http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/942729
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2024-11-01
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Kelp Wet Weight Measurements before and after Deployment in Caged Pycnopodia Field Experiment in the Sitka Sound Urchin Barrens during February 2023 (High latitude kelp dynamics project)
2024-11-01
publication
2024-11-01
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2025-05-28
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.942729.1
Kristy J. Kroeker
University of California-Santa Cruz
principalInvestigator
Aaron W.E. Galloway
University of Oregon
principalInvestigator
Sarah Gravem
Oregon State University
principalInvestigator
Peter T. Raimondi
University of California-Santa Cruz
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Kroeker, K. J., Mancuso, R., Gravem, S., Campbell, R., Hunter, N., Raimondi, P., Galloway, A. (2025) Kelp Wet Weight Measurements before and after Deployment in Caged Pycnopodia Field Experiment in the Sitka Sound Urchin Barrens during February 2023 (High latitude kelp dynamics project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-11-01 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.942729.1 [access date]
Kelp wet weight measurements before and after deployment in caged Pycnopodia field experiment in Sitka Sound urchin barrens, February 2023 Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p dir="ltr"><strong>Experiment Details</strong></p>
<p dir="ltr">To test whether and at what distance the presence of <em>Pycnopodia </em>can reduce prey densities or suppress grazing on kelp, we performed an underwater caging experiment at three urchin barren sites approximately six km east of Sitka in February 2023: Ellsworth Cut (57.036, -135.280), Harris Island (57.033, -135.277), and Whale Park (57.033, -135.255). Each experimental array consisted of a central cage with four 4 m long radial transect lines (Figure 1). We constructed cages (30 x 30 x 15 cm; l x w x h) using a PVC frame covered in ~1cm Vexar mesh fastened with zip ties that could be opened underwater to add a <em>Pycnopodia</em>. We attached a 4m long lead line to each corner of the cage, forming a plus pattern (Figure 1). We simultaneously deployed four of these arrays at each site in two blocks. In each block, one cage served as an experimental treatment (with a <em>Pycnopodia</em>) and the second cage served as a control (an empty cage). We placed all arrays in areas with high sea urchin density, hard rocky substrate, and low rugosity, and the cages within a block were ~20-30 m apart.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The experiment began when we sealed a <em>Pycnopodia</em> (9.5-19.5 cm radius, lab acclimated for &gt;2 weeks) into the experimental treatment cage and the control cage was sealed with a dive weight. To each lead line of all cages, we attached a yellow nylon “kelp line” with 1 m distances demarcated by tape (Figure 1). Kelp lines consisted of pre-weighed, individually labeled <em>Macrocystis pyrifera </em>blades at regular intervals (metre marks: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3.75) woven into the nylon line. <em>M. pyrifera </em>blades were harvested from surface canopies over 1 mile away from closest experimental urchin barren sites and held in recirculating seawater for no more than a week before deployment. After the 24 hours, we removed the arrays and kelp lines and re-weighed each individual kelp blade in the lab to calculate any change in wet mass.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Analyses</strong></p>
<p dir="ltr">We assessed the main and interactive effects of <em>Pycnopodia</em> treatment and continuous distance from the cage on the percent of kelp biomass lost over 24 hours using a mixed effects hierarchical linear model, fit using the lmer() function in the lme4 package in R. We included site, block (nested within site), and array (nested within site, and block, and treatment), and transect (nested within site and array) as random factors.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">We then calculated the net effect of the sea star at 24 hours on kelp abundance as the difference in the average percent of kelp remaining, respectively, in the sea star treatment minus its paired control treatment (i.e., the differences between treatments in each block). In other words, for each block and at a given distance from the cage at 24 hours we calculated: [avg. percent remaining in sea star treatments at each distance - avg. percent remaining in paired control treatments at each distance]. We tested the main and interactive effects of continuous distance from the cage and kelp on the net sea star effect using a linear model (lm()) in base R. We originally performed a model that included site, block and array as random factors matching the model construction as above, but were forced to simplify the model to avoid singularity errors. We then ran follow-up, individual linear fits (lm()) for each species separately to obtain the equation for each line (i.e., net effect = intercept + (slope * distance from cage)). Finally, we calculated the radius of the ‘halo of influence’ of the sea star by setting the net effect to zero and solving for the distance to the cage (i.e., the distance at which the sea star effect was no longer detectable). We calculated the area of influence using pie*(radius2), with the radius being defined as the distance from the cage statistic solved from the previous equation. This gives us an approximate measure of how far from an inactive sea star we can expect grazing to be suppressed for at least 24 hours, even when kelp is present in an urchin barren.&nbsp;</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1752600 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1752600
completed
Kristy J. Kroeker
University of California-Santa Cruz
831-566-8253
100 Shaffer Road
Santa Cruz
CA
95060
USA
kkroeker@ucsc.edu
pointOfContact
Aaron W.E. Galloway
University of Oregon
agallow3@uoregon.edu
pointOfContact
Sarah Gravem
Oregon State University
sgravem@calpoly.edu
pointOfContact
Peter T. Raimondi
University of California-Santa Cruz
831-459-5674
Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 100 Schaffer Road
Santa Cruz
CA
95060
USA
raimondi@ucsc.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
RayID
Site
Lat
Long
Treatment
RepID
TreatRep
Date
TimeElapsed_hr
Ray
Track
Color
Dist_m
KelpStartWt_g
AttachedKelpEndWt_g
DriftKelpEndWt_g
Total_KelpEndWt_g
KelpChgWt_g
KelpGrazed_g
PercentKelpGrazed
Flags
theme
None, User defined
experiment id
Site_ID
latitude
longitude
treatment
replicate
date
time_elapsed
length
weight
quality flag
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
CAREER: Energy fluxes and community stability in a dynamic, high-latitude kelp ecosystem
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/756735
CAREER: Energy fluxes and community stability in a dynamic, high-latitude kelp ecosystem
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
High latitude kelp forests support a wealth of ecologically and economically important species, buffer coastlines from high-energy storms, and play a critical role in the marine carbon cycle by sequestering and storing large amounts of carbon. Understanding how energy fluxes and consumer-resource interactions vary in these kelp communities is critical for defining robust management strategies that help maintain these valuable ecosystem services. In this integrated research and education program, the project team will investigate how consumer populations respond to variability in temperature, carbonate chemistry and resource quality to influence the food webs and ecosystem stability of kelp forests. A comprehensive suite of studies conducted at the northern range limit for giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in SE Alaska will examine how kelp communities respond to variable environmental conditions arising from seasonal variability and changing ocean temperature and acidification conditions. As part of this project, undergraduate and high school students will receive comprehensive training through (1) an immersive field-based class in Sitka Sound, Alaska, (2) intensive, mentored research internships, and (3) experiential training in science communication and public outreach that will include a variety of opportunities to disseminate research findings through podcasts, public lectures and radio broadcasts.</p>
<p>Consumer-resource interactions structure food webs and govern ecosystem stability, yet our understanding of how these important interactions may change under future climatic conditions is hampered by the complexity of direct and indirect effects of multiple stressors within and between trophic levels. For example, environmentally mediated changes in nutritional quality and chemical deterrence of primary producers have the potential to alter herbivory rates and energy fluxes between primary producers and consumers, with implications for ecosystem stability. Moreover, the effects of global change on primary producers are likely to depend on other limiting resources, such as light and nutrients, which vary seasonally in dynamic, temperate and high latitude ecosystems. In marine ecosystems at high latitude, climate models predict that ocean acidification will be most pronounced during the winter months, when primary production is limited by light. This project is built around the hypothesis that there could be a mismatch in the energetic demands of primary consumers caused by warming and ocean acidification and resource availability and quality during winter months, with cascading effects on trophic structure and ecosystem stability in the future. Through complementary lab and field experiments, the project team will determine 1) how temperature and carbonate chemistry combine to affect primary consumer bioenergetics across a diversity of species and 2) the indirect effects of ocean acidification and warming on primary consumers via environmentally mediated changes in the availability, nutritional quality and palatability of primary producers across seasons. Using the data from the laboratory and field experiments, the project team will 3) construct a model of the emergent effects of warming and ocean acidification on trophic structure and ecosystem stability in seasonally dynamic, high latitude environments.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
High latitude kelp dynamics
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
-135.28
-135.255
57.033
57.036
2023-02-13
2023-02-20
SE Alaskan coastal waters
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Kelp Wet Weight Measurements before and after Deployment in Caged Pycnopodia Field Experiment in the Sitka Sound Urchin Barrens during February 2023 (High latitude kelp dynamics project)
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942980.rdf
Name: RayID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Identity of individual ray: Site_treatment_replicate_ray, Pyc=Pycnopodia, Con=control.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942981.rdf
Name: Site
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Urchin barren site name.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942982.rdf
Name: Lat
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Latitude of Site location in decimal degrees; a positive value indicates a northern coordinate.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942983.rdf
Name: Long
Units: decimal degrees
Description: <p>Longitude of Site location in decimal degrees; a negative value indicates a western coordinate.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942984.rdf
Name: Treatment
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Treatment (Pycnopodia in cage) or control (empty cage).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942985.rdf
Name: RepID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Spatial block within a site where there are one treatment (P) and one control (C) paired. </p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942987.rdf
Name: TreatRep
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Treatment (P=Pycnopodia, C=control) and replicate/spatial block # (1 or 2), same block #'s at different sites are independent of one another.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942988.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>YYYY-MM-DD, AKST (Alaska Standard Time), UTC -9.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942989.rdf
Name: TimeElapsed_hr
Units: hours
Description: <p>Time between deployment and retrieval of kelp blades.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942990.rdf
Name: Ray
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Replicate of 4m transect line with attached kelp running off of each corner of one rectangular cage (1-4).</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942991.rdf
Name: Track
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Identity of each individual ray or line: site_treatmentblock_ray#.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942992.rdf
Name: Color
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Marker on underwater transect lines at each kelp attachment site, each color corresponds to a discrete kelp distance consistent on all rays.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942993.rdf
Name: Dist_m
Units: meters (m)
Description: <p>Fixed distance of kelp blade from the cage.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942994.rdf
Name: KelpStartWt_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Initial wet weight of kelp blade before deployment around cages.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942995.rdf
Name: AttachedKelpEndWt_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Wet weight after 24 hours of blade still attached to kelp line.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942996.rdf
Name: DriftKelpEndWt_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Wet weight of drift kelp that was observed disconnecting from an individual, identifiable blade.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942997.rdf
Name: Total_KelpEndWt_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Final wet weight after 24 hours, including attached and drift kelp.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942998.rdf
Name: KelpChgWt_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Change in wet weight over 24 hours, [Total KelpEndWt_g - KelpStartWt_g].</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/942999.rdf
Name: KelpGrazed_g
Units: grams (g)
Description: <p>Kelp lost or grazed in experiment, negative values show an increase of weight likely due to mucus development.</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/943000.rdf
Name: PercentKelpGrazed
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Percent of initial kelp wet weight grazed or lost, [(KelpGrazed_g/KelpStartWt_g)*100].</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/943001.rdf
Name: Flags
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Quality flags, see definitions within Geotraces quality flag policy documentation.</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
62961
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/c4a03ad0-71e4-445a-b283-66c7978bf066/content
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.942729.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Experiment Details</strong></p>
<p dir="ltr">To test whether and at what distance the presence of <em>Pycnopodia </em>can reduce prey densities or suppress grazing on kelp, we performed an underwater caging experiment at three urchin barren sites approximately six km east of Sitka in February 2023: Ellsworth Cut (57.036, -135.280), Harris Island (57.033, -135.277), and Whale Park (57.033, -135.255). Each experimental array consisted of a central cage with four 4 m long radial transect lines (Figure 1). We constructed cages (30 x 30 x 15 cm; l x w x h) using a PVC frame covered in ~1cm Vexar mesh fastened with zip ties that could be opened underwater to add a <em>Pycnopodia</em>. We attached a 4m long lead line to each corner of the cage, forming a plus pattern (Figure 1). We simultaneously deployed four of these arrays at each site in two blocks. In each block, one cage served as an experimental treatment (with a <em>Pycnopodia</em>) and the second cage served as a control (an empty cage). We placed all arrays in areas with high sea urchin density, hard rocky substrate, and low rugosity, and the cages within a block were ~20-30 m apart.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The experiment began when we sealed a <em>Pycnopodia</em> (9.5-19.5 cm radius, lab acclimated for &gt;2 weeks) into the experimental treatment cage and the control cage was sealed with a dive weight. To each lead line of all cages, we attached a yellow nylon “kelp line” with 1 m distances demarcated by tape (Figure 1). Kelp lines consisted of pre-weighed, individually labeled <em>Macrocystis pyrifera </em>blades at regular intervals (metre marks: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3.75) woven into the nylon line. <em>M. pyrifera </em>blades were harvested from surface canopies over 1 mile away from closest experimental urchin barren sites and held in recirculating seawater for no more than a week before deployment. After the 24 hours, we removed the arrays and kelp lines and re-weighed each individual kelp blade in the lab to calculate any change in wet mass.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr"><strong>Analyses</strong></p>
<p dir="ltr">We assessed the main and interactive effects of <em>Pycnopodia</em> treatment and continuous distance from the cage on the percent of kelp biomass lost over 24 hours using a mixed effects hierarchical linear model, fit using the lmer() function in the lme4 package in R. We included site, block (nested within site), and array (nested within site, and block, and treatment), and transect (nested within site and array) as random factors.&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="ltr">We then calculated the net effect of the sea star at 24 hours on kelp abundance as the difference in the average percent of kelp remaining, respectively, in the sea star treatment minus its paired control treatment (i.e., the differences between treatments in each block). In other words, for each block and at a given distance from the cage at 24 hours we calculated: [avg. percent remaining in sea star treatments at each distance - avg. percent remaining in paired control treatments at each distance]. We tested the main and interactive effects of continuous distance from the cage and kelp on the net sea star effect using a linear model (lm()) in base R. We originally performed a model that included site, block and array as random factors matching the model construction as above, but were forced to simplify the model to avoid singularity errors. We then ran follow-up, individual linear fits (lm()) for each species separately to obtain the equation for each line (i.e., net effect = intercept + (slope * distance from cage)). Finally, we calculated the radius of the ‘halo of influence’ of the sea star by setting the net effect to zero and solving for the distance to the cage (i.e., the distance at which the sea star effect was no longer detectable). We calculated the area of influence using pie*(radius2), with the radius being defined as the distance from the cage statistic solved from the previous equation. This gives us an approximate measure of how far from an inactive sea star we can expect grazing to be suppressed for at least 24 hours, even when kelp is present in an urchin barren.&nbsp;</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Spaces in column/parameter names in data file replaced with underscores ("_")
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact