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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Sedwick, P. N., Sohst, B., Williams, T. E. (2025) Aerosol aluminum measurements from Tudor Hill, Bermuda collected December 2018 to March 2020 as part of the Bermuda Atlantic Iron Timeseries project. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-03-19 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.956140.1 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>BAIT Aerosol Aluminum Dataset Description:  Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Composite samples of bulk aerosol were collected atop the 23 meter height sampling tower at Tudor Hill, Bermuda (&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbios.asu.edu%2Ftudorhill%2Ffacility-description&amp;amp;amp;data=05%7C02%7Cdgerlach%40whoi.edu%7C4d4c43d91b5047ef78bf08dd633313f4%7Cd44c5cc6d18c46cc8abd4fdf5b6e5944%7C0%7C0%7C638775793227054559%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;amp;amp;sdata=EVjJWfPE9Brmg%2B3L1N9uhl2YJT0%2FLVuaFc94UcoF3gQ%3D&amp;amp;amp;reserved=0&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;LPlnk&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;noopener noreferrer&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;//bios.asu.edu/tudorhill/facility-description. Click or tap if you trust this link.&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://bios.asu.edu/tudorhill/facility-description&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;), on an approximately weekly basis from November 2018 through March 2020, bracketing the four BAIT project cruises. A high-volume (~700 Liters per&amp;amp;nbsp;minute) air sampler was used to collect aerosoils on acid-cleaned Whatman-41 cellulose filters (8&amp;quot;x10&amp;quot;, 20 µm nominal pore size), which collect particles as small as 1 µm with &amp;amp;gt;90% efficiency (e.g., Stafford and Ettinger, 1972). The coastal Tudor Hill site faces into the prevailing southwesterly winds, so aerosols were only collected during winds &amp;amp;gt;1 m s&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;from the 210°-315° sector in order to avoid local sources. Sample filters were stored in zip-lock polyethylene bags in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature. For analysis of total aerosol aluminum, 1/16 portions of the aerosol sample filters were digested with a mixture of ultrapure concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids and hydrogen peroxide (Fisher Optima) in Teflon vessels (Morton et al., 2013), using a microwave heating system (CEM MARS 6), then evaporated on a hot plate and diluted to volume with 2% (v/v) ultrapure nitric acid. The efficiency of this aerosol digestion procedure was verified using Arizona Test Dust (ISO 12103-1, A1 Ultrafine Test Dust, Powder Technologies, Inc.), which the GEOTRACES program recommends as a reference material for assessing digestion methodology for analysis of total aerosol trace elements. In digests of subsamples of this material, we measured 63878 ± 4485 ppm aluminum (n = 3), which compares well with the stated composition of 66153 ppm. Replicate 1/16 portions of the aerosol filters were also subjected to a flow-through leaching procedure modified from Buck et al. (2006). Briefly, the aerosol filter portions were placed atop an acid-washed 0.2 µm pore polycarbonate membrane filter loaded into a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resin filtrastion tower (Savillex), leached with 250 mL of high-purity deionized water (DIW, Barnstead Nanopure, &amp;amp;gt;18.2 MΩ-cm resistivity), and the leachate acidified to 0.4% (v/v) with 6 M ultrapure hydrochloric acid (Fisher Optima) for analysis of &amp;quot;DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum&amp;quot;. The same filter portions were then subjected to a batch leaching procedure modified from Kadko et al. (2019) using 25% acetic acid (HOAc, Fisher Optima) and 0.02 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Sigma) at 90°C, and the supernatant leachate was evaporated and then diluted in 2% ultrapure nitric acid (Fisher Optima) for analysis of &amp;quot;HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum&amp;quot;. Field blanks for the aerosols (an acid-cleaned filter) were deployed on the Tudor Hill tower and processed in the same manner as samples, but without operating the aerosol sampler pump.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Aluminum concentrations in aerosol digest solutions and aerosol leachate solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry without preconcentration, using calibration standards prepared in 2% ultrapure nitric acid (Fisher Optima, for aerosol digests and HOAc leachates) or 0.4% ultrapure hydrochloric acid (Fisher Optima, for DIW leachates) and yttrium as an internal standard. Field blank values for total aerosol aluminum, DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum were 0.132, 0.627 and 0.033 µmol per filter, respectively, which equate to atmospheric loadings of 0.044, 0.209 and 0.011 nmol m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for a typical sampled air volume of around 3,000 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Limits of detection for aluminum in blank-corrected aerosol samples were estimated from three times the standard deviation on the mean of field blank values; the thus-defined limits of detection for total aerosol aluminum, DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum were 0.063, 0.378 and 0.008 µmol per filter, respectively, which equate to atmospheric loadings of 0.021, 0.126 and 0.003 nmol m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for a typical sampled air volume of around 3,000 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Overall uncertainty on the total aerosol aluminum concentrations is less than ±10% (one-sigma), based on duplicate, separate-day analyses of filter digests. In the absence of duplicate samples for the aerosol leaches, we assume an overall analytical uncertainty of less than ±10% (one-sigma) for DIW-soluble and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum, similar to that estimated for total aerosol aluminum.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/822806.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1829833" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1829833 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1829833</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/905439.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-1829686" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1829686 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1829686</gmx:Anchor>
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Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans. As such, iron plays key roles in regulating marine primary production and the cycling of carbon. It is thus important that models of ocean biology and chemistry consider iron, in order to explore past, present and future variations in marine productivity and the role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle. In this joint project involving researchers in the U.S. and the U.K., supported by both NSF and the Natural Environment Research Council (U.K.), field data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) region will be combined with an established, state-of-the-art ocean biogeochemical model. By leveraging the known seasonal-scale physical, chemical and biological changes in the BATS region, the oceanographic context provided by the BATS core data, and an existing model of the regional physical circulation, the proposed study will yield process-related information that is of general applicability to the open ocean. In particular, the proposed research will focus on understanding the atmospheric input, biological uptake, regeneration and scavenging removal of dissolved iron in the oceanic water column, which have emerged as major uncertainties in the ocean iron cycle. The project will include significant educational and training contributions at the K-12, undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels, as well as public outreach efforts that aim to explain the research and its importance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The ability of ocean models to simulate iron remains crude, owing to an insufficient understanding of the mechanisms that drive variability in dissolved iron, particularly the involvement of iron-binding ligands, colloids and particles in the surface input, biological uptake, regeneration and scavenging of dissolved iron in the upper ocean. Basin-scale data produced by the GEOTRACES program provide an important resource for testing and improving models and, by extension, our mechanistic understanding of the ocean iron cycle. However such data provide only quasi-synoptic 'snapshots', which limits their utility in isolating and identifying the processes that control dissolved iron in the upper ocean. The proposed research aims to provide mechanistic insight into these governing processes by combining time-series data from the BATS region with numerical modeling experiments. Specifically, seasonally resolved data on the vertical (upper 2,000 meters) and lateral (tens of kilometers) distributions of particulate, dissolved, colloidal, soluble and ligand-bound iron species will be obtained from the chemical analysis of water column samples collected during five cruises, spanning a full annual cycle, shared with the monthly BATS program cruises. These data, along with ancillary data from the BATS program, will be used to test and inform numerical modeling experiments, and thus derive an improved understanding of the mechanisms that control the distribution and dynamics of dissolved iron in the oceanic water column.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.&lt;/p&gt;
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http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956208.rdf
	Name: Total_aerosol_Al
	Units: nanomoles per cubic meter (nmol m-3)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Atmospheric concentration of total aerosol aluminum&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956209.rdf
	Name: DIW_soluble_aerosol_Al
	Units: nanomoles per cubic meter (nmol m-3)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Atmospheric concentration of aerosol aluminum that is soluble in deionized water (DIW-soluble)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956210.rdf
	Name: HOAc_soluble_aerosol_Al
	Units: nanomoles per cubic meter (nmol m-3)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Atmospheric concentration of aerosol aluminum that is soluble in acetic acid (HOAc-soluble)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956211.rdf
	Name: Sample_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Data quality flag that applies to Pump time, Air volume, Total aerosol Al, DIW-soluble aerosol Al, and/or HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum where 1=good sample; 2=flow-meter or sampler malfunction; 3=concentration of aluminum in DIW-leachate solution was less than that in corresponding field-blank leachate solution; in such cases the atmospheric loading of DIW-soluble aluminum was conservatively estimated using a leachate solution concentration equivalent to analytical limit of detection (i.e., 0.378 µmol per filter); 4=HOAc-soluble aluminum concentration below analytical limit of detection&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956212.rdf
	Name: Latitude
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Latitude of Tudor Hill sampling tower&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/956213.rdf
	Name: Longitude
	Units: decimal degrees
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Longitude of Tudor Hill sampling tower&lt;/p&gt; 
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                <gco:CharacterString>&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Composite samples of bulk aerosol were collected atop the 23 meter height sampling tower at Tudor Hill, Bermuda (&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbios.asu.edu%2Ftudorhill%2Ffacility-description&amp;amp;amp;data=05%7C02%7Cdgerlach%40whoi.edu%7C4d4c43d91b5047ef78bf08dd633313f4%7Cd44c5cc6d18c46cc8abd4fdf5b6e5944%7C0%7C0%7C638775793227054559%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;amp;amp;sdata=EVjJWfPE9Brmg%2B3L1N9uhl2YJT0%2FLVuaFc94UcoF3gQ%3D&amp;amp;amp;reserved=0&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;LPlnk&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;noopener noreferrer&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;//bios.asu.edu/tudorhill/facility-description. Click or tap if you trust this link.&amp;quot;&amp;gt;https://bios.asu.edu/tudorhill/facility-description&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;), on an approximately weekly basis from November 2018 through March 2020, bracketing the four BAIT project cruises. A high-volume (~700 Liters per&amp;amp;nbsp;minute) air sampler was used to collect aerosoils on acid-cleaned Whatman-41 cellulose filters (8&amp;quot;x10&amp;quot;, 20 µm nominal pore size), which collect particles as small as 1 µm with &amp;amp;gt;90% efficiency (e.g., Stafford and Ettinger, 1972). The coastal Tudor Hill site faces into the prevailing southwesterly winds, so aerosols were only collected during winds &amp;amp;gt;1 m s&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-1&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;from the 210°-315° sector in order to avoid local sources. Sample filters were stored in zip-lock polyethylene bags in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature. For analysis of total aerosol aluminum, 1/16 portions of the aerosol sample filters were digested with a mixture of ultrapure concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids and hydrogen peroxide (Fisher Optima) in Teflon vessels (Morton et al., 2013), using a microwave heating system (CEM MARS 6), then evaporated on a hot plate and diluted to volume with 2% (v/v) ultrapure nitric acid. The efficiency of this aerosol digestion procedure was verified using Arizona Test Dust (ISO 12103-1, A1 Ultrafine Test Dust, Powder Technologies, Inc.), which the GEOTRACES program recommends as a reference material for assessing digestion methodology for analysis of total aerosol trace elements. In digests of subsamples of this material, we measured 63878 ± 4485 ppm aluminum (n = 3), which compares well with the stated composition of 66153 ppm. Replicate 1/16 portions of the aerosol filters were also subjected to a flow-through leaching procedure modified from Buck et al. (2006). Briefly, the aerosol filter portions were placed atop an acid-washed 0.2 µm pore polycarbonate membrane filter loaded into a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resin filtrastion tower (Savillex), leached with 250 mL of high-purity deionized water (DIW, Barnstead Nanopure, &amp;amp;gt;18.2 MΩ-cm resistivity), and the leachate acidified to 0.4% (v/v) with 6 M ultrapure hydrochloric acid (Fisher Optima) for analysis of &amp;quot;DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum&amp;quot;. The same filter portions were then subjected to a batch leaching procedure modified from Kadko et al. (2019) using 25% acetic acid (HOAc, Fisher Optima) and 0.02 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Sigma) at 90°C, and the supernatant leachate was evaporated and then diluted in 2% ultrapure nitric acid (Fisher Optima) for analysis of &amp;quot;HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum&amp;quot;. Field blanks for the aerosols (an acid-cleaned filter) were deployed on the Tudor Hill tower and processed in the same manner as samples, but without operating the aerosol sampler pump.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Aluminum concentrations in aerosol digest solutions and aerosol leachate solutions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry without preconcentration, using calibration standards prepared in 2% ultrapure nitric acid (Fisher Optima, for aerosol digests and HOAc leachates) or 0.4% ultrapure hydrochloric acid (Fisher Optima, for DIW leachates) and yttrium as an internal standard. Field blank values for total aerosol aluminum, DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum were 0.132, 0.627 and 0.033 µmol per filter, respectively, which equate to atmospheric loadings of 0.044, 0.209 and 0.011 nmol m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for a typical sampled air volume of around 3,000 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Limits of detection for aluminum in blank-corrected aerosol samples were estimated from three times the standard deviation on the mean of field blank values; the thus-defined limits of detection for total aerosol aluminum, DIW-soluble aerosol aluminum and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum were 0.063, 0.378 and 0.008 µmol per filter, respectively, which equate to atmospheric loadings of 0.021, 0.126 and 0.003 nmol m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for a typical sampled air volume of around 3,000 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Overall uncertainty on the total aerosol aluminum concentrations is less than ±10% (one-sigma), based on duplicate, separate-day analyses of filter digests. In the absence of duplicate samples for the aerosol leaches, we assume an overall analytical uncertainty of less than ±10% (one-sigma) for DIW-soluble and HOAc-soluble aerosol aluminum, similar to that estimated for total aerosol aluminum.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Laboratory&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer instrumental data&amp;amp;nbsp;were collected using ElementXR processing software (Thermo Fisher Scientific).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
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- Replaced spaces and dashes with underscores in parameter (column) names
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            <gco:CharacterString>PI Supplied Instrument Name: Thermo Fisher Scientific ElementXR inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer PI Supplied Instrument Description:Aluminum concentrations in aerosol digest solutions and aerosol leachate solutions were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ThermoFisherScientific ElementXR) Instrument Name: Thermo Scientific ELEMENT XR high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer Instrument Short Name:Element XR HR-ICP-MS   Instrument Description: A high-resolution (HR) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometer (MS) composed of a dual mode secondary electron multiplier (SEM) and a Faraday detector. The ELEMENT XR instrument has a dynamic range of 5 x 10^7 to 1 x 10^12 counts per second (cps), and allows simultaneous measurement of elements at concentrations over 1000 ug/g.</gco:CharacterString>
          </gmi:description>
        </gmi:MI_Instrument>
      </gmi:instrument>
      </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>
