19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T477,

These data were collected on R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific, off the coast of Chile and Peru, during November and December 2023. The cruise track included five process stations, three of which were designated oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ) stations (contained a relatively thick interval of oxygen-depleted water, PS1, PS2, PS3) and two of which were outside the strong oxygen minimum zone (PS4, PS5). Experimental manipulations to measure nitrogen (N) cycle processes were carried out at these stations. The sampling strategy was tailored to the process under investigation, e.g., photosynthesis in surface waters, denitrification in oxygen depleted layers. Complete depth profiles were measured for a few processes (nitrification) but most experiments targeted a few critical features (e.g., oxycline, core of the ODZ).

Nine transect stations were included at approximately evenly spaced intervals between the process stations and the end point of the cruise in Arica, Chile. Depth profiles of dissolved inorganic nitrogen nutrients and nitrous oxide were measured at the transect stations.

1b:T1305,NSF Award Abstract: This research is grounded in the fundamental role of nitrogen in limiting production in the ocean. Nitrite is a pivotal compound in the nitrogen cycle: it can be oxidized to nitrate, and thus retained as an available nutrient, or it can be reduced to dinitrogen gas, and thus lost from the bioavailable nitrogen pool. Oxidation of nitrite by nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is the only biological pathway by which nitrate is produced, and all known NOB require oxygen for life. The reduction pathway is also carried out by microbes, in this case, bacteria that thrive only in the absence of oxygen. In previous experiments, however, both oxidation and reduction of nitrite were detected in the same samples from ocean waters in the absence of oxygen. We will investigate three explanations for the apparent oxidation of nitrite in the absence of oxygen on a research cruise to the low oxygen waters off the coast of Peru: 1) The presence of unknown kinds of NOB that do not require oxygen; 2) a new reaction called dismutation, which is possible but never detected in nature; 3) an artifact associated with oxygen stress in NOB. This research could lead to discovery of novel mechanisms and or novel organisms that determine the fate of nitrite and the availability of nitrogen to support primary production in the long run. This project will advance discovery and understanding while promoting teaching, training and learning by providing opportunities for Princeton students to get involved in and have hands on experience in research in the lab and potentially at sea. Both undergraduate and graduate students will participate in the research through internships and field experiences. We will also integrate our work at sea into teaching in the classroom via videos and assignments based on data collected during the cruise. Nitrite oxidation is the only known biological process that produces nitrate, which comprises the largest fixed nitrogen reservoir in the ocean. Nitrite oxidation is carried out by nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and all known species are obligate aerobes. Nitrite reduction to N2 occurs in multiple microbial pathways, generally under anoxic conditions. Despite their apparent incompatibility regarding oxygen, both processes are detected in the low oxygen or anoxic waters of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Thus, the fate of nitrite in OMZs has implications for the global fixed N budget. Nitrite oxidation is detected at high rates in essentially zero oxygen water in the most oxygen depleted depth intervals in OMZ regions, which suggests that some nitrite oxidizers might possess anaerobic metabolic capabilities. Nitrite disproportionation (or dismutation), in which nitrite is simultaneously oxidized to nitrate and reduced to N2, is a thermodynamically favorable reaction, which would link the two processes in one organism – but it has never been observed in nature. The research proposed here will address two big questions about nitrite in the ocean: 1) How does anaerobic nitrite oxidation work? 2) What determines the fate of nitrite? The experimental approach will investigate three possible explanations for anaerobic nitrite oxidation: 1) Nitrite is oxidized to nitrate by different clades of NOB, which exhibit different tolerances/requirements for oxygen; 2) Nitrite dismutation, also performed by NOB, partially explains the cooccurrence of oxidation and reduction of nitrite; 3) Apparently anaerobic nitrite oxidation is indeed biologically mediated but does not always represent net production of nitrate from nitrite; rather it results from isotopic equilibration during enzyme-catalyzed interconversion of nitrite and nitrate. These questions will be addressed by performing a suite of 15N-tracer incubations at stations located within and outside of one of the major OMZs in the ocean, the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. The dependence of the rate processes on oxygen concentrations will be determined, and the composition of the microbial assemblages will be assessed in order to determine whether different microbial components are involved under different environmental conditions. The expression of genes involved in oxidation/reduction/ respiratory metabolisms at low oxygen concentrations will be measured across oxygen gradients and in oxygen manipulations to identify their potential role in supporting “anaerobic” nitrite oxidation. The possibility that the apparently anaerobic nitrite oxidation is due to an enzyme level interconversion between nitrite and nitrate, which does not lead to net nitrate production and is not linked to growth of nitrite oxidizing bacteria, will also be investigated. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"924943","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"

CTD data were processed with Seasave V 7.26.7.121.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"- Imported original file \"RR2311_all_bottle_data.xlsx\" into the BCO-DMO system.\r\n- Created the ISO_DateTime_UTC column using the Month, Day, Year, and Time columns as input.\r\n- Saved the final file as \"924943_v1_rr2311_bottle.csv\".","title":"RR2311 bottle data from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific from November to December 2023","nickname":"RR2311 Bottle Data","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2024-04-15T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"This dataset includes the Niskin bottle data collected on R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific, off the coast of Chile and Peru, from November to December 2023. Data were processed with Seasave V 7.26.7.121.","citation":"Ward, B. B. (2024) RR2311 bottle data from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific from November to December 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-04-15 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.924943.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.924943.1","versionDate":"2024-04-15","versionId":"1","year":"2024","title":"RR2311 bottle data from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific from November to December 2023","authors":"Ward, B. B.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.924943.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"Eastern Tropical South Pacific, off the coast of Chile and Peru","temporal_extent":{"start":"2023-11-21T05:00:00.000Z","end":"2023-12-18T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1700542800","label":"2023-11-21"},"end":{"value":"1702875600","label":"2023-12-18"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":-18.4502,"longitude":-76.04995},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-81.0005 -22.9006, -71.0994 -22.9006, -71.0994 -13.9998, -81.0005 -13.9998, -81.0005 -22.9006))","north":-13.9998,"east":-71.0994,"south":-22.9006,"west":-81.0005},"dataset_type":["Cruise Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"927759","title":"924943_v1_rr2311_bottle.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/file/JE1vQ7WfKnxjJ5/924943_v1_rr2311_bottle.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/data/view/927759","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 924943, version 1","filename":"924943_v1_rr2311_bottle.csv","bytesize":168226,"checksum":{"value":"7e923e0c1b94508c1a65b19dd8578f0f","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"50874","name":"Bess B. 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The SBE 9 is the Underwater Unit and is most often combined with the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) when deployed from a research vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorometer, altimeter, etc.). Note that in most cases, it is more accurate to specify SBE 911 than SBE 9 since it is likely a SBE 11 deck unit was used. more information from Sea-Bird Electronics","type_acronym":"CTD SBE 9"},{"_id":"924977","name":"","description":"","type_id":"413","type_name":"Niskin bottle","type_desc":"A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.","type_acronym":"Niskin bottle"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"924957","name":"Cast","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

CTD cast number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"761","name":"cast","description":"

cast or profile number

"}},{"_id":"924958","name":"Bottle","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Niskin bottle number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"757","name":"bottle","description":"

water bottle number, generally assigned to a position on a CTD rosette, identifies all samples drawn from a given bottle

"}},{"_id":"924959","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time (UTC) of the cast/event in ISO 8601 format

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1908","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","description":"

Date/Time (UTC) ISO formatted
\nThis standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
\n2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
\nThe dashes and the colons can be dropped.
\nThe T can also be dropped \"by mutual agreement\", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.

Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)

Format: YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z (UTC time)

"}},{"_id":"924960","name":"Month","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

calendar month abbreviation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"924961","name":"Day","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

day of the month

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1113","name":"day","description":"

day of month; numeric 1 to 31

"}},{"_id":"924962","name":"Year","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

year

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"924963","name":"Time","format":"%H:%M:%S","frictionlessType":"time","description":"

Time UTC of the cast/event (source: Ship)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1075","name":"time","description":"

Time GMT defined as HHMM; time of day; generally reported in GMT as HHMM (hours and minutes) but may also be HH.H (decimal hours) or HHMMSS (hours; minutes and seconds); in EqPac time is reported as Hawaii local time

"}},{"_id":"924964","name":"Latitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Latitude, N is positive (source: Ship)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"924965","name":"Longitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Longitude, E is positive (source: Ship)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"924966","name":"Depth","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

depth (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters (m)"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"924967","name":"SigmaTheta","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

sigma theta (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)"},"type":{"_id":"971","name":"sigma_0","description":"

sigma-theta (potential density), often reported in kg/m^3. Sigma-theta is denoted 'sigma_0', where the last digit, a zero, is used to represent the Greek letter theta. This altered density which takes into account adiabatic heating/cooling with changes in pressure is called the 'potential density'. (See How do we measure the density of sea water?)

"}},{"_id":"924968","name":"Salinity","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

salinity (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"PSU"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"924969","name":"Temperature","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

temperature (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees Celsius"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"924970","name":"ChlFlour","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

fluorescence (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3)"},"type":{"_id":"835","name":"fluorescence","description":"

Fluorescence. Indirect measure of pigment concentration.

Units and collection method may vary. Units often reported in milligrams/meter^3 (mg/m3) or micromoles per liter (ug/L). Sometimes reported after being calibrated against extracted pigment concentrations.

In JGOFS/GLOBEC projects fluorescence is measured from CTD instrument sensor.

"}},{"_id":"924971","name":"Oxygen","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

SBE O2 sensor (source: CTD)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromoles per liter (umol/l)"},"type":{"_id":"910","name":"dissolved Oxygen","description":"

dissolved oxygen concentration

"}}],"related_publications":[],"related_datasets":[{"_id":"931516","name":"RR2311 NH4 and NO2","url":"","relation_type":"IsPartOf","type_desc":"

Other datasets that are a piece of this dataset.

\n","relation_desc":"CTD time and depth for each water sample is derived from the RR2311 Bottle Data. ","citation":"Ward, B. B. (2024) Ammonium (NH4) and Nitrite (NO2) concentrations from R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2311 in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific from November to December 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-07-31 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.931516.1"}],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"ERDDAP","items":[{"name":"SUBSET DATA","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.html","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"tool"},{"name":"VIEW TABLE","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.htmlTable","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"CSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.csv","contentType":"text/csv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"TSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.tsv","contentType":"text/tsv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"MATLAB","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.mat","contentType":"text/x-matlab","actionType":"download"},{"name":"netCDF","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_924943_v1.nc","contentType":"application/x-netcdf","actionType":"download"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/924943/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"831333","name":"Nitrite Oxidation in Oxygen Minimum Zones","acronym":"NO2Ox_OMZs","description":"$1b"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.924943.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.924943.1","date_assigned":"2024-05-17","version_date":"2024-04-15","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":224},"downloads":{"count":304}}}}]