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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/930162.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">MOCNESS net data from R/V Sally Ride cruise SR2114 in the Eastern Tropical Pacific from December 2021 to January 2022</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Gutiérrez-Bravo, J. G. (2024) MOCNESS net data from R/V Sally Ride cruise SR2114 in the Eastern Tropical Pacific from December 2021 to January 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-09-06 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.930162.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>SR2114 MOCNESS Net Data Dataset Description:  Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Data were collected on R/V Sally Ride cruise SR2114 in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific from December 2021 to January 2022.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The MOCNESS was equipped with 10 nets of 1 square meter (m^2) mouth opening and 333 micrometer (µm) mesh size, a SeaBird SBE9+ CTD, a SeaBird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor, and flow meter and angle sensors. The MOCNESS tows were performed at locations of particular biological interest (see Figure 1 of Gutiérrez-Bravo, et al. (2024)), such as the CRTD (M1), San Jose submarine canyon (M2), the center (M3, M5) and borders (M4, M6) of two anticyclonic eddies (abbreviated ACE-1 and ACE-2), and across the northern portion of the OMZ (M7 and M8).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Using manufacturer software (SBE Data Processing), CTD data were filtered and aligned. CTD-rosette data were binned to 1-meter depth and MOCNESS data were binned to 10 seconds. Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity were calculated. CTD-rosette data were used to construct hydrographic sections, while MOCNESS sensor data were used to describe the environmental conditions of zooplankton samples.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The MOCNESS tows were performed at 1.5-2 knots net speed and at a 40-50° net angle. A horizontal net tow strategy was followed to sample selected dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (oxypleths) in five sampling levels: 1) the oxic level (~200 micromoles per kilogram (μmol/kg), near surface), 2) the hypoxic (~100 μmol/kg) and 3) suboxic (~10 μmol/kg) levels in the upper core boundary, 4) the anoxic core level (&amp;amp;lt;1 μmol/kg, at the center of the anoxic core), and 5) the deep level (~10 μmol/kg in the lower boundary below the anoxic core). The remaining 5 MONCESS nets were opened during transitions between target depths and were not used for this study. This horizontal sampling protocol allows for discrete, punctual sampling events, but cannot provide continuous, vertically-integrated abundances as oblique tows would (Wiebe et al. 2015). An example of the configuration of horizontal sampling levels along the water column is shown in Figure 2 of Gutiérrez-Bravo, et al. (2024). The oxic, hypoxic, and suboxic levels were sampled for ~10 minutes (~500 cubic meters (m^3) filtered volume). The deep and anoxic levels were sampled for ~20 minutes (~1000 m^3 filtered volume) to obtain sufficient sample material.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Due to time constraints and to eliminate any differences between stations caused by the phase of diel vertical migration, all the net deployments were performed during nighttime. Hence, the sampling results reflect nighttime distributions only.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sample handling:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Gelatinous organisms, non-planktonic groups, and excess water were removed from the samples after they were retrieved from the cod ends. The samples were preserved with Ethanol 96%. At least two ethanol changes were performed during the cruise and a third was performed on land.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Zooplankton biovolume was measured by the displacement method (Steedman 1976) and standardized to milliliters per 1000 cubic meters (mL/1000 m^3) by dividing the zooplankton displacement volume (mL) by the volume of water filtered by the net (m^3).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Fish larvae and juveniles were separated and counted under a stereoscope. Fish larvae were identified to the most specific taxonomic level possible, using a specialized bibliography (Evseenko 1990; Moser 1996; Aceves-Medina et al. 1999, 2003; Evseenko and Shtaut 2000; Richards 2005; Jiménez‐Rosenberg et al. 2006; González-Navarro et al. 2013; Silva-Segundo et al. 2021). The larval stages (preflexion, flexion, postflexion, and transformation) were defined according to Moser (1996). Preflexion and flexion larvae were considered &amp;quot;early larval stages&amp;quot; as they both lack fully-developed fins. Larval abundances were standardized to larvae per 1000 cubic meters (larvae/1000 m^3) and were considered absolute abundances.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Juveniles and adults were separated, counted, and identified to family level, except for the &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Gonostomatidae&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, that were represented entirely by the genus &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cyclothone&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;. Adult abundances were standardized to fish per 1000 cubic meters (fish/1000 m^3). Because the increased swimming ability of adult fish could affect fishing efficiency, abundances were considered relative, and should not be compared with the absolute abundances of fish larvae.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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Several regions of the deep ocean naturally contain almost no oxygen. Because of this lack of oxygen, microbes living in these regions live in ways that differ from those in oxygenated waters consuming nitrate ions instead of oxygen for respiration. Use of nitrate for microbial respiration results in the production of nitrogen gas which is called denitrification. The resulting removal of nitrate has consequences for the whole ocean as nitrogen is an important nutrient controlling plant growth; however, whereas plants can use nitrogen in the form of nitrate, they cannot, with a few exceptions, use nitrogen gas. There remains a number of uncertainties regarding how much denitrification occurs in the ocean, what controls it, and how it varies in time and space. Traditional studies of ocean denitrification have been limited by the time ships can be at sea and the relatively small proportion of the ocean they can observe. Our project plans to remedy this problem by using vehicles called floats that can operate autonomously in the ocean for three years or more as they drift with currents over hundreds of kilometers. We will outfit ten floats with sensors to measure oxygen and nitrogen gas which will be placed throughout the oxygen-depleted region of the Pacific Ocean to the west of Mexico. This is the largest such region in the ocean from which we have two years of results from a prototype float which validated our approach. This study may well transform our understanding of ocean denitrification and ultimately benefit society as a whole through greater confidence in predictions of the ocean's nitrogen cycle and capacity to fix carbon dioxide under current and future conditions. Application and further development of float systems using commercially available technology will directly benefit successor studies, and more broadly showcase the use of water-following platforms to tackle difficult oceanographic problems. Advances from this study are expected to carry over to other disciplines including ocean biogeochemical modeling. Outreach activities, support for an early career scientist, and student training are included in the project. For the outreach activities, the investigators plan to tie into well-established after-school programs serving underrepresented populations in Massachusetts and established opportunities for public presentations using float related display materials at the University of Washington.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs), despite constituting a small fraction of total oceanic volume, play important roles in regulating global ocean carbon and nitrogen cycles including hosting 30 to 50% of the global loss of fixed nitrogen. Unfortunately, current uncertainty in ODZ nitrogen loss derives from substantial temporal and spatial variability in rates that remain under-sampled by ship-based measurements. While local regulation of nitrogen loss by oxygen and organic matter availability are well accepted, temporal/spatial variability in the nitrogen flux is likely a result of the influence of physical forcings such as remote ventilation, seasonal variability, and mesoscale eddies. Understanding how the impact of physical forcings on nitrogen loss as mediated through oxygen and organic flux will be required to fully understand the causes and consequences of any future ODZ expansion. To improve our understanding of ODZ nitrogen loss, we will carry out a multiyear, autonomous float-based observational program to address outstanding questions regarding bioavailable nitrogen loss in ODZs. As the largest ODZ and region of our pilot deployments, our operation area will be the Eastern Tropical N. Pacific (ETNP) where our study will determine over a multi-year period, in-situ nM-level oxygen and biogenic nitrogen on float profiles spanning geographic gradients in oxygen and surface productivity. For the first time, our study will also determine in situ nitrogen loss rates from changes in nitrogen concentration during 1 to 2 week Lagrangian float drifts along a constant density surface. A pilot 2 yr float deployment in the ETNP documents our ability to do so. Critically, our float-based approach more closely matches the frequency and distribution of observations to the expected variability in biogenic nitrogen production as compared to prior work and will dramatically increase the data density for this region by acquiring &amp;gt;500 profiles/drifts for nitrogen and &amp;gt;1000 profiles for nM oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;
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	Name: Station
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station number in cruise SR2114&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931409.rdf
	Name: Event
	Units: unitless
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931410.rdf
	Name: MOC_Num
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sequential MOCNESS number&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931411.rdf
	Name: Date
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Date of the sampling event&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931413.rdf
	Name: NBf
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Number of nets fired&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931414.rdf
	Name: Stratum
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sampling location (see Gutierrez Bravo et al. 2024 for details)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931415.rdf
	Name: Distance
	Units: kilometers (km)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Distance along the cruise track&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931416.rdf
	Name: Density00
	Units: grams per kilogram (g/kg)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Density anomaly&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931417.rdf
	Name: DepSM
	Units: meters (m)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Depth&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931418.rdf
	Name: Latitude
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Latitude of the sampling event&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931419.rdf
	Name: Longitude
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Longitude of the sampling event&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931420.rdf
	Name: Sbox0Mm_Kg
	Units: micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Mean oxygen from SBE in the whole net tow&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931421.rdf
	Name: Sal00
	Units: PSU
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Salinity&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931422.rdf
	Name: T090C
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Temperature&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931423.rdf
	Name: Gsw_saA0
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Conservative temperature&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931424.rdf
	Name: Gsw_ctA0
	Units: PSU
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Absolute salinity&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931425.rdf
	Name: Biovolume
	Units: milliliters per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Zooplankton biovolume measured by displacement method&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931426.rdf
	Name: Larval_Abundance
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Total larval abundance standardized to larvae 1000 m^-3&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931427.rdf
	Name: Auxis_sp
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Auxis sp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931428.rdf
	Name: Benthosema_panamense
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Benthosema panamense&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931429.rdf
	Name: Bregmaceros_bathymaster
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Bregmaceros bathymaster&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931430.rdf
	Name: Cyclothone_sp
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Cyclothone sp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931431.rdf
	Name: Diaphus_pacificus
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Diaphus pacificus&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931432.rdf
	Name: Diogenichthys_laternatus
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Diogenichthys laternatus&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931433.rdf
	Name: Dormitator_latifrons
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Dormitator latifrons&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931434.rdf
	Name: Ophidion_sp
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Ophidion sp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931435.rdf
	Name: Opisthonema_spp
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Opisthonema spp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931436.rdf
	Name: Syacium_spp
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Syacium spp.&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931437.rdf
	Name: Vinciguerria_lucetia
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Larval abundance of Vinciguerria B10lucetia&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931438.rdf
	Name: Preflexion
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Abundance in the preflexion stage&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931439.rdf
	Name: Flexion
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Abundance in the flexion stage&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931440.rdf
	Name: Postflexion
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Abundance in the postflexion stage&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931441.rdf
	Name: Transformation
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Abundance in the transformation stage&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/931442.rdf
	Name: Juv_Adult
	Units: larvae per 1000 cubic meters
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Abundance of juveniles and adults&lt;/p&gt; 
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                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Data were collected on R/V Sally Ride cruise SR2114 in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific from December 2021 to January 2022.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The MOCNESS was equipped with 10 nets of 1 square meter (m^2) mouth opening and 333 micrometer (µm) mesh size, a SeaBird SBE9+ CTD, a SeaBird SBE 43 dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor, and flow meter and angle sensors. The MOCNESS tows were performed at locations of particular biological interest (see Figure 1 of Gutiérrez-Bravo, et al. (2024)), such as the CRTD (M1), San Jose submarine canyon (M2), the center (M3, M5) and borders (M4, M6) of two anticyclonic eddies (abbreviated ACE-1 and ACE-2), and across the northern portion of the OMZ (M7 and M8).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Using manufacturer software (SBE Data Processing), CTD data were filtered and aligned. CTD-rosette data were binned to 1-meter depth and MOCNESS data were binned to 10 seconds. Conservative Temperature and Absolute Salinity were calculated. CTD-rosette data were used to construct hydrographic sections, while MOCNESS sensor data were used to describe the environmental conditions of zooplankton samples.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The MOCNESS tows were performed at 1.5-2 knots net speed and at a 40-50° net angle. A horizontal net tow strategy was followed to sample selected dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (oxypleths) in five sampling levels: 1) the oxic level (~200 micromoles per kilogram (μmol/kg), near surface), 2) the hypoxic (~100 μmol/kg) and 3) suboxic (~10 μmol/kg) levels in the upper core boundary, 4) the anoxic core level (&amp;amp;lt;1 μmol/kg, at the center of the anoxic core), and 5) the deep level (~10 μmol/kg in the lower boundary below the anoxic core). The remaining 5 MONCESS nets were opened during transitions between target depths and were not used for this study. This horizontal sampling protocol allows for discrete, punctual sampling events, but cannot provide continuous, vertically-integrated abundances as oblique tows would (Wiebe et al. 2015). An example of the configuration of horizontal sampling levels along the water column is shown in Figure 2 of Gutiérrez-Bravo, et al. (2024). The oxic, hypoxic, and suboxic levels were sampled for ~10 minutes (~500 cubic meters (m^3) filtered volume). The deep and anoxic levels were sampled for ~20 minutes (~1000 m^3 filtered volume) to obtain sufficient sample material.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Due to time constraints and to eliminate any differences between stations caused by the phase of diel vertical migration, all the net deployments were performed during nighttime. Hence, the sampling results reflect nighttime distributions only.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Sample handling:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Gelatinous organisms, non-planktonic groups, and excess water were removed from the samples after they were retrieved from the cod ends. The samples were preserved with Ethanol 96%. At least two ethanol changes were performed during the cruise and a third was performed on land.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Zooplankton biovolume was measured by the displacement method (Steedman 1976) and standardized to milliliters per 1000 cubic meters (mL/1000 m^3) by dividing the zooplankton displacement volume (mL) by the volume of water filtered by the net (m^3).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Fish larvae and juveniles were separated and counted under a stereoscope. Fish larvae were identified to the most specific taxonomic level possible, using a specialized bibliography (Evseenko 1990; Moser 1996; Aceves-Medina et al. 1999, 2003; Evseenko and Shtaut 2000; Richards 2005; Jiménez‐Rosenberg et al. 2006; González-Navarro et al. 2013; Silva-Segundo et al. 2021). The larval stages (preflexion, flexion, postflexion, and transformation) were defined according to Moser (1996). Preflexion and flexion larvae were considered &amp;quot;early larval stages&amp;quot; as they both lack fully-developed fins. Larval abundances were standardized to larvae per 1000 cubic meters (larvae/1000 m^3) and were considered absolute abundances.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Juveniles and adults were separated, counted, and identified to family level, except for the &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Gonostomatidae&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;, that were represented entirely by the genus &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Cyclothone&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;. Adult abundances were standardized to fish per 1000 cubic meters (fish/1000 m^3). Because the increased swimming ability of adult fish could affect fishing efficiency, abundances were considered relative, and should not be compared with the absolute abundances of fish larvae.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>- Created a table of the MOCNESS numbers and dates provided by the submitter.
- Imported original file &amp;quot;Net_data.xlsx&amp;quot; into the BCO-DMO system.
- Checked species names in WoRMS. All valid except &amp;quot;Opistonema spp.&amp;quot; (a misspelling which has been corrected to &amp;quot;Opisthonema spp.&amp;quot; in the final csv file)
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Added the MOCNESS dates to the primary data table in YYYY-MM-DD format.
- Sorted data by MOC_Num then Stratum.
- Rounded fields:
-- Latitude and Longitude to 5 decimal places
-- All other number fields to 6 decimal places
- Saved the final file as &amp;quot;930162_v1_sr2114_moc_net_data.csv&amp;quot;.</gco:CharacterString>
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