in a controlled aquarium setting to determine the level of plasticity of acidification resilience and to test for pH acclimatization in this system. Finally, corals with different levels of thermal sensitivity are exposed to thermal stress and recovery, and their ability to regulate pH is examined over time. The results of these experiments help identify reef conditions that promote coral resilience to ocean acidification against the background of increasingly common thermal stress events, while advancing mechanistic understanding of coral physiology and symbiosis.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> Coral Resilience largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans 151.9292 151.9802 -23.45977 -23.4395 2015-07-24 2020-08-16 Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI; Heron Island, Queensland, Australia 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Measurements of seawater temperature, depth, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) across seven sites at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef from 2015 to 2020 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918196.rdf Name: ISO_DateTime_AEST Units: unitless Description: <p>Date and time of measurement in AEST time zone (ISO 8601 format)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918197.rdf Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC Units: unitless Description: <p>Date and time of measurement in UTC (ISO 8601 format)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918198.rdf Name: Site Units: unitless Description: <p>Site code. Harry&#039;s Bommie 8m (HB8), Harry&#039;s Bommie 5m (HB5), Reef Crest (RC), Reef Flat (RF), Shallow Lagoon (SL), Deep Lagoon (DL), Fourth Point 5m (FP5)</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918199.rdf Name: Latitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of site; negative values = South</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918200.rdf Name: Longitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of site; positive values = East</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918201.rdf Name: Date_AEST Units: unitless Description: <p>Date of measurement</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918202.rdf Name: Depth Units: meters (m) Description: <p>Depth</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918203.rdf Name: PAR Units: micromoles quanta per square meter per second (umol quanta m-2 s-1) Description: <p>Photosynthetically active radiation</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/918204.rdf Name: Temperature Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>Water temperature</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 14822459 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/11eb2e08-eb7a-46dc-bfa6-549b0e4fe0a5/content download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.918182.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study location:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; This study was conducted across eight sites at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef (23°27’ S 151°55’ E), previously characterized in detail (Brown et al. 2018, 2020). Briefly, sites included each geomorphological habitat of Heron Reef: reef slope, reef crest, reef flat, shallow lagoon, and deep lagoon (Phinn et al. 2012) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). The geomorphological habitats of Heron Reef are distinguished by diverse benthic communities, with hard coral cover higher within the reef slope and macroalgae cover greater within the lagoonal habitats (Brown et al. 2018; Roelfsema et al. 2021). Reef-wide coral cover in 2015 and 2016 was amongst the highest observations in the past 60 years (Connell et al. 1997; Brown et al. 2018; Roelfsema et al. 2021) (e.g., ~75% within the south-west reef slope and ~20% within lagoon), making these years optimal as a recent baseline record.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Within the reef slope habitat, four sites were established: two within the north-east section of the reef (Fourth Point, 4.2 meters (m) and 8 m) and two within the south-west (Harry’s Bommie, 6.1 m and 8.2 m) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). The northeast of Heron Reef is the exposed side, subject to extreme wave forces during cyclones, whereas the south-west is sheltered from waves generated by both the south-east trade winds and extreme wave action of cyclones (Connell et al. 1997). One site was established in each other geomorphological habitat, with each site sharing its name: Reef Crest (RC; 0.9 m), Reef Flat (RF; 0.7 m), Shallow Lagoon (SL; 1.3 m) and Deep Lagoon (DL; 2.6 m) (Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2023). Inside the lagoon, semidiurnal tidal fluctuations result in higher variability in temperature and pH than reef slope sites (Brown et al. 2018; Cyronak et al. 2020) (Fig. 2, Fig. S1 of Brown et al. 2023). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; µmol quanta m⁻²s⁻¹) is lower within reef slope habitats (HB5: 75.9, HB8: 72.8, FP5: 179.4, FP8: 58.9) than within the lagoon habitats (RC: 199.2, RF: 371.7, SL: 201.8, DL: 198.8), due to differences in depth (Brown et al. 2018; Cyronak et al. 2020). Mean depth and PAR were determined by use of Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) units that continuously recorded between July 2015 and November 2016 (SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT fitted with an auxiliary PAR sensor, Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor) (see Brown et al. 2018 for more detailed methodology).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evaluation of thermal stress:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Seawater temperatures were recorded at hourly intervals using cross-calibrated HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64; ± 0.552 degrees Celsius (°C) accuracy) between September 2019 and August 2020. Logger accuracy was assessed at the end of the deployment period using a water bath (Thermo Scientific Precision TSGP20). Due to logger failures, only a partial temperature record was obtained at HB8 (from December 2019), RC (from February 2020), and DL (from February 2020) and there is no temperature record at FP5 (Table 1, Fig. S1 of Brown et al. 2023). No loggers were deployed at FP8 during 2019-2020.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Seawater temperatures recorded in 2019-2020 were compared to temperatures recorded at the same locations in 2015-2016 (see Brown et al. 2018 for detailed methodology). The mean, maximum, minimum, and mean daily amplitude were calculated at each site for the two periods September 2015 to August 2016 and September 2019 to August 2020 (Table 1 of Brown et al. 2023). Daily (24-hour) mean temperatures (T) were extracted from the logger data. The climatological maximum monthly mean (MMM) of Heron Reef is 27.3°C (Weeks et al. 2008). Temperature anomalies, or ‘hotspots’ (HS), were calculated from the logger data using U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch (CRW) methodology (Eakin et al. 2010). If T, representing the daily mean temperature, exceeded the region's coral bleaching threshold (MMM + 1°C; 28.3°C), then the MMM was subtracted from T. Importantly, we did not use nighttime-only temperatures, as is done with NOAA CRW, instead choosing to use 24-hour mean temperatures due to the diel variability across sites. Thermal anomalies were then summed across a rolling 12-week (90-day) period to determine the extent of thermal stress in degree heating weeks (DHW; °C per week).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;For more detailed information, please see:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Brown, K.T., Eyal, G., Dove, S.G. et al. (2023) Fine-scale heterogeneity reveals disproportionate thermal stress and coral mortality in thermally variable reef habitats during a marine heatwave. Coral Reefs 42, 131-142. &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02328-6&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02328-6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;The attached Supplemental File &quot;Coral-resilience-to-marine-heatwaves-1.0.zip&quot; contains R notebooks with the code and analyses presented in Brown et al., 2023 (DOI: 10.1007/s00338-022-02328-6). It contains the following files:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&quot;Heron temp data from 2015-2020.Rmd &quot; is an R notebook that compiles all of the environmental data from 2015-2020 and plots it. The temperature data are part of this dataset.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&quot;Brown et al. Temperature variability does not promote coral resilience to marine heatwaves.Rmd&quot; is an R notebook that analyzes and creates the figures for the benthic community composition data in Brown et al., 2023.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The original GitHub repo for these files can be found at &lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/imkristenbrown/Coral-resilience-to-marine-heatwaves&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://github.com/imkristenbrown/Coral-resilience-to-marine-heatwaves&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) - Imported the original file &quot;All in situ temperature PAR and depth from 2015-2020 at Heron Island.xlsx&quot; into the BCO-DMO system. - Flagged 'NA' as a missing data value (missing data are empty/blank in the final CSV file). - Removed the first column (row count). - Created a column for ISO 8601 date-time in UTC. - Converted the AEST date-time column to ISO 8601 format. - Created columns for Latitude and Longitude using the site locations provided as part of the metadata. - Saved the final file as &quot;918182_v1_heron_isl_temp_2015-2020.csv&quot;. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64) HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64) PI Supplied Instrument Name: HOBO Pendant loggers (UA-001-64) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Seawater temperature (2019-2020): HOBO pendant logger Instrument Name: Onset HOBO Pendant Temperature/Light Data Logger Instrument Short Name:Onset HOBO Pendant Temp/Light Instrument Description: The Onset HOBO (model numbers UA-002-64 or UA-001-64) is an in-situ instrument for wet or underwater applications. It supports light intensity, soil temperature, temperature, and water temperature. A two-channel logger with 10-bit resolution can record up to approximately 28,000 combined temperature and light measurements with 64K bytes memory. It has a polypropylene housing case. Uses an optical USB to transmit data. A solar radiation shield is used for measurement in sunlight. Temperature measurement range: -20 deg C to 70 deg C (temperature). Light measurement range: 0 to 320,000 lux. Temperature accuracy: +/- 0.53 deg C from 0 deg C to 50 deg C. Light accuracy: Designed for measurement of relative light levels. Water depth rating: 30 m. PAR sensor; Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor PAR sensor; Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor PI Supplied Instrument Name: PAR sensor; Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor PI Supplied Instrument Description:Seawater temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and depth (2015-2016): Conductivity Temperature Depth units (SBE 16plusVS SEA-CAT) fitted with an auxiliary PAR sensor, Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor) Instrument Name: Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor Instrument Short Name:PAR sensor Instrument Description: A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/122/ SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT PI Supplied Instrument Name: SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT PI Supplied Instrument Description:Seawater temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and depth (2015-2016): Conductivity Temperature Depth units (SBE 16plusVS SEA-CAT) fitted with an auxiliary PAR sensor, Satlantic/ECO-PAR sensor) Instrument Name: Sea-Bird SBE 16Plus V2 SEACAT Instrument Short Name:SBE 16plus V2 SEACAT Instrument Description: The SBE 16plus V2 is a high accuracy conductivity and temperature recorder (pressure optional) with RS232 or RS485 interfaces. It is designed for moorings and other long-duration, fixed-site deployments. It has 6 amplified A/D input channels and conditioned power of 500 ma is available for auxiliary sensors, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, fluorescence, PAR etc. Compared to the previous 16plus, the V2 incorporates an electronics upgrade and additional features, with six differentially amplified A/D input channels, one RS-232 data input channel, and 64 MB FLASH memory. Data can be output in XML as well as ASCII and HEX formats. Firmware upgrades can be downloaded through the communications port, without opening the instrument.