1b:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1c:T586,

Seawater samples (of ∼5 to 20 liters (L) were collected from Niskin bottles into acid-washed polyethylene containers and filtered through a 0.80/0.45 micrometer (μm) capsule filter (AcroPak 500) prior to acidification to pH 2 with reagent grade 12 N hydrochloric acid. Samples were then stored at 4 degrees Celsius (°C) in the dark until back on shore. In the lab, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured prior to solid phase extraction (SPE) via high-temperature combustion on a Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (Shimadzu Corp). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was concentrated using SPE with Bond Elute PPL cartridges (Agilent; 1 gram, 6 milliliter (mL) size) following Dittmar et al. (2008). DOM samples were eluted in GC-grade methanol. Extracts were dried under a stream of N2 gas and transferred to 2 mL GC vials and then to 150 microliter (μL) glass inserts. Aliquots corresponding to ∼4.5 micrograms (μg) sulfur (∼350 μg DOC) were transferred in methanol from 2 mL GC vials into smooth-walled tin EA capsules (~ 2.9 millimeters (mm), OEA Laboratories). Methanol was evaporated at room temperature (∼2 hours) prior to folding. Tin capsules containing dried DOM were folded closed with clean tweezers, loaded into an autosampler, and then combusted and analyzed by combustion elemental analyzer / isotope ratio mass spectrometer following Phillips et al. (2021).

1d:T69a,

Isotope data were recorded using Isodat v3.0 (Thermo Scientific). Isodat calibrates the integrated ion-current ratios against internal reference gas standards, and reports them as δ13C and δ34S values relative to the VPDB and VCDT isotopic scales, respectively. All δ values are reported as ‰ (permil, ppt) deviations from the relevant zero points. Subsequent data processing in spreadsheets included subtraction of capsule blanks, discarding outliers, linearity (peak size) correction, and further calibration to external standards. Sulfur isotope and concentration standards included a methionine working standard, seawater sulfate, and silver sulfide reference materials (IAEA S1, S2, S3). Additionally, a working standard of DOMSPE extracted in a large batch (∼200 L) from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) pier was run in at least triplicate with each sample set. C:S ratios were obtained by dividing corrected carbon and sulfur amounts (molar ratio), as calculated from EA peak areas. DOS concentrations were calculated as the product of measured total DOC concentration and DOMSPE C:S ratio.

Extracts supplied by collaborators were often limited by sample size to single or duplicate analyses, so we could not always estimate precision directly for each sample. Instead, uncertainties in isotopic compositions and C:S ratios for samples are reported using the SD of our DOM SIO pier standard measurements, divided by the square root of number of sample replicates analyzed. These SEs (1σ) were ≤0.2‰ for δ34S values and δ13C values and ≤6 for C:S ratios, and we therefore refer to DOSSPE concentrations as apparent or calculated throughout.

1e:T957,The following dataset of SPE (solid phase extracted) DOM (dissolved organic matter) accompanies Phillips et al. 2022 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209152119). Our project sought to address the question of where long-lived organic molecules that are dissolved in the oceans come from, in particular molecules containing sulfur (S). Our approach was to measure the relative abundance of two stable sulfur isotopes (S-32 and S-34) in these molecules, which is technically very difficult due to the presence of million-fold higher sulfate ions in seawater. We developed a new preparatory chemistry to adequately isolate these organic molecules, and a new elemental analyzer/mass spectrometry method to measure their isotope abundances with high precision at trace levels. We conducted these S isotope measurements on 100 samples of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that had been previously collected by our collaborators from around the world (Northeast Pacific oxygen minimum zone, Northeast Pacific Shelf, North Pacific Gyre, San Pedro Basin, Caeté Estuary, South Pacific Gyre, and the North Sea). We also collected 2 dozen new samples from oceanographic stations in the North Pacific Gyre (Hawaii Ocean Timeseries) and North Atlantic Gyre (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series). The dataset includes 1) sample information such as sample ID, sample location, station name, collection depth (ranging from 0 to 4800 meters), latitude and longitude, month and year sampled (ranging from 2010 to 2021); 2) elemental analysis such as sulfur isotope values (δ34S), carbon (C) isotope values (δ13C), and C:S molar ratios; 3) physical parameters from collaborators' CTD analysis, such as oxygen, salinity, fluorescence, and temperature; and 4) chemical data from collaborators such as dissolved nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and calculated DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and DOS (dissolved organic sulfur) concentrations. Our data show that DOM molecules have (34S/32S) isotope ratios that are entirely consistent with being formed from ocean sulfate, and inconsistent with being formed by reactions of hydrogen sulfide in anoxic porewaters. This result negates one of the leading hypotheses for how long-lived DOM forms, i.e. by reactions in anoxic sediments. Instead, this sharpens our focus on understanding how relatively short-lived biomolecules in the surface ocean are transformed into long-lived DOM molecules.1f:Tdb7,NSF Award Abstract: Organic molecules that contain sulfur in the ocean are poorly understood. Organic sulfur is abundant, and likely helps stabilize dissolved organic matter, binds important trace metals, and provides trace nutrients to phytoplankton. However, it is not known whether organic sulfur molecules derive from biological processes, or from non-biological “sulfurization” reactions involving hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Existing knowledge predicts that the two pathways should generate very different -- and easily measurable -- distributions of sulfur isotopes (i.e., elemental sulfur with varied atomic mass). This study will use a new, highly sensitive method to measure the sulfur isotope values of dissolved organic molecules to distinguish between the two formation pathways. If successful, this method will be used to calculate how much dissolved organic sulfur results from each pathway. This project will provide an opportunity for a local high school student to engage in laboratory research during a one year internship, in partnership with a local all-girls high school. Additionally, the graduate student supported by this project will host a “Day in the Life” information session on the Women Doing Science Instagram social media platform. She will answer questions about oceanography and marine science careers from followers of this Instagram account while on a research cruise collecting samples for the project. Several lines of evidence have recently converged to focus interest on marine dissolved organic sulfur (DOS), including the recognition that many heterotrophic bacteria require exogenous sources of ‘fixed’ organic sulfur; that organosulfur molecules -- particularly thiols -- play a major role in binding and sequestering trace metals; and that at 6700 Tg S, DOS is the second largest (after dissolved sulfate) sulfur pool in the oceans. Perhaps most importantly, DOS is thousands of years old, implying that it is not rapidly recycled and challenging the expectation that DOS derives mainly from labile biomolecules such as cysteine, methionine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). A plausible alternative is that abiotic sulfurization reactions with H2S from anoxic porewaters and the water column is a source of recalcitrant marine DOS. Distinguishing between these formation pathways is critical for understanding DOS dynamics, but thus far has been difficult. Based on existing data, it is thought that DOS formed from marine phytoplankton should have a sulfur isotope value (δ34S) near +20‰ (VCDT). Alternatively, DOS formed from abiotic sulfurization should be more variable, with average values of -20‰. Because these isotope values are distinct, they should be able to distinguish between the two pathways. The primary obstacle to analysis has been the low (µM) concentration of DOS, and difficulties associated with concentrating it in seawater. This study will use new analytical techniques developed at Caltech to measure the δ34S values of DOS at several locations, and compound-specific δ34S values for cysteine and methionine from the Bermuda (BATS) and Hawaii (HOT) time series locations. This work will contribute new information about the marine sulfur cycle, and improve understanding of the role that DOS plays in stabilizing carbon in the deep oceans. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"927046","description":"

Samples spanned basins and water depths, including the North Atlantic Gyre, Northeast Pacific oxygen minimum zone, Northeast Pacific Shelf, North Pacific Gyre, San Pedro Basin, Caeté Estuary, South Pacific Gyre, and the North Sea. Samples spanned depths of 0 to 4800 meters. Exact location data, including latitude, longitude, and collection depth are provided in the dataset. Most data in this dataset represent measurements of aliquots of archived samples from collaborators; these were collected on many different cruises, on many different dates, around the world. New samples represented in this dataset include: 12 samples collected at station HOT on the R/V Kilo Moana in November 2020 (KM2013) and 12 samples collected at station BATS in September 2020 (AE2014).

\n","problem":"Note that not all samples have both carbon and sulfur isotopes.","acquisition":"$1c","processing":"$1d","bcodmoProcessing":"- Imported original file \"pnas.2209152119.sd01.xlsx\" into the BCO-DMO system.\r\n- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.\r\n- Converted the Month column from string to numeric.\r\n- Saved final file as \"927046_v1_dom_sulfur_and_carbon_analysis.csv\".","title":"Dissolved organic matter sulfur and carbon analysis of samples collected between 2010 and 2021 from various locations globally","nickname":"Dissolved Organic Matter Sulfur and Carbon Analysis","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2024-05-09T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"$1e","citation":"Phillips, A., Sessions, A. (2024) Dissolved organic matter sulfur and carbon analysis of samples collected between 2010 and 2021 from various locations globally. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-05-09 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.927046.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.927046.1","versionDate":"2024-05-09","versionId":"1","year":"2024","title":"Dissolved organic matter sulfur and carbon analysis of samples collected between 2010 and 2021 from various locations globally","authors":"Phillips, A., Sessions, A.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.927046.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2010-01-01T05:00:00.000Z","end":"2021-02-28T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitYear","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1262322000","label":"2010"},"end":{"value":"1614488400","label":"2021"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":20.37,"longitude":-75.15},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-158 -13, 7.7 -13, 7.7 53.74, -158 53.74, -158 -13))","north":53.74,"east":7.7,"south":-13,"west":-158},"dataset_type":["Cruise Results","Other Field Results"],"keywords":["oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"927199","title":"927046_v1_dom_sulfur_and_carbon_analysis.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/927046/file/p9n59DkCOZ4K8W/927046_v1_dom_sulfur_and_carbon_analysis.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/927046/data/view/927199","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 927046, version 1","filename":"927046_v1_dom_sulfur_and_carbon_analysis.csv","bytesize":11433,"checksum":{"value":"b70bfd15971b07539e02658cc039d90c","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_927046_v1","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"917857","name":"Alex Sessions"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"269","name":"California Institute of Technology"}},{"role":{"_id":"128","name":"Student"},"performedBy":{"_id":"927049","name":"Alexandra Phillips"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"269","name":"California Institute of Technology"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51498","name":"Shannon Rauch"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"927101","name":"AE2014","synonyms":["BATS 372","Hydro 1388"],"dates":{"start":"2020-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2020-09-21T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54122","name":"R/V Atlantic Explorer"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"50748","name":"Rodney J. Johnson","role":"Chief Scientist"}]},{"_id":"927104","name":"KM2013","synonyms":["HOT-324"],"dates":{"start":"2020-11-17T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2020-11-22T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54009","name":"R/V Kilo Moana"},"chiefScientists":[{"id":"51659","name":"Fernando Santiago-Mandujano","role":"Chief Scientist"}]}],"funding":[{"_id":"917859","name":"OCE-2023687","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2023687"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"927060","name":"ConFlo IV Universal Interface","description":"SPE extracts were analyzed for their C and S concentrations and stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ34S) via combustion elemental analyzer (EA) / isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The system comprised a Thermo Scientific Flash EA IsoLink CN, coupled to a Delta V Plus IRMS via a ConFlo IV Universal Interface. The EA was configured with dual columns (combustion: WO3 over Cu; reduction: Cu metal) and a temperature-programmable GC column oven that allows both CO2 and SO2 to be eluted in the same run, as described by Phillips et al. (2021). Due to the high C:S molar ratios of DOM, CO2 was diluted by 88.4% following combustion via the ConFlo. Urea standards were run at the same settings to account for any possible fractionation of 13C by this dilution.","type_id":"840425","type_name":"Continuous Flow Interface for Mass Spectrometers","type_desc":"A Continuous Flow Interface connects solid and liquid sample preparation devices to instruments that measure isotopic composition. It allows the introduction of the sample and also reference and carrier gases.\r\nExamples: Finnigan MATConFlo II, ThermoScientific ConFlo IV, and Picarro Caddy.\r\n\r\nNote: This is NOT an analyzer","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"927058","name":"Thermo Scientific Flash EA IsoLink CN","description":"SPE extracts were analyzed for their C and S concentrations and stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ34S) via combustion elemental analyzer (EA) / isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The system comprised a Thermo Scientific Flash EA IsoLink CN, coupled to a Delta V Plus IRMS via a ConFlo IV Universal Interface. The EA was configured with dual columns (combustion: WO3 over Cu; reduction: Cu metal) and a temperature-programmable GC column oven that allows both CO2 and SO2 to be eluted in the same run, as described by Phillips et al. (2021). Due to the high C:S molar ratios of DOM, CO2 was diluted by 88.4% following combustion via the ConFlo. Urea standards were run at the same settings to account for any possible fractionation of 13C by this dilution. ","type_id":"546339","type_name":"Elemental Analyzer","type_desc":"Instruments that quantify carbon, nitrogen and sometimes other elements by combusting the sample at very high temperature and assaying the resulting gaseous oxides. Usually used for samples including organic material.","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"927059","name":"Delta V Plus IRMS","description":"SPE extracts were analyzed for their C and S concentrations and stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ34S) via combustion elemental analyzer (EA) / isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The system comprised a Thermo Scientific Flash EA IsoLink CN, coupled to a Delta V Plus IRMS via a ConFlo IV Universal Interface. The EA was configured with dual columns (combustion: WO3 over Cu; reduction: Cu metal) and a temperature-programmable GC column oven that allows both CO2 and SO2 to be eluted in the same run, as described by Phillips et al. (2021). Due to the high C:S molar ratios of DOM, CO2 was diluted by 88.4% following combustion via the ConFlo. Urea standards were run at the same settings to account for any possible fractionation of 13C by this dilution.","type_id":"469","type_name":"Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer","type_desc":"The Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer is a particular type of mass spectrometer used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample (e.g. VG Prism II Isotope Ratio Mass-Spectrometer).","type_acronym":"IR Mass Spec; IRMS"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"927072","name":"Sample_ID","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Sample ID number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"960","name":"sample","description":"

unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent

"}},{"_id":"927073","name":"Sample_Location","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Location where sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1124","name":"site","description":"

Sampling site identification.

"}},{"_id":"927074","name":"Station","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Station number where sample was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"987","name":"station","description":"

Station identifier; a unique number or alphanumeric string designating a general geographic location at which one or more sampling activities may occur.

"}},{"_id":"927075","name":"Depth","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Depth of sample collection

","units":{"_id":"","name":"meters (m)"},"type":{"_id":"808","name":"depth","description":"

Observation/sample depth below the sea surface. Units often reported as: meters, feet.

\nWhen used in a JGOFS/GLOBEC dataset the depth is a best estimate; usually but not always calculated from pressure; calculated either from CTD pressure using Fofonoff and Millard (1982; UNESCO Tech Paper #44) algorithm adjusted for 1980 equation of state for seawater (EOS80) or simply equivalent to nominal depth as recorded during sampling if CTD pressure was unavailable.

"}},{"_id":"927076","name":"Latitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Latitude of sample collection; positive values = North

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"927077","name":"Longitude","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Longitude of sample collection; positive values = East

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"927078","name":"Year","format":"%Y","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

4-digit year of sample collection

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"927079","name":"Month","format":"%m","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

2-digit month of sample collection

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"927080","name":"d34S","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

delta 34S; ratio of sulfur 34 relative to sulfur 32

","units":{"_id":"","name":"per mil (‰)"},"type":{"_id":"707578","name":"S","description":"

Sulfur (S)

"}},{"_id":"927081","name":"n_d34S","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of replicates used to determine d34S

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"903","name":"number","description":"

number of organisms counted/observed, a generic term, specific to the data set in which it appears

"}},{"_id":"927082","name":"std_error_d34S","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Standard error of d34S

","units":{"_id":"","name":"per mil (‰)"},"type":{"_id":"707578","name":"S","description":"

Sulfur (S)

"}},{"_id":"927083","name":"d13C","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

delta 13C; ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C

","units":{"_id":"","name":"per mil (‰)"},"type":{"_id":"671305","name":"d13C","description":"

Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰).

"}},{"_id":"927084","name":"n_d13C","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of replicates used to determine d13C

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"903","name":"number","description":"

number of organisms counted/observed, a generic term, specific to the data set in which it appears

"}},{"_id":"927085","name":"std_error_d13C","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Standard error of d13C

","units":{"_id":"","name":"per mil (‰)"},"type":{"_id":"671305","name":"d13C","description":"

Delta 13C (d13C) is the ratio of stable isotopes 13C:12C, reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰).

"}},{"_id":"927086","name":"C_to_S_ratio","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

C:S ratio (molar); determined from SPE extracts

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"833208","name":"ratio","description":"

A ratio is the relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other. The numbers in a ratio may be quantities or measurements of any kind, such as counts, lengths, weights, or concentrations, for example. When two quantities are measured with the same unit, as is often the case, their ratio is a dimensionless number.

"}},{"_id":"927087","name":"n_C_to_S_ratio","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of replicates used to determine C:S

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"903","name":"number","description":"

number of organisms counted/observed, a generic term, specific to the data set in which it appears

"}},{"_id":"927088","name":"std_error_C_to_S_ratio","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Standard error of C_to_S_ratio

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"833208","name":"ratio","description":"

"}},{"_id":"927089","name":"Oxygen","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Oxygen

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromolar (uM)"},"type":{"_id":"910","name":"dissolved Oxygen","description":"

dissolved oxygen concentration

"}},{"_id":"927090","name":"Salinity","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Salinity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"psu"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"927091","name":"Flourescence","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Fluorescence

","units":{"_id":"","name":"relative fluorescence units"},"type":{"_id":"835","name":"fluorescence","description":"

Fluorescence. Indirect measure of pigment concentration.

Units and collection method may vary. Units often reported in milligrams/meter^3 (mg/m3) or micromoles per liter (ug/L). Sometimes reported after being calibrated against extracted pigment concentrations.

In JGOFS/GLOBEC projects fluorescence is measured from CTD instrument sensor.

"}},{"_id":"927092","name":"Temperature","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Water temperature

","units":{"_id":"","name":"degrees Celsius"},"type":{"_id":"733","name":"temperature","description":"

water temperature at measurement depth

"}},{"_id":"927093","name":"Nitrate","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Nitrate

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromolar (uM)"},"type":{"_id":"1194","name":"NO3","description":"

Nitrate concentration in the water column

"}},{"_id":"927094","name":"Phosphate","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Phosphate

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromolar (uM)"},"type":{"_id":"820747","name":"phosphate","description":"

Phosphate (PO43-)

"}},{"_id":"927095","name":"Silicate","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Silicate

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromolar (uM)"},"type":{"_id":"973","name":"SiOH_4","description":"

Silicate (silicic acid, Orthosilicic Acid), Si(OH)4, uM (micromolar) or ug-at Si(OH)4-Si/l (colloquially known as 'silicate')

"}},{"_id":"927096","name":"DOC","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Dissolved organic carbon

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromolar (uM)"},"type":{"_id":"1188","name":"DOC","description":"

dissolved organic Carbon

"}},{"_id":"927097","name":"DOS","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Dissolver organic sulfur; DOS is calculated from DOC concentrations (measured)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"nanomolar (nM)"},"type":{"_id":"988411","name":"DOS","description":"

Dissolved Organic Sulfur (DOS)

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