http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/919958 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2024-02-08 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Nitrogen isotope ratio data for coral tissue and skeleton samples of the scleractinian cold-water coral Balanophyllia elegans collected at Friday Harbor, WA from experiments conducted between 2019 and 2021 2024-02-08 publication 2024-02-08 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2024-09-17 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.919958.1 Anne M. Gothmann Saint Olaf College principalInvestigator Julie Granger University of Connecticut principalInvestigator Maria Prokopenko Pomona College principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Gothmann, A. M., Granger, J., Prokopenko, M. (2024) Nitrogen isotope ratio data for coral tissue and skeleton samples of the scleractinian cold-water coral Balanophyllia elegans collected at Friday Harbor, WA from experiments conducted between 2019 and 2021. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-02-08 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.919958.1 [access date] Dataset Description: &lt;p&gt;See &quot;Related Datasets&quot; section on this page to access data and metadata for datasets collected as part of the same study.&lt;/p&gt; Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;This methodology section describes this dataset and other closely related datasets collected as part of this study (see &quot;Related Datasets&quot;).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Corals (&lt;em&gt;Balanophyllia elegans&lt;/em&gt;, LSID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:286920)&amp;nbsp;were collected by divers using blunt-tipped diving knives to remove corals from vertical rock walls at 10-20 m depths. A subset of the corals were immediately frozen for determination of N isotope ratios of tissue and skeleton. Another subset of corals were shipped live overnight to St. Olaf College for the culture experiments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For the culture experiment, corals were divided into four groups that were each fed&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(LSID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:480245)&amp;nbsp;nauplii with a different known d15N. The coral tissue was sampled at discrete intervals over the course of the experiment as described below.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For the starvation experiment, corals were split into two group, starved and unstarved. The starved group was fed once every two weeks and the unstarved corals were fed twice a week. The coral tissue was sampled at discrete intervals throughouth the experiment as described below.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Once separated from the skeleton, coral tissue was lyophilized and analyzed using a Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Once separated from the coral tissue, the coral skeletons were rinsed and ultrasonicated two times in Milli-Q water, then ultrasonicated in 1% sodium hypochlorite in 20 minute intervals until no tissue remained on the skeleton. The skeletons were then prepared following the methods of Wang et al (2014). The skeleton was ground to a powder using a mortar and pestle, then rinsed with sodium hypochlorite to remove any remaining tissue. The skeletal materials were then dissolved with 4N hydrochloric acid, then oxidized to nitrate by autoclaving in a basic potassium persulfate solution. Skeletal material was oxidized in tandem with standards of glutamine reference material USGS-40 and USGS-41. The samples were then analyzed by Gas Chromatography- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry using the denitrifier method (Sigman et al., 2001). In brief, the denitrifier method uses the denitfrying bacteria&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas chlororaphis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;f. sp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;aureofaciens&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;to convert nitrate to nitrous oxide.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;P. aureofaciens&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;was grown in media amended with 10mM nitrate in stoppered glass bottles for 7-10 days before being harvested and resuspended in nitrate free media. Three milliliters of resuspended bacteria was allocated to 20mL headspace vials which were sparged with dinitrogen gas for 6 hours. Nitrate sample solutions were injected into vials (target of 20nmol nitrogen for seawater samples and 7nmol for skeletal matrix samples) and incubated overnight to allow for the complete conversation of nitrate to nitrous oxide. The nitrous oxide was extracted and purified using a Thermo Gas Bench II with a GC Pal autosampler and dual cold traps and analyzed on a Thermo Advantage continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Analyzes were referenced to N2O injected from a pure gas cylinder and standardized through comparison potassium nitrate reference materials International Atomic Energy Agency Nitrate (IAEA-N3) and the isotopic nitrate reference material from the United States Geological Survey 34 (USGS-34).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Artemia nauplii&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;samples were stored frozen then lyophilized prior to analysis on the Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nitrate samples were collected with Van-Doren Sampler and filtered with pre-combusted glass fiber filters (GF/F, 0.7uM nominal pore size). The nitrate concentrations were determined using reduction to nitrous oxide in hot vanadium III solution followed by chemiluminescence detection of nitrous oxide on a Teledyne chemiluminescence NOx analyzer Model T200. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate were analyzed with the denitrifier method on an IRMS (described above).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Suspended particulate organic matter was collected with a Van-Doren Sampler and then collected on pre-combusted GF/F. The filters were lyophilized prior to analysis on an EA-IRMS.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Net tow material was collected with plankton nets with mesh sizes ranging from 80uM, 120uM, and 150uM. The net tow material was filtered and collected on a pre-combusted GF/F which was lyophilized prior to analysis on the EA.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hydrologic depth profiles were characterized with a CastAway-CTD profiler.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1949119 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1949119 Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1949984 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1949984 Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1949132 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1949132 completed Anne M. Gothmann Saint Olaf College 5077863618 1520 St. Olaf Ave. Northfield MN 550572980 US gothma1@stolaf.edu pointOfContact Julie Granger University of Connecticut 860-405-9094 Department of Marine Sciences 1080 Shenecossett Road Groton CT 06340 USA julie.granger@uconn.edu pointOfContact Maria Prokopenko Pomona College 323-630-4068 185 E Sixth St Claremont CA 91711-4434 US Maria.Prokopenko@pomona.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown Skeleton_Sample_ID Tissue_Sample_ID Average_Skeleton_d15N Skeleton_Standard_Deviation Average_Tissue_d15N Tissue_Standard_Deviation Date_Collected Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer theme None, User defined sample identification d15N date featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Continuous Flow Interface for Mass Spectrometers Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer Thermo-Fisher Scientific Gas Bench II instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Collaborative Research: Refining the use of scleractinian cold-water coral skeleton-bound d15N as a proxy for marine N cycling https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/893811 Collaborative Research: Refining the use of scleractinian cold-water coral skeleton-bound d15N as a proxy for marine N cycling <p>NSF abstract:</p> <p>Refining the use of scleractinian cold-water coral skeleton-bound d15N as a proxy for marine N cycling</p> <p>Recent studies show that cold-water corals and their skeletons provide valuable information about the marine nitrogen (N) cycle. This information can shed light on the processes that both drive and respond to changes in Earth’s climate. Cold-water corals are found across the global ocean and can be dated with decadal precision, offering spatial and temporal records of the N cycle in the past. In addition, a single skeleton can be used to reconstruct both surface and deep ocean composition. Despite the promise of cold-water corals, we don’t fully understand how they record changes in the marine N cycle. We must strengthen this understanding before we use cold-water corals to produce reliable records of marine N cycling across space and time, across different coral species, and under different lifestyle and feeding patterns. This project examines how the isotopic composition of organic N trapped in coral skeletons is linked to marine N cycle properties. The study includes a series of lab experiments, measurements of live corals sampled from the natural environment, and measurements of coral skeletal material from different ocean regions and depth horizons archived in museums. The project involves undergraduates at St. Olaf College, Pomona College and Mt. San Antonio College, one of the largest community colleges in Southern California. These students will conduct the research with scientists and peers in collaborating labs. Participation in the project will build student research skills and scientific knowledge for advanced study and prepare students for the scientific workforce. The project will also develop educational materials, including YouTube videos, to promote interest in marine science and awareness of how climate change influences global oceans. These educational materials will be created in collaboration with high school students from underrepresented groups.</p> <p>The main tool used to investigate marine N cycle history is the isotope composition of particulate organic nitrogen (δ15N-PON) exported from the euphotic zone, which can be accessed using sedimentary archives such as foraminiferal tests, anoxic sediments and soft corals. Recently, the δ15N of organic N trapped within asymbiotic scleractinian cold-water coral (CWC) skeletons has been shown to record the δ15N-PON exported from the surface ocean (Wang et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2017). In order to reliably apply CWC δ15N as a proxy, however, we must explain a ~8.5‰ offset between the δ15N of organic nitrogen within the CWC skeleton and the exported δ15N-PON in regions of coral growth (Wang et al. 2014). The nature of the δ15N offset must be accounted for to be confident that CWC records marine N cycle history consistently across space and time, across different coral species, and for corals with different lifestyle conditions. Through coral culture experiments, measurements of live corals samples from the natural environment, and archives of corals skeletal material from different ocean regions and depth horizons, this research will test whether the offset arises from: (1) a biosynthetic isotope offset between CWC tissue and skeleton, (2) an unusual trophic transfer between CWC tissue and diet, and/or (3) coral feeding on material with elevated δ15N relative to exported δ15N-PON. This work will also provide estimates of N turnover time in CWC, which are scant, and will inform trophic ecology of CWC.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> Coral-bound N largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -123.016 -122.935 48.544 48.598 2019-03-31 2021-08-03 Global ocean 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Nitrogen isotope ratio data for coral tissue and skeleton samples of the scleractinian cold-water coral Balanophyllia elegans collected at Friday Harbor, WA from experiments conducted between 2019 and 2021 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937041.rdf Name: Skeleton_Sample_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>Identifier given to that coral individual skeletal sample</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937042.rdf Name: Tissue_Sample_ID Units: unitless Description: <p>Identifier given to the coral tissue sample paired with the associated skeletal material</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937043.rdf Name: Average_Skeleton_d15N Units: permil (0/00) Description: <p>Average isotopic ratio of nitrogen (d15N) in sample replicates of an individual coral skeletal material.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937044.rdf Name: Skeleton_Standard_Deviation Units: permil (0/00) Description: <p>standard deviation of sample replicates of skeletal material d15N values.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937045.rdf Name: Average_Tissue_d15N Units: permil (0/00) Description: <p>Average isotopic ratio of nitrogen (d15N) in analytical replicates of an individual coral's tissue, corresponding to the individuals skeletal material</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937046.rdf Name: Tissue_Standard_Deviation Units: permil (0/00) Description: <p>standard deviation of sample replicates of tissue material d15N values</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/937047.rdf Name: Date_Collected Units: unitless Description: <p>Date specimen or samples were collected</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 891 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e8f5e85f-f5a7-4ea6-92b5-741e44fc222b/content download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.919958.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;This methodology section describes this dataset and other closely related datasets collected as part of this study (see &quot;Related Datasets&quot;).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Corals (&lt;em&gt;Balanophyllia elegans&lt;/em&gt;, LSID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:286920)&amp;nbsp;were collected by divers using blunt-tipped diving knives to remove corals from vertical rock walls at 10-20 m depths. A subset of the corals were immediately frozen for determination of N isotope ratios of tissue and skeleton. Another subset of corals were shipped live overnight to St. Olaf College for the culture experiments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For the culture experiment, corals were divided into four groups that were each fed&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(LSID=urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:480245)&amp;nbsp;nauplii with a different known d15N. The coral tissue was sampled at discrete intervals over the course of the experiment as described below.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For the starvation experiment, corals were split into two group, starved and unstarved. The starved group was fed once every two weeks and the unstarved corals were fed twice a week. The coral tissue was sampled at discrete intervals throughouth the experiment as described below.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Once separated from the skeleton, coral tissue was lyophilized and analyzed using a Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Once separated from the coral tissue, the coral skeletons were rinsed and ultrasonicated two times in Milli-Q water, then ultrasonicated in 1% sodium hypochlorite in 20 minute intervals until no tissue remained on the skeleton. The skeletons were then prepared following the methods of Wang et al (2014). The skeleton was ground to a powder using a mortar and pestle, then rinsed with sodium hypochlorite to remove any remaining tissue. The skeletal materials were then dissolved with 4N hydrochloric acid, then oxidized to nitrate by autoclaving in a basic potassium persulfate solution. Skeletal material was oxidized in tandem with standards of glutamine reference material USGS-40 and USGS-41. The samples were then analyzed by Gas Chromatography- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry using the denitrifier method (Sigman et al., 2001). In brief, the denitrifier method uses the denitfrying bacteria&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas chlororaphis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;f. sp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;aureofaciens&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;to convert nitrate to nitrous oxide.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;P. aureofaciens&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;was grown in media amended with 10mM nitrate in stoppered glass bottles for 7-10 days before being harvested and resuspended in nitrate free media. Three milliliters of resuspended bacteria was allocated to 20mL headspace vials which were sparged with dinitrogen gas for 6 hours. Nitrate sample solutions were injected into vials (target of 20nmol nitrogen for seawater samples and 7nmol for skeletal matrix samples) and incubated overnight to allow for the complete conversation of nitrate to nitrous oxide. The nitrous oxide was extracted and purified using a Thermo Gas Bench II with a GC Pal autosampler and dual cold traps and analyzed on a Thermo Advantage continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Analyzes were referenced to N2O injected from a pure gas cylinder and standardized through comparison potassium nitrate reference materials International Atomic Energy Agency Nitrate (IAEA-N3) and the isotopic nitrate reference material from the United States Geological Survey 34 (USGS-34).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Artemia nauplii&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;samples were stored frozen then lyophilized prior to analysis on the Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nitrate samples were collected with Van-Doren Sampler and filtered with pre-combusted glass fiber filters (GF/F, 0.7uM nominal pore size). The nitrate concentrations were determined using reduction to nitrous oxide in hot vanadium III solution followed by chemiluminescence detection of nitrous oxide on a Teledyne chemiluminescence NOx analyzer Model T200. The nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate were analyzed with the denitrifier method on an IRMS (described above).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Suspended particulate organic matter was collected with a Van-Doren Sampler and then collected on pre-combusted GF/F. The filters were lyophilized prior to analysis on an EA-IRMS.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Net tow material was collected with plankton nets with mesh sizes ranging from 80uM, 120uM, and 150uM. The net tow material was filtered and collected on a pre-combusted GF/F which was lyophilized prior to analysis on the EA.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hydrologic depth profiles were characterized with a CastAway-CTD profiler.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;Coral tissue and particulate matter was analyzed in tandem with the glutamine standards USGS-40 and USGS-41. These standards were used to correct the data from the EA-IRMS.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Coral skeleton material was oxidized in tandem with USGS-40 and USGS-41 which was used to correct for any oxidation blank. While IAEA-N3 and USGS-34 were used as standard material to correct the nitrate isotope data collected off the IRMS.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Data corrections were performed in Excel. The data reported here is averages of multiple runs when applicable. The uploaded data indicates when these are analytical replicates or sample replicates, all have n ≥ 2.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) * Sheet &quot;skeleton-tissue&quot; of submitted file &quot;BCO-DMO data.xlsx&quot; was imported into the BCO-DMO data system for this dataset. Values &quot;NA&quot; were imported as missing data values.  ** Missing data values are displayed differently based on the file format you download.  They are blank in csv files, &quot;NaN&quot; in MatLab files, etc. * Column names adjusted to conform to BCO-DMO naming conventions designed to support broad re-use by a variety of research tools and scripting languages. [Only numbers, letters, and underscores.  Can not start with a number] * Date converted to ISO 8601 format. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:Thermo Advantage continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer Instrument Name: Continuous Flow Interface for Mass Spectrometers Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A Continuous Flow Interface connects solid and liquid sample preparation devices to instruments that measure isotopic composition. It allows the introduction of the sample and also reference and carrier gases. Examples: Finnigan MATConFlo II, ThermoScientific ConFlo IV, and Picarro Caddy. Note: This is NOT an analyzer Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer PI Supplied Instrument Name: Costech Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer Instrument Name: Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer Instrument Short Name:IR Mass Spec; IRMS Instrument Description: The Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer is a particular type of mass spectrometer used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample (e.g. VG Prism II Isotope Ratio Mass-Spectrometer). Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB16/ PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:The nitrous oxide was extracted and purified using a Thermo Gas Bench II with a GC Pal autosampler and dual cold traps and analyzed on a Thermo Advantage continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer Instrument Name: Thermo-Fisher Scientific Gas Bench II Instrument Short Name:GasBench II Instrument Description: An on-line gas preparation and introduction system for isotope ratio mass spectrometry that is designed for high precision isotope and molecular ratio determination of headspace samples, including water equilibration, carbonates and atmospheric gases. The instrument allows for the use of a dual viscous flow inlet system of repetitive measurements of sample and standard gas on a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS) system. The sample volume is the sample vial (instead of a metal bellows), and the reference gas volume is a pressurized gas tank. The instrument consists of a user programmable autosampler, a gas sampling system, a maintenance-free water removal system, a loop injection system, an isothermal gas chromatograph (GC), an active open split interface, a reference gas injection system with three reference ports, and one or two optional LN2 traps for cryofocusing. The gas sampling system includes a two port needle which adds a gentle flow of He into the sample vial, diluting and displacing sample gas. Water is removed from the sample gas through diffusion traps. The loop injector aliquots the sample gas onto the GC column, which separates the molecular species. The reference gas injection system allows accurate referencing of each sample aliquot to isotopic standards. The system can be used with several options including a carbonate reaction kit that allows injection of anhydrous phospohric acid into sample vials. Note "Finnigan GasBench-II" is the previous brand name of this instrument.