19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:Tdc2,

Overview: We performed dissolution assays to explore the consequences of two levels of abrasion, used to remove the periostracum, on shell dissolution rates using dead shells of sacrificed adult Mytilus californianus mussels. For the current study, adult mussels (42 - 64 mm in length) were collected from Marshall Gulch, California (38.369738 °N, -123.073921 °W) between August 2021 and March 2022 and transported immediately to the University of California Davis’ Bodega Marine Laboratory (< 30 min distance), in Bodega Bay, California. Mussels were held in filtered, flow-through seawater and fed ad libitum until used in experiments. Because we were interested in the effects of the periostracum in protecting the exterior surface of the shell, we sealed the inner, nacre layer of the shell with silicone (Loctite marine silicone sealant) to prevent its contact with seawater.

Mussel valve preparation: To prepare mussel valves for the incubation, shell periostracum was abraded using sanding sponges (Gator brand) of two levels of grit coarseness (P50-60: coarse (n = 11), and P120-150: fine (n = 12)). We included control mussel valves (15% of daily sample size), collected with no periostracum cover, to compare dissolution rates between abraded and periostracum that was removed naturally in the field.

Dissolution Incubations and Analysis: We incubated each mussel valve in a sealed 250 mL Nalgene bottle filled with modified seawater for 48 hours in a temperature-controlled room, recording seawater properties in each bottle before and at the end of each incubation, including temperature, salinity, and pH (Yellow Springs Instruments Professional Plus Sonde). YSI sonde pH values were calibrated to the total scale based on pH spectrophotometric measurements of m-cresol dye absorbance at the incubation temperature. Incubation bottles were agitated gently once every 8 hours over the course of the incubations to reduce the establishment of strong chemical gradients of their fluid contents. We took discrete seawater samples at the onset and end of each incubation for determination of total alkalinity concentration (TA); these “before-after” measurements of TA enabled quantification of the increase in alkalinity within each bottle over the duration of the incubation, and thereby the rate of dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shell material for individual valves of known periostracum cover. Shell dissolution rates were quantified using standard alkalinity anomaly techniques (analyzing seawater samples in triplicate and selecting median TA for dissolution quantification), which relate calcium carbonate shell loss to an increase in the total alkalinity (TA) of surrounding seawater, per unit time. Across the dissolution trials, control incubations (15% of daily sample size) of modified seawater were conducted to verify minimal background changes in TA.

Seawater manipulation: We used direct chemical modification to the seawater carbonate system in order to create seawater treatments (pH = 7.4). To modify, equimolar additions of 1 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to filtered seawater, capped, and were well mixed. This method results in an increase of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and reduction of seawater pH without changing total alkalinity (TA).

1b:T87a,1) Processed the submitted file named sanddat_PUB.csv with the BCO-DMO tool Laminar. BCO-DMO parameter naming convention is for names to only include alphanumeric characters and underscores. Periods in the parameter names have been replaced with underscores. Renamed parameters according to BCO-DMO naming convention and to clarify what the parameter represents. ph.t.0 renamed to temp_0 to make it clear this is a temperature value and an initial one shell.L renamed to shell_L following BCO-DMO naming convention shell.W renamed to shell_W following BCO-DMO naming convention shell.a.mm2 renamed to shell_A following BCO-DMO convention of removing units from parameter names if possible. Rename it using a capitalized A to match the capitalization of the parameters shell_L and shell_W. peri.sa renamed to peri_percent to clarify it represents a percent. incub.hr renamed ti incub_hr following BCO-DMO naming convention incub.min renamed incub_min following BCO-DMO naming convention delta.time.days renamed incub_day to match the naming format of incub_hr and incub_min since they are all incubation durations alk.t0 renamed to alk_t0 following BCO-DMO naming convention alk.t1 renamed to alk_t1 BCO-DMO following BCO-DMO naming convention alk.t0.t1 renamed to alk_t0_t1 BCO-DMO following BCO-DMO naming convention umol.per.hour renamed to alk_t0_t1_norm to resemble the naming of the change in alkalinity parameter alk_t0_t1 and adding the suffix _norm to indicate it is normalized. diss.diff renamed to diss_diff following BCO-DMO naming convention Created new parameters time_in_UTC and time_out_UTC by converting local timezone (Pacific Daylight time) parameters time_in and time_out to UTC Saved dataset to primary data file named 935480_v1_mussel_lab_incubations_simulated_periostracum_abrasion.csv 2) Checked species taxonomy of mussel collected, Mytilus californianus, and created a taxonomy file using information from the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS: marinespecies.org) with columns: ScientificName, AphiaID, LSID, Authority, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 1c:T551,These data build off of experimental incubations described in Dataset 1. Given that the periostracum can be eroded over time, we were interested in whether the abrasion of the periostracum by sand of differing coarseness might separately influence dissolution rates under corrosive seawater conditions. Therefore, we conducted incubations of abraded California mussel valves, Mytilus californianus, (in addition to unsanded control valves) and measured dissolution rates as a function of sand paper grit coarseness (pH = 7.4). This dataset represents shell dissolution data of California Mussels from lab experiments conducted at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis in August 2022. For the current study, adult mussels (42 - 64 mm in length) were collected from Marshall Gulch, California (38.369738 °N, -123.073921 °W) between August 2021 and March 2022 and transported immediately to the University of California Davis’ Bodega Marine Laboratory (< 30 min distance), in Bodega Bay, California. Mussels were held in filtered, flow-through seawater and fed ad libitum until used in experiments. Dataset 1: Lab incubations of mussels (Mytilus californianus) examining the influence of periostracum cover and pH on external shell dissolution at Marshall Gulch Beach, CA from August 2021 to March 2022 (see BCO-DMO related dataset).1d:Tb9d,NSF Award Abstract: This research is exploring the capacity of coastal organisms to cope with alterations in seawater chemistry driven by both freshwater inputs and absorption of carbon dioxide into the world's oceans (ocean acidification). The project focuses on calcification responses and behavioral impairments of shoreline animals under altered seawater chemistry, and forefronts a common mussel species (the California mussel), and a common snail (the black turban snail), each abundant on rocky shores along the west coast of North America. The target species operate as exemplar organisms for characterizing the responses of marine invertebrates more generally. Methods involve experimental decoupling of multiple components of the carbonate system of seawater to isolate drivers that are difficult to separate otherwise. Broader impacts include transfer of scientific information to policy-makers, including legislators, as well as training and skill-set development of future generations of scientists and citizens. One Ph.D. student is supported, as are UC Davis undergraduates conducting mentored research. The project also provides research internships for undergraduates from a local community college (Santa Rosa Junior College), many of whom are from underrepresented groups. The latter project component substantially bolsters an ongoing program at Bodega Marine Laboratory that includes efforts in diversity, equity, and inclusion. Data and interpretations from the project are feeding into an existing educational program that links to local K-12 schools and reaches ~10,000 members of the public each year. Overall, the research of the project is dissecting drivers of calcification and behavioral disruption in key shoreline invertebrates, across present-day and future carbonate system conditions appropriate to coastal marine environments. Efforts are exploring the extent to which calcification depends on one versus multiple parameters of the seawater carbonate system. In particular, existing conceptual models emphasize the importance of calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) and/or the ratio of bicarbonate to hydrogen ion concentrations ([HCO3-]/[H+]), and the project is examining these mechanisms as well as the possibility that more than one driver acts simultaneously. It is doing so both in bivalves and in gastropods to test for generality across mollusks. The project is additionally examining whether pH is the only carbonate system factor contributing to known patterns of behavioral impairment in marine invertebrates. Leading explanations for debilitating behaviors induced by ocean acidification involve altered ion channel function, but discussion in the literature continues, and studies that explicitly decouple the carbonate system are necessary. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"935480","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"

Data analysis: We performed computations with R statistical software, RStudio version 2023.06.2. We performed carbonate system calculations using the package seacarb. To understand whether abrasion from sand of differing coarseness might influence dissolution, we computed the difference between dissolution rates of mussel valves in abrasion treatments, and those of unsanded control (collected with < 5% periostracum cover) valves exposed to similar low-pH conditions. We then used a Welch’s independent sample t-test to determine whether differences in average dissolution existed between the sanding treatments. Assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were assessed visually using QQ-plots.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"$1b","title":"Lab incubations of mussels (Mytilus californianus) examining the influence of simulated abrasion of periostracum on external shell dissolution at Marshall Gulch Beach, CA from August 2021 to March 2022","nickname":"Mussel lab incubations: simulated periostracum abrasion (effect on shell dissolution)","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2024-12-28T05:00:00.000Z","abstract":"$1c","citation":"Saley, A., Gaylord, B. (2024) Lab incubations of mussels (Mytilus californianus) examining the influence of simulated abrasion of periostracum on external shell dissolution at Marshall Gulch Beach, CA from August 2021 to March 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). 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Merchant"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[],"funding":[{"_id":"886710","name":"OCE-2129942","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2129942"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"947054","name":"Shimadzu spectrophotometer","description":"","type_id":"595","type_name":"UV Spectrophotometer-Shimadzu","type_desc":"The Shimadzu UV Spectrophotometer is manufactured by Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (ssi.shimadzu.com). Shimadzu manufacturers several models of spectrophotometer; refer to dataset for make/model information.","type_acronym":"UV Spectrophotometer-Shimadzu"},{"_id":"947055","name":"Yellow Springs Instruments Professional Plus Sonde","description":"","type_id":"666","type_name":"YSI Professional Plus Multi-Parameter Probe","type_desc":"The YSI Professional Plus handheld multiparameter meter provides for the measurement of a variety of combinations for dissolved oxygen, conductivity, specific conductance, salinity, resistivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, ORP, pH/ORP combination, ammonium (ammonia), nitrate, chloride and temperature. More information from the manufacturer.","type_acronym":"YSI ProPlus"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"947312","name":"INDEX","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Shell ID: identification number of individual mussel valve

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"960","name":"sample","description":"

unique sample identification or number; any combination of alpha numeric characters; precise definition is file dependent

"}},{"_id":"947313","name":"species","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Mussel species

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"976","name":"species","description":"

a taxonomic binomial that consists of a genus name followed by the species name of an organism

"}},{"_id":"947314","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

latitude, South is negative

","units":{"_id":"","name":"deicmal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"947315","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

longitude, West is negative

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"947316","name":"date_in","format":"%Y-%m-%d","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

Date of incubation start

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"947317","name":"time_in","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time of incubation start. Local time zone, Pacific Daylight Time

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1909","name":"ISO_DateTime_Local","description":"

Date/Time (Local) ISO formatted
\nThis standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
\nYYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS[.xx]
\n2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
\nThe dashes and the colons can be dropped.
\nThe T can also be dropped \"by mutual agreement\", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.

Note the Time Zone (TZ) as +/-HH:MM
\nTime Zone signage is for conversion from local to UTC
\nWest Coast USA in summer is +7 (add 7 hrs to local time for UTC)

"}},{"_id":"947318","name":"time_in_UTC","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%MZ","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time of incubation start in UTC

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1908","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","description":"

Date/Time (UTC) ISO formatted
\nThis standard is based on ISO 8601:2004(E) and takes on any of the following forms:
\n2009-08-30T09:05:00[.xx] (local time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]-05:00
\nThe dashes and the colons can be dropped.
\nThe T can also be dropped \"by mutual agreement\", but one needs the trailing Z if the time is UTC.

Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)

Format: YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z (UTC time)

"}},{"_id":"947319","name":"date_out","format":"%Y-%m-%d","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

Date of incubation end

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

"}},{"_id":"947320","name":"time_out","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time of incubation end. Local time zone, Pacific Daylight Time

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1909","name":"ISO_DateTime_Local","description":"

Note the Time Zone (TZ) as +/-HH:MM
\nTime Zone signage is for conversion from local to UTC
\nWest Coast USA in summer is +7 (add 7 hrs to local time for UTC)

"}},{"_id":"947321","name":"time_out_UTC","format":"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%MZ","frictionlessType":"datetime","description":"

Date and time of incubation end in UTC

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1908","name":"ISO_DateTime_UTC","description":"

Sample ISO_datetime_utc:
\n2009-08-30T14:05:00[.xx]Z (UTC time)

Format: YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS[.xx]Z (UTC time)

"}},{"_id":"947322","name":"sanding","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Sanding treatment: Sand grit coarseness applied to shell to abrade periostracum (X). Coarse or Fine

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"489066","name":"treatment","description":"

Experimental conditions applied to experimental units. In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

"}},{"_id":"947323","name":"ph_spec_0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Initial pH of seawater (total scale) measured by spectrophotometer using m-cresol dye calibration

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1892","name":"pH","description":"

pH: The measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution

"}},{"_id":"947324","name":"temp_0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Initial seawater temperature

","units":{"_id":"","name":"Degrees Celsius (°C)"},"type":{"_id":"553763","name":"temperature","description":"

Temperature in degrees C of a sample or other item. A generic temperature measurement.

Note: This is NOT water temp or sea surface temp

"}},{"_id":"947325","name":"sal_0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Initial seawater salinity

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"955","name":"sal","description":"

Salinity: The amount (mass or quantity of matter) of salt per amount (volume or mass) of a body of water.

"}},{"_id":"947326","name":"peri_percent","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Periostracum cover: percent cover of intact periostracum over mussel valve

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percentage (%)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"947327","name":"shell_A","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Mussel valve area measurement (ImageJ)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milimeters squared (mm^2)"},"type":{"_id":"852643","name":"area_measured","description":"

Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional region, shape, or planar lamina, in the plane.

"}},{"_id":"947328","name":"shell_L","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Longest measured length of valve (ImageJ)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milimeter (mm)"},"type":{"_id":"1097","name":"length","description":"

Length is a one-dimensional extent equal to the distance between two points.

"}},{"_id":"947329","name":"shell_W","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Widest measured width of mussel valve (ImageJ)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"milimeter (mm)"},"type":{"_id":"511577","name":"width","description":"

Width is a one-dimenstional extent equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side that is opposite. See dataset for units.

"}},{"_id":"947330","name":"incub_day","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Length of incubation in days

","units":{"_id":"","name":"day"},"type":{"_id":"489496","name":"incubation time","description":"

Duration of sample incubation; used in laboratory experiments. Refer to dataset for units of measure.

"}},{"_id":"947331","name":"incub_hr","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Length of incubation in hours

","units":{"_id":"","name":"hour"},"type":{"_id":"489496","name":"incubation time","description":"

Duration of sample incubation; used in laboratory experiments. Refer to dataset for units of measure.

"}},{"_id":"947332","name":"incub_min","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Length of incubation in minutes

","units":{"_id":"","name":"minute"},"type":{"_id":"489496","name":"incubation time","description":"

Duration of sample incubation; used in laboratory experiments. Refer to dataset for units of measure.

"}},{"_id":"947333","name":"alk_t0","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Initial alkalinity: measured alkalinity of seawater prior to incubation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg (umol/kg)"},"type":{"_id":"1224","name":"TALK","description":"

Total alkalinity

"}},{"_id":"947334","name":"alk_t1","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Final alkalinity: measured alkalinity of seawater after completion of incubation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg (umol/kg)"},"type":{"_id":"1224","name":"TALK","description":"

Total alkalinity

"}},{"_id":"947335","name":"alk_t0_t1","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Alkalinity change: change in alkalinity from initial measurement to final measurement (negative value indicates an increase in alkalinity)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg (umol/kg)"},"type":{"_id":"1224","name":"TALK","description":"

Total alkalinity

"}},{"_id":"947336","name":"alk_t0_t1_norm","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Alkalinity change per hour: measured change in alkalinity normalized per hour of incubation

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg per hour (umol kg-1 hr-1)"},"type":{"_id":"1224","name":"TALK","description":"

Total alkalinity

"}},{"_id":"947337","name":"diss","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Dissoluton rate: inverse of alkalinity change measurement

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg per hour (umol kg-1 hr-1)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}},{"_id":"947338","name":"diss_diff","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Normalized difference in Dissolution rate: dissolution rate normalized to individual shell area measurements and subtracted from control valve dissolution rates

","units":{"_id":"","name":"micromole per kg per hr per milimeter squared (umol kg-1 hr-1 mm-2)"},"type":{"_id":"1073","name":"no_bcodmo_term","description":"

An association with a community-wide standard parameter has not yet been made.

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"935636","citation":"R Core Team (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/","relation_type":["Software"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"884221","citation":"Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2012). NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9(7), 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089\r\n","relation_type":["Software"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[{"_id":"935476","name":"Mussel lab incubations: periostracum and pH (effect on shell dissolution)","url":"","relation_type":"IsRelatedTo","type_desc":"

The dataset is related to another dataset.

\n","relation_desc":"Mussels from the same population as Dataset 2 & Dataset 3 examining the influence of periostracum cover and pH on external shell dissolution","citation":"Saley, A., Gaylord, B. (2024) Lab incubations of mussels (Mytilus californianus) examining the influence of periostracum cover and pH on external shell dissolution at Marshall Gulch Beach, CA from August 2021 to March 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-12-28 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.935476.1"},{"_id":"935484","name":"Field measurements of periostracum cover from focal population","url":"","relation_type":"IsRelatedTo","type_desc":"

The dataset is related to another dataset.

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