1b:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1c:T139b,

Field collections and sample processing

Coral reef fish host species Acanthurus nigricans, Stegastes aureus, and Stegastes fasciolatus were caught at islands from Northern Line Islands (NLI) and French Polynesia (FP) during expeditions in 2010, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Sampling was conducted across three archipelagos of the central equatorial Pacific, encompassing 19 islands (Jarvis, Kingman, Kiritimati, Palmyra, Tabuaeran, and Teraina in the Northern Line Islands; Flint, Malden, Millennium, Starbuck, and Vostok in the Southern Line Islands; Huahine, Moorea, Raiatea, Rangiroa, Tahiti, Takapoto, Tetiaroa, and Tikehau in French Polynesia).

Acanthurus nigricans are a type of surgeonfish belonging to the Family Acanthuridae. Stegastes aureus and Stegastes fasciolatus are damselfish of Family Pomacentridae. Reef fish were collected from the forereef of each island from depths between 8m and 18m using three-pronged spears and hand nets. Fish were euthanized humanely according to UC San Diego IACUC protocol #S09392 and frozen for parasitological assessment.

Parasites were identified and counted by the Wood Lab at the University of Washington using standard dissection methods [see appendix E in (Wood et al. 2014)]. Parasites were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level [see appendix F in (Wood et al. 2014)] and stored in 70% ethanol. All of the adult trematodes used in this study were sampled from host species A. nigricans, while the NLI larval samples came from S. aureus, and the FP larval samples came from S. fasciolatus.

Following morphological assessment conducted by the Wood Lab, it was determined that all of the adult trematodes sampled from the NLI were of the Family Microscaphidiidae (NLI adults), and all of the adult trematodes sampled from FP were of the Family Paramphistomatidae (FP adults). Parasite vouchers were sent to the Haupt Lab at California State University, Monterey Bay for further genetic analysis in 2022 (Barton, 2024).

DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing

In most cases, DNA was extracted from all collected parasites. However, when more than 30 parasites were obtained from a single island, sequencing was generally limited to the first 30 individuals encountered in the vials. In some cases, additional samples were included before this threshold was recognized.

As detailed in Barton (2024): Each voucher was emptied into a petri dish containing 70% ethanol, one at a time. The petri dish was then examined under a dissecting microscope at the lowest magnification. A disposable glass pipette was used to move the parasite to a microcentrifuge tube containing autoclaved DI water in order to rinse the parasite of residual fish tissue. Individuals were not soaked for any longer than two hours as this could lead to degradation of the specimen. After 30 minutes to an hour, the parasite was then transferred into another microcentrifuge tube containing tissue lysis buffer and proteinase K and incubated at 56℃ for at least one hour. Larger individuals were incubated for 2 or more hours. Extractions were then conducted using either the QIAGEN QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Cat. #51304) or the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Cat. #69504). The DNeasy kit was used for those parasite individuals that were larger and had more tissue present. DNA yield was estimated after extraction using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. Due to the small amount of tissue present, DNA yields were often very small. Therefore, there were no restrictions on which samples moved forward to polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

A 743 bp segment of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) was amplified using three primers designed by Brant and Loker (2009) for trematodes. PCR was performed in two consecutive 50 µL reactions. The first reaction was conducted using the DNA extraction and the forward and reverse primers. The PCR product of the first run was then used in the second reaction with the forward and internal primers. Both reactions were run on thermocyclers with the following reaction conditions: Initial denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 40 s, 72°C for 1 min, with a final step of 72°C for 10 min. Final PCR products were run on a 1.5% agarose gel using SYBR™ Safe DNA Gel Stain (Cat. #S33102) and the GeneRuler 1 kb DNA Ladder (Cat. #SM0314). The gels were run at 120 V for 30-45 minutes. However, we discovered that even if a band could not be seen, the sample was often still able to be sequenced. Therefore, we decided to send all amplified DNA samples off for sequencing. Amplified DNA was purified using the QIAGEN QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Cat. #28104). Samples were sent for Sanger sequencing (MCLAB, San Francisco, CA) and were sequenced in the forward and internal directions.

1d:T6a0,The loss of biological diversity is considered one of the principal environmental challenges of the 21st century, and there are hints that this massive reorganization of food webs could affect how parasites are transmitted among hosts. Parasites are often hidden and can be easy to overlook, but they are ecologically important and ubiquitous - so it is important to understand whether we should expect more or fewer of them as biodiversity disappears. Does biodiversity loss increase the abundance of parasites by eroding natural "checks and balances" on transmission? Or does it decrease parasite abundance by removing the free-living biodiversity on which parasites depend? Answers to these questions are urgently needed if we are to mitigate or prevent an uptick in parasite transmission for ecosystems experiencing biodiversity loss. In a joint collaborative research project among the University of Washington, Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, and California State University Monterey Bay, we created a parasite dataset of unprecedented size and taxonomic resolution. We sampled parasites of coral reef fishes from 19 replicate islands in the central equatorial Pacific to study how biodiversity and parasite burden covary. This data set contains COI mtDNA sequence accession numbers, collection locations, and life stages for trematodes from the family Microscaphidiidae and Paramphistomatidae from fish collections across the Northern Line Islands and French Polynesia archipelagos collected between 2009 and 2023. Specifically this data set represents 87 Microscaphidiidae samples from the Northern Line Islands and 132 Paramphistomatidae from French Polynesia.1e:T14ae,NSF Award Abstract: Nontechnical explanation of the project's broader significance and importance As Earth's ecosystems experience rapid biodiversity change, disease ecologists have turned to an urgent question: how might reductions in biodiversity affect the transmission of parasites? In other words, does biodiversity loss increase the abundance of parasites by eroding natural checks and balances on transmission? Alternatively, does it decrease parasite abundance by removing the free-living biodiversity on which parasites depend? This study will constitute the first comprehensive test of these questions in any ecosystem. It will evaluate the relationship between fish biodiversity and parasite abundance across 18 replicate coral reef ecosystems. Not only will the work explore whether reductions in fish biodiversity are associated with increases or decreases in parasite burdens, it will also assess whether parasite and host traits or geographical distance influence the direction and strength of this relationship. The theories that are tested are among the most important and controversial in the rapidly growing field of disease ecology and our work represents a novel, creative approach to a long standing, but unresolved research question. The work will yield transformative insights into the nature of parasite transmission in a changing world. Furthermore, the project will intimately intermingle education with research by launching the Research Internship in Molecular Ecology at California State Monterey Bay, which will place a group of underrepresented undergraduates in a central research role, and by developing and disseminating quality educational tools for teaching about parasite biodiversity through collaboration with the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners at the American Museum of Natural History. Parasites are often hidden and can be easy to overlook, but they are ecologically important and affect every population of marine animals. Technical description of the project The field of disease ecology is plagued by uncertainty and disagreement over whether biodiversity loss exacerbates parasite transmission, because it lacks the comprehensive, multi-host, multi-parasite, broad-spatial-scale dataset needed to formulate a convincing empirical test. This project will answer this recalcitrant question, using a dataset of unprecedented replication and taxonomic and spatial resolution, by exploiting the advantages of a marine model system. The project is centered on a natural experiment in which the abundance of parasites across a highly resolved gradient of host biodiversity, for more than 77 parasite species and 18 replicate coral reef ecosystems will be quantified. Dataset will critically test hypotheses for the biodiversity-parasite abundance relationship, revealing how the direction, shape, and scale-dependence of this relationship vary across a diverse array of parasite taxa, and resolving questions of burning interest in the disease ecology literature - and of vital importance to marine conservation. This project will address the following questions: (Q1) For each parasite species detected, what is the direction and shape of the relationship between biodiversity and parasite abundance? (Q2) What factors (e.g., parasite traits like transmission strategy and host specificity, host traits like body size) determine the direction and shape of the relationship between biodiversity and parasite abundance? (Q3) How does spatial scale interact with parasite dispersal capacity to moderate the effects of biodiversity on parasite abundance? The work will integrate an existing dataset on fish biodiversity and abundance of coral reef fish parasites from six equatorial Pacific islands (the Northern Line Islands) with new sampling from 12 additional islands (the Southern Line Islands and French Polynesia). The resulting dataset will reflect the burden of >77 metazoan parasite taxa for seven species of coral reef fishes across18 islands. The work will provide the world's first data on the direction, magnitude, and shape of the biodiversity-disease relationship across a diversity of parasite taxa, host taxa, and spatial scales, and will comprehensively identify conditions under which biodiversity is likely to be important in determining the abundance of parasites - a fundamental contribution to ecology and to biological oceanography. The project will intimately integrate education with research by placing a group of underrepresented minority undergraduates in a central research role: performing the molecular analyses required to estimate parasite dispersal distance. A summer Research Internship in Molecular Ecology will be established at California State University Monterey Bay, a Hispanic-Serving Institution. The project will also underwrite the development of a peer-reviewed learning module on parasite biodiversity, to be developed and disseminated in collaboration with the American Museum of Natural History, and will support the training of two graduate students, one postdoctoral scholar, and several undergraduates. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L1b",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"953401","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$1c","processing":"

The consensus sequences were trimmed and assembled from the forward and reverse sequences using the Geneious assembler in Geneious Prime® ver 2023.2.1, and visually examined for accuracy and polymorphisms. All analyses were conducted from multiple sequence alignments created using the Clustal Omega 1.2.2 alignment in Geneious Prime® ver 2023.2.1. Alignments were visually examined for accuracy and excess ends were manually trimmed (Barton, 2024).

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"- Imported \"953401_v1_trematode_para_seq.csv\" into BCO-DMO system\r\n- Removed 'NCBI Posting Link' field according to BCO-DMO best practices\r\n- Exported file as \"953401_v1_trematode_para_seq.csv\"\r\n\r\nScientific names in the methods sections were checked using World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Taxon Match. All scientific names in the data are valid and accepted names as of 2025-03-03.","title":"COI mtDNA sequences for trematodes from fish collections across the Northern Line Islands and French Polynesia archipelagos collected between 2009 and 2023","nickname":"Trematode Parasite COI Sequences","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2025-03-03T05:00:00.000Z","abstract":"$1d","citation":"Haupt, A., Barton, R., Sandin, S., Wood, C. L. (2025) COI mtDNA sequences for trematodes from fish collections across the Northern Line Islands and French Polynesia archipelagos collected between 2009 and 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-03-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.953401.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.953401.1","versionDate":"2025-03-03","versionId":"1","year":"2025","title":"COI mtDNA sequences for trematodes from fish collections across the Northern Line Islands and French Polynesia archipelagos collected between 2009 and 2023","authors":"Haupt, A., Barton, R., Sandin, S., Wood, C. L.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.953401.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"Sampling was conducted across three archipelagos of the central equatorial Pacific, encompassing 19 islands","temporal_extent":{"start":"2009-01-01T05:00:00.000Z","end":"2023-12-31T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitYear","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1230786000","label":"2009"},"end":{"value":"1703998800","label":"2023"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"polygon","center":{"latitude":-5.745,"longitude":-153.825},"wkt":"POLYGON ((-162.32 -17.95, -145.33 -17.95, -145.33 6.46, -162.32 6.46, -162.32 -17.95))","north":6.46,"east":-145.33,"south":-17.95,"west":-162.32},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results"],"keywords":["biota","oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"955428","title":"953401_v1_trematode_para_seq.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/file/qAkkLDLfmjZYN/953401_v1_trematode_para_seq.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/data/view/955428","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 953401, version 1","filename":"953401_v1_trematode_para_seq.csv","bytesize":5155,"checksum":{"value":"3c25da9f62eaf2517e05803f327943f4","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[{"id":"955222","title":"accepted_names_AphiaIDs_953401.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/file/xorwmA8hJ7WmJB/accepted_names_AphiaIDs_953401.csv","showTableUrl":"","description":"Scientific names in the methods sections were checked using the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Taxon Match report. All scientific names in the data are valid and accepted names as of 2025-03-03. ","filename":"accepted_names_AphiaIDs_953401.csv","bytesize":715,"checksum":{"value":"fea6878529ce70835bb037a536c70782","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":false,"showTable":false,"restricted":false}],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"764179","name":"Alison Haupt"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"516021","name":"California State University Monterey Bay"}},{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"764171","name":"Stuart Sandin"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"26","name":"University of California-San Diego Scripps"}},{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"764175","name":"Chelsea L. Wood"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"27","name":"University of Washington"}},{"role":{"_id":"130","name":"Scientist"},"performedBy":{"_id":"953487","name":"Randi Barton"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"516021","name":"California State University Monterey Bay"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"924467","name":"Audrey Mickle"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[],"funding":[{"_id":"764173","name":"OCE-1829509","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1829509"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"953482","name":"Eppendorf tabletop centrifuge","description":"Eppendorf tabletop centrifuge","type_id":"629890","type_name":"Centrifuge","type_desc":"A machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different densities (e.g., cream from milk) or liquids from solids.","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"953483","name":"Fisherbrand water bath incubator","description":"Fisherbrand water bath incubator","type_id":"926396","type_name":"Incubator","type_desc":"A device in which environmental conditions (light, photoperiod, temperature, humidity, etc.) can be controlled.\r\n\r\nNote: we have more specific terms for shipboard incubators (https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/629001) and in-situ incubators (https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/494).","type_acronym":"incubator (general)"},{"_id":"953484","name":"Fisherbrand thermocyclers","description":"Fisherbrand thermocyclers","type_id":"471582","type_name":"Thermal Cycler","type_desc":"A thermal cycler or \"thermocycler\" is a general term for a type of laboratory apparatus, commonly used for performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that is capable of repeatedly altering and maintaining specific temperatures for defined periods of time. The device has a thermal block with holes where tubes with the PCR reaction mixtures can be inserted. The cycler then raises and lowers the temperature of the block in discrete, pre-programmed steps. They can also be used to facilitate other temperature-sensitive reactions, including restriction enzyme digestion or rapid diagnostics.\r\n\r\n(adapted from http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/genomics/pcr.html)","type_acronym":"Thermal Cycler"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"955203","name":"NCBI_Accession_Number","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

NCBI Accession Number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"873475","name":"Genbank_accession","description":"

Genbank nucleotide database accession identifier. Genbank is a genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences (Nucleic Acids Research, 2013 Jan;41(D1):D36-42). Genbank is a part of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), NIH.

"}},{"_id":"955204","name":"Collection_Location","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Collection Location - name of island where the fish containing the parasite was collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"952","name":"region","description":"

geographical area of sampling

"}},{"_id":"955205","name":"Larval_or_Adult","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Larval or Adult - if the parasite was found in an adult or larval stage in the fish

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"985","name":"stage","description":"

Organism life history stage, reported as a code or text.

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"955218","citation":"Barton, Randi Leigh, "Population genetic analysis informs dispersal capacity in representative marine trematodes from Family Microscaphidiidae and Family Paramphistomatidae" (2024). Capstone Projects and Master's Theses. 1846.\r\nhttps://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all/1846","relation_type":["Results"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"954813","citation":"Brant, S. V., & Loker, E. S. (2009). Molecular Systematics of the Avian Schistosome Genus Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) in North America. Journal of Parasitology, 95(4), 941–963. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1870.1\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"945275","citation":"Wood, C. L., Sandin, S. A., Zgliczynski, B., Guerra, A. S., & Micheli, F. (2014). Fishing drives declines in fish parasite diversity and has variable effects on parasite abundance. Ecology, 95(7), 1929–1946. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1270.1\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""},{"id":"945278","citation":"Wood, C. L., Zgliczynski, B. J., Haupt, A. J., Guerra, A. S., Micheli, F., & Sandin, S. A. (2018). Human impacts decouple a fundamental ecological relationship—The positive association between host diversity and parasite diversity. Global Change Biology, 24(8), 3666–3679. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14159\r\n","relation_type":["Results"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[{"_id":"945218","name":"Parasite abundance in coral reef fishes","url":"","relation_type":"References","type_desc":"

A dataset that was used as a source of information.

\n","relation_desc":"Dataset is created based on samples collected in this related dataset. See methods for more information on sample provenance.","citation":"Wood, C. L., Sandin, S., Haupt, A. (2025) Parasite abundance data collected from coral reef fishes across 19 islands in the central equatorial Pacific from 2009 to 2021. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-01-22 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.945218.1"}],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"ERDDAP","items":[{"name":"SUBSET DATA","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.html","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"tool"},{"name":"VIEW TABLE","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.htmlTable","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"CSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.csv","contentType":"text/csv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"TSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.tsv","contentType":"text/tsv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"MATLAB","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.mat","contentType":"text/x-matlab","actionType":"download"},{"name":"netCDF","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_953401_v1.nc","contentType":"application/x-netcdf","actionType":"download"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/953401/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"764169","name":"Collaborative Research: Decomposing the effects of diversity on the abundance of marine parasites","acronym":"Diversity-disease","description":"$1e"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.953401.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.953401.1","date_assigned":"2025-03-03","version_date":"2025-03-03","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":67},"downloads":{"count":334}}},"fileId":"955428"}]