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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Yingling, N., Landry, M. R., Stukel, M. R. (2024) Protist carbon from microscopy samples collected in the Argo Basin of the Eastern Indian Ocean on R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2202 from Feb to Mar 2022. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2024-12-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.944892.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Protist carbon from microscopy samples collected in the Argo Basin of the Eastern Indian Ocean on R/V Roger Revelle cruise RR2202 from Feb to Mar 2022 Dataset Description:  Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Field Collection&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We conducted four Lagrangian experiments (hereafter referred to as “cycles”) that lasted three to five days. &amp;amp;nbsp;The mixed layer was followed in a Lagrangian frame of reference using subsurface drogues attached to satellite-tagged marker buoys&amp;amp;nbsp;(Landry et al. 2009; Stukel et al. 2015).&amp;amp;nbsp;Six depths were chosen to span the euphotic zone (based on chlorophyll fluorescence measured during the conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) downcast profiles).We used a 12-place 6-L Niskin bottle rosette equipped with a Seabird Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensor and profiling chlorophyll fluorometer to sample water daily at six depths spanning the euphotic zone for phytoplankton community samples.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The RR2201 cruise report can be found at &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://hdl.handle.net/1834/43464&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;http://hdl.handle.net/1834/43464&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Epifluorescence Microscopy Sampling&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;From each depth, two different volumes of water were sampled: 50 mL for nanoplankton- epifluorescence microscopy (filtered through a 0.8-µm pore-size black polycarbonate filter) and 400 mL for microplankton epifluorescence microscopy (filtered through an 8-µm pore-size filter). Utilizing two different sized filters and sampling volumes allowed for appropriate, adjustable filtered volumes and avoid overlapping cells on the slides.&amp;amp;nbsp;20&amp;amp;nbsp;µm&amp;amp;nbsp;backing filters were utilized as data has indicated that they support the membrane filters and ensure even dispersal of sample on the filter&amp;amp;nbsp;(Kemp&amp;amp;nbsp;et. al., 1993; Taylor et al., 2015).&amp;amp;nbsp;The samples were preserved&amp;amp;nbsp;using buffered formalin, alkaline Lugol’s solution, and sodium thiosulfate then stained using proflavine and 4’, 6-diamidino-2phenylindole (DAPI) (modified protocol from Sherr and Sherr, 1993 in&amp;amp;nbsp;Kemp et. al., 1993). During and immediately after filtration, filters were covered with tin foil to prevent photochemical quenching. Filters were mounted onto a glass slide and frozen in a -80º C freezer for later analysis.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/907810.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1851381" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1851381 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1851381</gmx:Anchor>
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The small area between NW Australia and Indonesia in the eastern Indian Ocean (IO) is the only known spawning ground of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT), a critically endangered top marine predator. Adult SBT migrate thousands of miles each year from high latitude feeding areas to lay their eggs in these tropical waters, where food concentrations on average are below levels that can support optimal feeding and growth of their larvae. Many critical aspects of this habitat are poorly known, such as the main source of nitrogen nutrient that sustains system productivity, how the planktonic food web operates to produce the unusual types of zooplankton prey that tuna larvae prefer, and how environmental differences in habitat quality associated with ocean fronts and eddies might be utilized by adult spawning tuna to give their larvae a greater chance for rapid growth and survival success. This project investigates these questions on a 38-day expedition in early 2021, during the peak time of SBT spawning. This project is a US contribution to the 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) that advances understanding of biogeochemical and ecological dynamics in the poorly studied eastern IO. This is the first detailed study of nitrogen and carbon cycling in the region linking Pacific and IO waters. The shared dietary preferences of SBT larvae with those of other large tuna and billfish species may also make the insights gained broadly applicable to understanding larval recruitment issues for top consumers in other marine ecosystems. New information from the study will enhance international management efforts for SBT. The shared larval dietary preferences of large tuna and billfish species may also extend the insights gained broadly to many other marine top consumers, including Atlantic bluefin tuna that spawn in US waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The end-to-end study approach, highlights connections among physical environmental variability, biogeochemistry, and plankton food webs leading to charismatic and economically valuable fish production, is the theme for developing educational tools and modules through the &quot;scientists-in-the-schools&quot; program of the Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies at Florida State University, through a program for enhancing STEM learning pathways for underrepresented students in Hawaii, and through public outreach products for display at the Birch Aquarium in San Diego. The study also aims to support an immersive field experience to introduce talented high school students to marine research, with the goal of developing a sustainable marine-related educational program for underrepresented students in rural northwestern Florida.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) migrate long distances from high-latitude feeding grounds to spawn exclusively in a small oligotrophic area of the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (IO) that is rich in mesoscale structures, driven by complex currents and seasonally reversing monsoonal winds. To survive, SBT larvae must feed and grow rapidly under environmental conditions that challenge conventional understanding of food-web structure and functional relationships in poor open-ocean systems. The preferred prey of SBT larvae, cladocerans and Corycaeidae copepods, are poorly studied and have widely different implications for trophic transfer efficiencies to larvae. Differences in nitrogen sources - N fixation vs deep nitrate of Pacific origin - to sustain new production in the region also has implications for conditions that may select for prey types (notably cladocerans) that enhance transfer efficiency and growth rates of SBT larvae. The relative importance of these N sources for the IO ecosystem may affect SBT resiliency to projected increased ocean stratification. This research expedition investigates how mesoscale variability in new production, food-web structure and trophic fluxes affects feeding and growth conditions for SBT larvae. Sampling across mesoscale features tests hypothesized relationships linking variability in SBT larval feeding and prey preferences (gut contents), growth rates (otolith analyses) and trophic positions (TP) to the environmental conditions of waters selected by adult spawners. Trophic Positions of larvae and their prey are determined using Compound-Specific Isotope Analyses of Amino Acids (CSIA-AA). Lagrangian experiments investigate underlying process rates and relationships through measurements of water-column 14C productivity, N2 fixation, 15NO3- uptake and nitrification; community biomass and composition (flow cytometry, pigments, microscopy, in situ imaging, genetic analyses); and trophic fluxes through micro- and mesozooplankton grazing, remineralization and export. Biogeochemical and food web elements of the study are linked by CSIA-AA (N source, TP), 15N-constrained budgets and modeling. The project elements comprise an end-to-end coupled biogeochemistry-trophic study as has not been done previously for any pelagic ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Twenty 8-µm images (20x objective lens) and thirty 0.8-µm images (60x objective lens) were captured using filter sets that were suited for proflavine (green fluorescence with 482 nm excitation, 536 nm emission filters), auto-chlorophyll fluorescence (red fluorescence with 450-490 nm excitation, 660-680 nm emission) and DAPI (blue fluorescence with 350 nm excitation, 465 nm emission) to capture the fluorescence of cell proteins, chlorophyll and DNA. The images were subsequently analyzed to identify phototrophs and heterotrophs, with cells marked based on the presence of both fluorescence signals (indicating phototrophs) or only proflavine fluorescence (indicating heterotrophs).ImageJ image analysis software (v 1.52a or 1.53c)&amp;amp;nbsp;was utilized for processing images, involving manually outlining cells in order to calculate feret length, area and width. Cells that were &amp;amp;gt;50% out of frame or broken were not included in analyses. Images were calibrated to microns and a conversion factor was applied to include the number of images, area of the slide and area imaged with the specific camera/lens combination.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;To determine the true filtration diameter, a light microscope was used to examine a 25 mm glass fiber filter (GF/F) filter that had a small amount of dyed water filtered through. It was discovered that the filter funnel blocks roughly 12% of the 25-mm filter and the filtered region had a diameter of 22 mm. Equations 1-5 show the equations used to calculate cell width, biovolume, ESD (equivalent spherical diameter) and biomass, where * implies we assumed that cell height = cell width/2. ESD was used as a consistent measure of mean cell size since many plankton have an irregular shape. The height of a cell was assumed to be roughly equivalent to half of the cell width since cells are often flattened during filtration&amp;amp;nbsp;(Taylor et al., 2011)&amp;amp;nbsp;with the exception of diatoms. The biomass of diatoms (which were the only taxon we could conclusively identify) was estimated allometrically&amp;amp;nbsp;using equation 5 while all other cell biomass (non-diatoms) was estimated allometrically using equation 4.&amp;amp;nbsp;(Menden-Deuer and Lessard, 2000).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Equation 1: Cell width = (4/π) x (Area of the cell/Feret length of the cell)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Equation 2: Biovolume = (4/3)(π) x (Feret Length/2) x (Cell Width/2) x (Cell Height*/2)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Equation 3: ESD = 2 x (3 x Biovolume/4π)^(1/3)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Equation 4: Biomass (non-diatoms) = 0.216 x Biovolume^0.939&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Equation 5: Biomass (diatoms) = 0.288 x Biovolume^0.811&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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