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            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/957527.rdf" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Open cell and single-step method for total alkalinity titrations from samples collected on R/V Mirai cruises MR23-06C and MR23-07 in the North Pacific and Western Arctic from September to November 2023</gmx:Anchor>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Cite this dataset as: Woosley, R., Bruno, J. A., Neithardt, D. (2025) Open cell and single-step method for total alkalinity titrations from samples collected on R/V Mirai cruises MR23-06C and MR23-07 in the North Pacific and Western Arctic from September to November 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2025-07-29 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.957527.2 [access date]</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>Open cell and single-step titration method comparison Dataset Description: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Version 2 (the current version) contains the following changes from version 1:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
- Corrections to a small number of values where, rather than giving the average of two duplicates, the value of one replicate was given (Column 16, flags 6, for cruise MR23-07).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
- The addition of column Final_pHt_for_Single_Step_method_TA.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt; Methods and Sampling: &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Samples were collected from the CTD rosette following best practices (Dickson et al., 2007). Samples for single-step total alkalinity (TA) titrations were collected in 100-milliliter (mL) borosilicate glass bottles, and samples for open cell titrations were collected in 250-mL borosilicate glass bottles. Samples were poisoned with 0.04% HgCl2 and a precise headspace of ~1% was created using a pipette. Bottles were sealed with ground glass stopper, and apiezon L grease and a rubber band and plastic hose clamp were used to keep the stopper in place.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The TA measured on board was measured by single-step titration with spectrophotometric endpoint detection using bromocresol green following the methods of Yao and Byrne (1998). The duplicate samples were shipped to the laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, MA, USA for analysis using an open cell titration and non-linear least squares fitting as described in Dickson et al. (2003). DIC for both shipboard and land-based analysis was done by acidification and coulometric detection following best practices methods (Dickson et al. 2007).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based pH on the total scale (pHt) at 20 degrees Celsius was done using a custom-built instrument similar to Carter et al. (2013) and purified meta-cresol purple indicator.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Instrumentation:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The shipboard TA analysis by single step titration was done using spectrophotometry with a single acid addition procedure using a custom-made system (Nippon ANS, Inc., Japan).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based TA was performed with a custom-designed titration designed and built by the laboratory of Andrew G. Dickson (University of California, San Diego) as described in Dickson et al. (2003).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Shipboard DIC was determined using an automated TCO2 analyzer (Nippon ANS, Inc., Japan) with coulometric detection.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based DIC was determined by a custom dissolved inorganic carbon extraction with coulometric detection built by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Laboratory and is a modern version of the original SOMMA system (Johnson et al. 1992).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based pHt was measured at 20 degrees Celsius with a custom system designed and built by the Woosley laboratory consisting of a Kloehn syringe pump and Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer and controlled using LabView Software.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/890560.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-2148468" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2148468 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2148468</gmx:Anchor>
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        <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/award/939285.rdf" xlink:title="OCE-2342986" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2342986 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2342986</gmx:Anchor>
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The oceans help to slow climate change by absorbing about a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by burning of fossil fuels and other human activities. The Pacific and Southern Oceans are known to take up and store significant amounts of anthropogenic CO2, but many questions regarding the amount, variability, and biogeochemical and ecological impacts remain unanswered. This research will focus on answering some of those questions in two areas of the Pacific by analyzing samples for total CO2, total alkalinity, and pH on two GEOTRACES cruises, GP17-OCE and GP17-ANT. The project will support several undergraduate student researchers and create educational modules on ocean acidification for general public and K-12 students.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the GP17-OCE expedition in the south Pacific, sub-decadal scale variability in the uptake of CO2 and resulting decrease in pH (termed ocean acidification) will be examined by comparing data collected on this expedition with data from prior occupations of the line in 1991, 2005 and 2014. An extended multilinear regression technique will be used to separate natural variability from human induced changes. The second expedition, GP17-ANT, covers the Amundsen Sea, an area with few prior carbon measurements. This sea is perennially ice-covered with several seasonal polynyas (areas of open water surrounded by sea ice) and exhibits complex water circulation making the contribution to the global carbon cycle uncertain. The data collected from this expedition will examine several hypotheses regarding how carbon is taken up, mixed, and recirculated in the region, how glacial ice melt, sea ice, and biological productivity influence the carbon cycle, and provide baseline measurements against future data to determine changes in the carbon cycle of the region over time. Both expeditions will leverage the myriad of other parameters being measured, particularly trace metals such as iron and zinc, to examine how cycling of carbon and trace metals are interlinked through pH.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gmx:Anchor xlink:href="http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/project/939276.rdf" xlink:title="Project Name" xlink:actuate="onRequest">Collaborative Research: Opening the black box of oxygen deficient zone biogeochemistry through integrative tracers</gmx:Anchor>
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&lt;p&gt;The oxygen deficient zones are regions in the ocean where dissolved oxygen disappears. These regions harbor unique ecosystems only found in waters without oxygen, and they are important for Earth’s climate. Specifically, the production of nitrogen gas by two microbial processes, anammox and denitrification can control how productive the oceans are. Yet how much each process shapes ocean chemistry within these areas remains unknown. This project aims to study the oxygen deficient waters of the eastern tropical North Pacific ocean to better understand the mechanisms shaping marine nitrogen and carbon chemistry. Through this work, the project will train undergraduate and graduate students at three universities. The project aims to broaden participation in and understanding of ocean sciences by developing public videos about the methods used and the science behind the project.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The investigators will conduct a research cruise in the eastern tropical North Pacific ocean, the largest oxygen deficient zone. They will measure many nutrients including inorganic carbon and nitrogen and natural abundance stable isotopes of nitrogen compounds. They will use these patterns to establish how the major reactions work together to control nitrogen cycling and gaseous nitrogen production. In addition, a high-resolution model of the ocean will reveal the influence of ocean mixing, set the timescales for reactions, and enable synthesis of the measurements into a global context. The work will determine how the input of oxygen through mixing controls chemistry, and it will distinguish between the processes restricted to the permanently anoxic core vs. those that tolerate (or are enhanced by) occasional oxygenation. Overall, the project will provide new information about nitrogen cycling pathways (anammox, denitrification, and nitrite oxidation) across the region and link the resulting isotopic signals to the global nitrogen budget.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.&lt;/p&gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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	Name: Cruise
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Cruise identification number&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970110.rdf
	Name: sample_ID
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Sample identifier composed of formula (Station&amp;quot;*1000)+(&amp;quot;Cast&amp;quot;*100)+(&amp;quot;Niskin&amp;quot;)&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970111.rdf
	Name: Station
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station number&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970112.rdf
	Name: Cast
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Cast identifier&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970113.rdf
	Name: NiskinBottle_No
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Niskin bottle identifier&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970114.rdf
	Name: Date
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station occupation date&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970115.rdf
	Name: Time
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station occupation time (UTC)&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970116.rdf
	Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Station occupation date and time (UTC) in ISO8601 format&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970117.rdf
	Name: LATITUDE
	Units: degrees North
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Latitude&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970118.rdf
	Name: LONGITUDE
	Units: degrees East
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Longitude&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970119.rdf
	Name: CTD_Salinity
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Practical salinity as measured by the CTD&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970120.rdf
	Name: CTD_Salinity_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970121.rdf
	Name: Bottle_Salinity
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Practical salinity measured from the niskin bottle&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970122.rdf
	Name: Bot_Sal_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970123.rdf
	Name: CTD_Pressure
	Units: decibars (db)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Pressure&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970124.rdf
	Name: Total_Alkalinity_Single_Step_method
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Total alkalinity as measured using the single-step titration method&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970125.rdf
	Name: Total_Alkalinity_Single_Step_Method_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970126.rdf
	Name: Final_pHt_for_Single_Step_method_TA
	Units: total scale
	Description: &lt;p&gt;pHt (total scale) measured at the end of the titration for the single step method of Total Alkalinity&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970127.rdf
	Name: Total_Alkalinity_Open_Cell_Method
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Total alkalinity as measured using the open cell method&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970128.rdf
	Name: Total_Alkalinity_Open_Cell_Method_Flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970129.rdf
	Name: Ship_DIC
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved inorganic carbon measured on board the ship&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970130.rdf
	Name: Ship_DIC_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970131.rdf
	Name: Lab_DIC
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved inorganic carbon measured in the laboratory&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970132.rdf
	Name: Lab_DIC_analytical_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970133.rdf
	Name: Lab_DIC_Storage_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970134.rdf
	Name: Ship_pHt
	Units: total scale
	Description: &lt;p&gt;pH on the total scale measured on the ship&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970135.rdf
	Name: Ship_pHt_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970136.rdf
	Name: Ship_pH_Temp
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Temperature of ship pHt analysis&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970137.rdf
	Name: Lab_pHt
	Units: total scale
	Description: &lt;p&gt;pH on the total scale measured in the laboratory&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970138.rdf
	Name: Lab_pHt_analytical_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970139.rdf
	Name: Lab_pHt_storage_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970140.rdf
	Name: Lab_pHt_temp
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Temperature of lab pHt anaysis&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970141.rdf
	Name: CTDTEMP
	Units: degrees Celsius
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Temperature measured by the CTD sensor&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970142.rdf
	Name: CTDTEMP_Flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970143.rdf
	Name: O2
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved oxygen&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970144.rdf
	Name: O2_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970145.rdf
	Name: DOC
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissoloved organic carbon&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970146.rdf
	Name: DOC_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970147.rdf
	Name: NO3
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved nitrate&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970148.rdf
	Name: NO3_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970149.rdf
	Name: NO2
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved nitrite&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970150.rdf
	Name: NO2_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970151.rdf
	Name: Si
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved silicate&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970152.rdf
	Name: Si_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970153.rdf
	Name: PO4
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved phosphate&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970154.rdf
	Name: PO4_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970155.rdf
	Name: NH4
	Units: micromoles per kilogram of seawater (umol/kg_sw)
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Dissolved ammonium&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970156.rdf
	Name: NH4_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970157.rdf
	Name: fDOM
	Units: RU
	Description: &lt;p&gt;Florescent dissolved organic carbon&lt;/p&gt; 
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/970158.rdf
	Name: fDOM_flag
	Units: unitless
	Description: &lt;p&gt;WOCE QC flagging scheme&lt;/p&gt; 
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The TA measured on board was measured by single-step titration with spectrophotometric endpoint detection using bromocresol green following the methods of Yao and Byrne (1998). The duplicate samples were shipped to the laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, MA, USA for analysis using an open cell titration and non-linear least squares fitting as described in Dickson et al. (2003). DIC for both shipboard and land-based analysis was done by acidification and coulometric detection following best practices methods (Dickson et al. 2007).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based pH on the total scale (pHt) at 20 degrees Celsius was done using a custom-built instrument similar to Carter et al. (2013) and purified meta-cresol purple indicator.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Instrumentation:&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;
The shipboard TA analysis by single step titration was done using spectrophotometry with a single acid addition procedure using a custom-made system (Nippon ANS, Inc., Japan).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based TA was performed with a custom-designed titration designed and built by the laboratory of Andrew G. Dickson (University of California, San Diego) as described in Dickson et al. (2003).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Shipboard DIC was determined using an automated TCO2 analyzer (Nippon ANS, Inc., Japan) with coulometric detection.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based DIC was determined by a custom dissolved inorganic carbon extraction with coulometric detection built by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Laboratory and is a modern version of the original SOMMA system (Johnson et al. 1992).&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Land-based pHt was measured at 20 degrees Celsius with a custom system designed and built by the Woosley laboratory consisting of a Kloehn syringe pump and Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer and controlled using LabView Software.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</gco:CharacterString>
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&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;For single-step TA, the values were adjusted according to the ratio of the mean measured CRM value and the certified value. For open cell TA, no adjustment was made to the CRM.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

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- Created date-time UTC column in ISO 8601 format.
- Saved final file as &amp;quot;957527_v1_ta_comparison.csv&amp;quot;.

Version 2:
(version date 2025-07-29)
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- Marked &amp;quot;-999&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;-999.0000&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;-999.000&amp;quot; as missing data values (missing data are empty/blank in the final csv file).
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Created date-time UTC column in ISO 8601 format.
- Rounded Total_Alkalinity_Open_Cell_Method, Final_pHt_for_Single_Step_method_TA, and Lab_pHt to 4 decimal places.
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