http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/960128
eng; USA
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dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
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2025-05-05
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Reef organism growth from in-situ experiments with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) exposure treatments conducted in Mo'orea, French Polynesia in 2022 and 2023
2025-05-05
publication
2025-05-05
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2025-05-05
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/960128
Nyssa Silbiger
California State University Northridge
principalInvestigator
Danielle M Barnas
California State University Northridge
principalInvestigator
Maya Zeff
California State University Northridge
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Silbiger, N., Barnas, D. M., Zeff, M. (2025) Reef organism growth from in-situ experiments with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) exposure treatments conducted in Mo'orea, French Polynesia in 2022 and 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-05-05 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/960128 [access date]
Dataset Description: <p>See the "Related Datasets" section or the project page for other data collected as part of this study.</p>
<p>See the Project Page for more data collected as part of the project.</p> Methods and Sampling: <p>Detailed methods are outlined in Barnas et al. (2025) and summarized here.&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;(a) Study site and experimental design.&nbsp; &nbsp; We created two SGD exposure treatments based on environmental data from Silbiger et al. (2023)&nbsp; and two SGD assemblage treatments based on benthic community surveys from naturally high or&nbsp;&nbsp;low SGD influence to test the effect of SGD on organismal growth and community metabolism&nbsp;(i.e., photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification). Specifically, we subjected multiple reef taxa&nbsp; in curated assemblages to high or low SGD exposure for six weeks during the rainy season,&nbsp; when SGD fluxes are highest. Ten replicate assemblages of the two community types were&nbsp; &nbsp;placed in each exposure treatment (two assemblage treatments ✕ two exposure treatments) for a&nbsp; total of 40 assemblages. This is an in situ experiment, with organisms soaking at the exposure sites for nearly 2 months.<br />
<br />
(b) SGD Exposure Treatments.&nbsp; &nbsp;Due to the predictable flow regime along the fringing reef, we selected two experimental locations: one 50 m upstream (low SGD exposure) and one 27 m downstream (high SGD exposure) of the known SGD seepage point. These sites were chosen to minimize&nbsp; &nbsp;differences in flow, sedimentation, and light regime, while also keeping distance offshore&nbsp; constant (18 m). To monitor SGD presence at each exposure site at high and low tides, we&nbsp; collected continuous measurements of salinity (accuracy ± 5%, precision = 2 uS/cm conductivity) and temperature (accuracy ± 0.1℃, precision = 0.01°C)&nbsp; (HOBO U24 Saltwater&nbsp; Conductivity Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Massachusetts) at the seepage point and each exposure location at 5-minute intervals. We also collected four discrete water&nbsp; samples in acid-washed triple-rinsed 125 mL Nalgene bottles during low and high tides at day and nighttime within a 24-hour period from March 9-10, 2023. From each sample, we measured&nbsp; instantaneous salinity (accuracy ± 1.0% psu,&nbsp;precision = 0.1 psu) and temperature (accuracy &nbsp;± 0.3°C, precision = 0.1°C) (YSI Pro2030,&nbsp; Xylem Inc., Washington D.C), pHT (tris-calibrated [total scale] ROSSTM double junction electrode, accuracy ± 0.002, precision = 0.001, Orion Star A325, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Massachusetts), nutrients (Silicate [SiO 2-], phosphate [PO 3-], and nitrate+nitrite [N+N]) and total alkalinity (AT).&nbsp; &nbsp;pHT was corrected for in situ temperature using the seacarb package. Nutrient samples were filtered through a 0.22µm Sterivex filter before being frozen at -20℃ for subsequent nutrient&nbsp; analysis at the S-LAB at University of Hawai'i, where they were analyzed on a Seal Analytical AA3 HR Nutrient Analyzer (N+N: detection limit&nbsp;[DL] = 0.009&nbsp; and coefficient of variation [CV]&nbsp; = 0.3%; PO 3-: DL = 0.011 and CV = 0.2%; SiO 2-: DL = 0.03 and CV = 0.5%) at the UH SOEST Lab for Analytical Chemistry. Total alkalinity samples were fixed with 50% saturated mercuric chloride in deionized (DI) water following protocols by the Dickson lab (Dickson et al. 2007). We analyzed AT using a&nbsp; Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator for open-cell potentiometric titrations, and accuracy and precision of titrations were tested against a certified reference material (CRM&nbsp; &nbsp; Reference Material for Oceanic CO2 Measurements, A. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) at the beginning of each set of titrated samples (accuracy &lt; 0.5% off&nbsp; &nbsp;from reference material, precision = 5 µmol kg-1).<br />
<br />
(c) SGD Assemblage Treatments.&nbsp; Benthic community composition surveys were used to determine the species identities of benthic&nbsp;communities to deploy at high and&nbsp;low SGD exposure locations. We selected eight total survey&nbsp;&nbsp;sites, four exhibiting highest and four exhibiting lowest environmental SGD exposure based on&nbsp;prior data.&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;Benthic communities were surveyed via snorkeling at each site from June-July&nbsp; &nbsp;2022 to estimate species composition of coral, macroalgae, sponges, corallimorphs,&nbsp;anemones,&nbsp;and cyanobacteria. Composition was assessed within 2 m ✕ 2 m plots using a uniform point-&nbsp; &nbsp;count method with 200 evenly distributed points at each site&nbsp;(4 m2 per site, 16 m2 total area per&nbsp; &nbsp;SGD exposure type). Organisms at each point were identified to species level when possible, or&nbsp;the lowest possible taxonomic unit.&nbsp;&nbsp;We determined the top eight most abundant benthic&nbsp;species from each environmental exposure area for our assemblage treatments). While species richness was&nbsp;consistent across assemblage types (n=8 species, abundance=1&nbsp; &nbsp;per species).</p>
<p>(d) Organism collection and deployment.&nbsp; &nbsp;A total of 320 organisms across all treatments (n = 80 individuals per treatment) were collected&nbsp;for this experiment. All species were hand collected by snorkel on the fringing reef at least 100m upcurrent of the known seepage point to avoid confounding effects of SGD on life history. To&nbsp;allow for direct comparison of individual response to SGD, replicate individuals of non-colonial&nbsp; organisms were collected in pairs to place one individual in each exposure treatment. Similarly,&nbsp; &nbsp;colonial species in each assemblage type were fragmented into two organisms, such that one&nbsp;organism was placed in high SGD exposure and one was placed in low SGD exposure. Both&nbsp;assemblage types therefore experienced each SGD exposure condition before being tested for&nbsp; changes in community metabolism (NEC and NEP). Replicates of species pairs or colonies were&nbsp; collected at least three meters away from each other to minimize genotypic duplication across&nbsp; assemblages in each exposure treatment.&nbsp;</p>
<p>All organisms were transported submerged to the Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research&nbsp; Station on Mo'orea and held in flow-through water tables. A supply of&nbsp;fresh&nbsp;&nbsp;seawater was&nbsp;&nbsp;continuously pumped from nearshore to provide an ambient coastal environment similar to the&nbsp;collection site, and the water was supplementally&nbsp;oxygenated using air bubblers (Tetra Whisper&nbsp; Air Pump, Virginia, USA). Water tables were cleaned daily to remove algae and avoid&nbsp; &nbsp;settlement. Organisms were&nbsp;fragmented and cleaned to remove excessive epiphytes and&nbsp;epifauna. We used forceps to remove epiphytes and epifauna from&nbsp;organisms&nbsp;and&nbsp;additionally&nbsp;removed&nbsp;epifauna from interstitial spaces of <em>L. kotschyanum </em>by submerging fragments in&nbsp; freshwater for up to 15 seconds, following protocols from Glanz (2021). Species with&nbsp;hard&nbsp; substrate (Scleractinia: <em>P. acuta</em>, <em>P. rus</em>, <em>M. grisea</em>; crustose coralline algae [CCA]: <em>L,</em>&nbsp;<em>kotschyanum</em>; Corallimorpharia: <em>D. nummiforme</em>; sponge: <em>Porifera </em>unk) were attached to wide&nbsp; flat-headed bolts with hot super glue (Gorilla Hot Glue, The Gorilla Glue Company, Ohio).&nbsp; Species not attached to the bolts (macroalgae: <em>D.&nbsp;bartayresiana</em>, <em>T. ornata</em>, <em>H. opuntia</em>, <em>V.</em>&nbsp; <em>fastigiata</em>; sponge: <em>L. chondrodes</em>) were wrapped loosely in clear nylon netting to allow&nbsp; sufficient space and light for growth (8 mm&nbsp;✕ &nbsp;8 mm mesh size).&nbsp;Organisms were deployed in either the high or low exposure location in situ for 5-6 weeks from&nbsp;February 8 - March 24, 2023. Species were held <em>in situ </em>in a metal cage (13&nbsp;mm&nbsp;✕ 13 mm mesh&nbsp; size) at each exposure site to reduce grazing and predation. Cages were fastened atop cinder&nbsp; block platforms raised above the benthos to 0.6 m&nbsp;depth at each site. Bolt-mounted species were&nbsp; fastened to the cage along the mesh base with washers and nuts, while netted organisms were&nbsp;attached to the base&nbsp;with&nbsp; zipties. Cages were consistently cleaned and checked for overall health&nbsp; condition of species throughout deployment.</p>
<p>&nbsp;(e) Individual growth rate.&nbsp;&nbsp; Species were measured before and after deployment for weight ( ± 0.1 g, Adam Equipment CQI-&nbsp; &nbsp;2601 balance, NY, USA) to determine&nbsp;growth of species across exposure treatments. Bolt-mounted organisms were buoyant-weighed (Scleractinia and CCA) or wet-weighed (<em>D. nummiforme </em>and <em>Porifera&nbsp;</em>unk) by patting the organism with a dry cloth to remove excess water. All other species (macroalgae and <em>L. chondrodes</em>) were wet-weighed before being wrapped in&nbsp;mesh&nbsp;&nbsp;and after mesh removal by using a centrifugal spinner with a standard timed rotation. We estimated individual growth as the daily change in growth normalized to&nbsp;biomass (mg g-1 d-1), and we converted buoyant weight to dry weight using the skeletal density of each species: aragonite (2.93 g cm-3) for corals and calcite (2.71 g cm-&nbsp;3)&nbsp;for CCA. All individual weights were normalized to biomass for consistency across species, but surface area-normalized growth rates were also calculated for the&nbsp;three&nbsp;coral species and the on CCA to verify that growth was consistent to previous literature.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1924281 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1924281
onGoing
Nyssa Silbiger
California State University Northridge
818-677-2901
HI
USA
silbiger@hawaii.edu
pointOfContact
Danielle M Barnas
California State University Northridge
dmbarnas@hawaii.edu
pointOfContact
Maya Zeff
California State University Northridge
mayazeff@ucsc.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
SpeciesID
DaysInSitu
AT
ET
growthrate
SA
FullSp
Location
HOBO U24 Saltwater Conductivity Logger
YSI Pro2030, Xylem Inc., Washington D.C
Orion Star A325
Adam Equipment CQI-2601 balance, NY, USA
Seal Analytical AA3 HR
Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
time_elapsed
treatment
growth
surface_area
verbatim identification
site
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Conductivity Meter
Multi Parameter Portable Meter
pH Sensor
PME miniPAR logger
scale or balance
Seal Analytical AutoAnalyser 3HR
Titrator
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
RUI: Collaborative Research: Defining the biogeochemical context and ecological impacts of submarine groundwater discharge on coral reefs
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/820158
RUI: Collaborative Research: Defining the biogeochemical context and ecological impacts of submarine groundwater discharge on coral reefs
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the flow of water from land through the coastal seafloor into the nearby ocean. Approximately 13,000 cubic kilometers of groundwater is discharged into coastal environments every year, yet the effects of this fresh and often nutrient rich SGD are still poorly understood for coral reefs. This SGD input is driven by changes in precipitation, human land use, sea-level rise, tidal amplitude, and groundwater usage, many of which are rapidly changing with climate and human impacts. This project improves our understanding of SGD effects on coral reefs to better predict how both natural and human-induced changes will affect coastal ecosystem functioning in the future. Working in one of the most comprehensively studied coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific (Mo'orea, French Polynesia, home of the Mo'orea Coral Reef Ecosystem LTER); this project tests the influence of SGD on individual, community, and ecosystem-scale coral reef processes. Using mensurative studies, caging experiments, and a synthetic model, the investigators: 1) characterize SGD gradients and relate it to high resolution coral reef cover data, 2) determine how individual to ecosystem processes are influenced by SGD, and 3) develop a synthetic model to show how changes in SGD fluxes will alter reef ecosystem functioning. As SGD is a common feature on nearshore coral reefs worldwide, the results of this study have global implications for understanding the performance of coral reefs, which are essential economic, cultural, and scientific resources. This project is structured to provide training across multiple career levels, linking 13 undergraduate students, 2 graduate students, 2 senior personnel, 1 postdoctoral researcher, 1 female beginning lead investigator, and 2 senior co-investigators, with a focus on encouraging participation from underrepresented groups (e.g., through the Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian, Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander, and Hispanic-Serving Institutions of California State University Northridge, the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and California State University Long Beach). The investigators work with local K-12 students and teachers in Mo'orea and collaborate with an artist-in-residence to communicate science to the broader public through interactive and immersive art experiences in Mo'orea, Miami, and Los Angeles.</p>
<p>SGD is a natural and understudied feature of many nearshore coral reef ecosystems, which can contribute substantial changes to marine biogeochemistry, with impacts for coastal organisms such as reef-building corals, macroalgae, and bioeroders. SGD may play a key role in coral reef ecosystem functioning because it alters key physicochemical parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, and nutrient and carbonate chemistry) that substantially affect both biotic and abiotic processes on coral reefs. This project (i) characterizes the spatial extent and biogeochemical signal of SGD in Mo'orea, French Polynesia, (ii) identifies how SGD influences microbial processes, benthic organism growth rates and physiology, species interactions between corals, macroalgae, and herbivores, and net ecosystem calcification and production rates, and (iii) quantitatively assesses how changes in SGD fluxes will alter reef biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning through an integrative modelling effort. Specifically, the hydrogeological, biogeochemical, and ecological data collected in this study are synthesized in a Bayesian structural equation model. This project characterizes and quantifies how SGD directly and indirectly affects ecosystem functioning via changes in biogeochemistry and altered individual to ecosystem responses, thereby providing a better capacity to track and predict alterations in reef ecosystem function.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Moorea SGD
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
-149.903445
-149.896537
-17.5444
-17.538144
2022-06-01
2023-04-01
Mo'orea, French Polynesia
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Reef organism growth from in-situ experiments with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) exposure treatments conducted in Mo'orea, French Polynesia in 2022 and 2023
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960489.rdf
Name: SpeciesID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Fragment unique ID</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960490.rdf
Name: DaysInSitu
Units: days
Description: <p>Days in the field during experiment (Feb 2023 - April 2023)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960491.rdf
Name: AT
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Assemblage Treatment (High = assemblage from High SGD; LOW = Assemblage from low SGD site)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960492.rdf
Name: ET
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Environment Treatment (High = placement in high SGD environment; Low - placement in low SGD environment)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960493.rdf
Name: growthrate
Units: mg per g per day (mg g-1 d-1)
Description: <p>Growth rate of individual</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960494.rdf
Name: SA
Units: square centimeters (cm2)
Description: <p>surface are of individual</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960495.rdf
Name: FullSp
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Species name (see supplemental file 960128_species_list.csv for taxonomic identifiers)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/960496.rdf
Name: Location
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Site Name</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/960128/data/download
download
onLine
dataset
<p>Detailed methods are outlined in Barnas et al. (2025) and summarized here.&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;(a) Study site and experimental design.&nbsp; &nbsp; We created two SGD exposure treatments based on environmental data from Silbiger et al. (2023)&nbsp; and two SGD assemblage treatments based on benthic community surveys from naturally high or&nbsp;&nbsp;low SGD influence to test the effect of SGD on organismal growth and community metabolism&nbsp;(i.e., photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification). Specifically, we subjected multiple reef taxa&nbsp; in curated assemblages to high or low SGD exposure for six weeks during the rainy season,&nbsp; when SGD fluxes are highest. Ten replicate assemblages of the two community types were&nbsp; &nbsp;placed in each exposure treatment (two assemblage treatments ✕ two exposure treatments) for a&nbsp; total of 40 assemblages. This is an in situ experiment, with organisms soaking at the exposure sites for nearly 2 months.<br />
<br />
(b) SGD Exposure Treatments.&nbsp; &nbsp;Due to the predictable flow regime along the fringing reef, we selected two experimental locations: one 50 m upstream (low SGD exposure) and one 27 m downstream (high SGD exposure) of the known SGD seepage point. These sites were chosen to minimize&nbsp; &nbsp;differences in flow, sedimentation, and light regime, while also keeping distance offshore&nbsp; constant (18 m). To monitor SGD presence at each exposure site at high and low tides, we&nbsp; collected continuous measurements of salinity (accuracy ± 5%, precision = 2 uS/cm conductivity) and temperature (accuracy ± 0.1℃, precision = 0.01°C)&nbsp; (HOBO U24 Saltwater&nbsp; Conductivity Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Massachusetts) at the seepage point and each exposure location at 5-minute intervals. We also collected four discrete water&nbsp; samples in acid-washed triple-rinsed 125 mL Nalgene bottles during low and high tides at day and nighttime within a 24-hour period from March 9-10, 2023. From each sample, we measured&nbsp; instantaneous salinity (accuracy ± 1.0% psu,&nbsp;precision = 0.1 psu) and temperature (accuracy &nbsp;± 0.3°C, precision = 0.1°C) (YSI Pro2030,&nbsp; Xylem Inc., Washington D.C), pHT (tris-calibrated [total scale] ROSSTM double junction electrode, accuracy ± 0.002, precision = 0.001, Orion Star A325, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Massachusetts), nutrients (Silicate [SiO 2-], phosphate [PO 3-], and nitrate+nitrite [N+N]) and total alkalinity (AT).&nbsp; &nbsp;pHT was corrected for in situ temperature using the seacarb package. Nutrient samples were filtered through a 0.22µm Sterivex filter before being frozen at -20℃ for subsequent nutrient&nbsp; analysis at the S-LAB at University of Hawai'i, where they were analyzed on a Seal Analytical AA3 HR Nutrient Analyzer (N+N: detection limit&nbsp;[DL] = 0.009&nbsp; and coefficient of variation [CV]&nbsp; = 0.3%; PO 3-: DL = 0.011 and CV = 0.2%; SiO 2-: DL = 0.03 and CV = 0.5%) at the UH SOEST Lab for Analytical Chemistry. Total alkalinity samples were fixed with 50% saturated mercuric chloride in deionized (DI) water following protocols by the Dickson lab (Dickson et al. 2007). We analyzed AT using a&nbsp; Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator for open-cell potentiometric titrations, and accuracy and precision of titrations were tested against a certified reference material (CRM&nbsp; &nbsp; Reference Material for Oceanic CO2 Measurements, A. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) at the beginning of each set of titrated samples (accuracy &lt; 0.5% off&nbsp; &nbsp;from reference material, precision = 5 µmol kg-1).<br />
<br />
(c) SGD Assemblage Treatments.&nbsp; Benthic community composition surveys were used to determine the species identities of benthic&nbsp;communities to deploy at high and&nbsp;low SGD exposure locations. We selected eight total survey&nbsp;&nbsp;sites, four exhibiting highest and four exhibiting lowest environmental SGD exposure based on&nbsp;prior data.&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;Benthic communities were surveyed via snorkeling at each site from June-July&nbsp; &nbsp;2022 to estimate species composition of coral, macroalgae, sponges, corallimorphs,&nbsp;anemones,&nbsp;and cyanobacteria. Composition was assessed within 2 m ✕ 2 m plots using a uniform point-&nbsp; &nbsp;count method with 200 evenly distributed points at each site&nbsp;(4 m2 per site, 16 m2 total area per&nbsp; &nbsp;SGD exposure type). Organisms at each point were identified to species level when possible, or&nbsp;the lowest possible taxonomic unit.&nbsp;&nbsp;We determined the top eight most abundant benthic&nbsp;species from each environmental exposure area for our assemblage treatments). While species richness was&nbsp;consistent across assemblage types (n=8 species, abundance=1&nbsp; &nbsp;per species).</p>
<p>(d) Organism collection and deployment.&nbsp; &nbsp;A total of 320 organisms across all treatments (n = 80 individuals per treatment) were collected&nbsp;for this experiment. All species were hand collected by snorkel on the fringing reef at least 100m upcurrent of the known seepage point to avoid confounding effects of SGD on life history. To&nbsp;allow for direct comparison of individual response to SGD, replicate individuals of non-colonial&nbsp; organisms were collected in pairs to place one individual in each exposure treatment. Similarly,&nbsp; &nbsp;colonial species in each assemblage type were fragmented into two organisms, such that one&nbsp;organism was placed in high SGD exposure and one was placed in low SGD exposure. Both&nbsp;assemblage types therefore experienced each SGD exposure condition before being tested for&nbsp; changes in community metabolism (NEC and NEP). Replicates of species pairs or colonies were&nbsp; collected at least three meters away from each other to minimize genotypic duplication across&nbsp; assemblages in each exposure treatment.&nbsp;</p>
<p>All organisms were transported submerged to the Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research&nbsp; Station on Mo'orea and held in flow-through water tables. A supply of&nbsp;fresh&nbsp;&nbsp;seawater was&nbsp;&nbsp;continuously pumped from nearshore to provide an ambient coastal environment similar to the&nbsp;collection site, and the water was supplementally&nbsp;oxygenated using air bubblers (Tetra Whisper&nbsp; Air Pump, Virginia, USA). Water tables were cleaned daily to remove algae and avoid&nbsp; &nbsp;settlement. Organisms were&nbsp;fragmented and cleaned to remove excessive epiphytes and&nbsp;epifauna. We used forceps to remove epiphytes and epifauna from&nbsp;organisms&nbsp;and&nbsp;additionally&nbsp;removed&nbsp;epifauna from interstitial spaces of <em>L. kotschyanum </em>by submerging fragments in&nbsp; freshwater for up to 15 seconds, following protocols from Glanz (2021). Species with&nbsp;hard&nbsp; substrate (Scleractinia: <em>P. acuta</em>, <em>P. rus</em>, <em>M. grisea</em>; crustose coralline algae [CCA]: <em>L,</em>&nbsp;<em>kotschyanum</em>; Corallimorpharia: <em>D. nummiforme</em>; sponge: <em>Porifera </em>unk) were attached to wide&nbsp; flat-headed bolts with hot super glue (Gorilla Hot Glue, The Gorilla Glue Company, Ohio).&nbsp; Species not attached to the bolts (macroalgae: <em>D.&nbsp;bartayresiana</em>, <em>T. ornata</em>, <em>H. opuntia</em>, <em>V.</em>&nbsp; <em>fastigiata</em>; sponge: <em>L. chondrodes</em>) were wrapped loosely in clear nylon netting to allow&nbsp; sufficient space and light for growth (8 mm&nbsp;✕ &nbsp;8 mm mesh size).&nbsp;Organisms were deployed in either the high or low exposure location in situ for 5-6 weeks from&nbsp;February 8 - March 24, 2023. Species were held <em>in situ </em>in a metal cage (13&nbsp;mm&nbsp;✕ 13 mm mesh&nbsp; size) at each exposure site to reduce grazing and predation. Cages were fastened atop cinder&nbsp; block platforms raised above the benthos to 0.6 m&nbsp;depth at each site. Bolt-mounted species were&nbsp; fastened to the cage along the mesh base with washers and nuts, while netted organisms were&nbsp;attached to the base&nbsp;with&nbsp; zipties. Cages were consistently cleaned and checked for overall health&nbsp; condition of species throughout deployment.</p>
<p>&nbsp;(e) Individual growth rate.&nbsp;&nbsp; Species were measured before and after deployment for weight ( ± 0.1 g, Adam Equipment CQI-&nbsp; &nbsp;2601 balance, NY, USA) to determine&nbsp;growth of species across exposure treatments. Bolt-mounted organisms were buoyant-weighed (Scleractinia and CCA) or wet-weighed (<em>D. nummiforme </em>and <em>Porifera&nbsp;</em>unk) by patting the organism with a dry cloth to remove excess water. All other species (macroalgae and <em>L. chondrodes</em>) were wet-weighed before being wrapped in&nbsp;mesh&nbsp;&nbsp;and after mesh removal by using a centrifugal spinner with a standard timed rotation. We estimated individual growth as the daily change in growth normalized to&nbsp;biomass (mg g-1 d-1), and we converted buoyant weight to dry weight using the skeletal density of each species: aragonite (2.93 g cm-3) for corals and calcite (2.71 g cm-&nbsp;3)&nbsp;for CCA. All individual weights were normalized to biomass for consistency across species, but surface area-normalized growth rates were also calculated for the&nbsp;three&nbsp;coral species and the on CCA to verify that growth was consistent to previous literature.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>All data and code are available on GitHub (https://github.com/dbarnas/SGD_drives_both_direct_and_indirect_effects_on_organismal_and_community_metabolism_on_coral_reefs) and Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/14285978)</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
* Table within submitted file "organism_growth.csv" was imported into the BCO-DMO data system for this dataset. Values "NA" imported as missing data values. Table will appear as Data File: *960128_v1_sgd-response-reef-organism-growth.csv (along with other download format options).
Missing Data Identifiers:
* In the BCO-DMO data system missing data identifiers are displayed according to the format of data you access. For example, in csv files it will be blank (null) values. In Matlab .mat files it will be NaN values. When viewing data online at BCO-DMO, the missing value will be shown as blank (null) values.
* Column names adjusted to conform to BCO-DMO naming conventions designed to support broad re-use by a variety of research tools and scripting languages. [Only numbers, letters, and underscores. Can not start with a number]
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HOBO U24 Saltwater Conductivity Logger
HOBO U24 Saltwater Conductivity Logger
PI Supplied Instrument Name: HOBO U24 Saltwater Conductivity Logger PI Supplied Instrument Description:HOBO U24 Saltwater Conductivity Logger, Onset Computer Corporation, Massachusetts: salinity (accuracy ± 5%, precision = 2 uS/cm conductivity) and temperature (accuracy ± 0.1℃, precision = 0.01°C) was used to measure salinity and temperature in the field.
Instrument Name: Conductivity Meter Instrument Short Name:Conductivity Meter Instrument Description: Conductivity Meter - An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. Commonly used in hydroponics, aquaculture and freshwater systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.
YSI Pro2030, Xylem Inc., Washington D.C
YSI Pro2030, Xylem Inc., Washington D.C
PI Supplied Instrument Name: YSI Pro2030, Xylem Inc., Washington D.C PI Supplied Instrument Description:YSI Pro2030, Xylem Inc., Washington D.C: salinity (accuracy ± 1.0% psu, precision = 0.1 psu) and temperature (accuracy ± 0.3°C, precision = 0.1°C) was used for discrete salinity and temperature measurements in the lab. Instrument Name: Multi Parameter Portable Meter Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An analytical instrument that can measure multiple parameters, such as pH, EC, TDS, DO and temperature with one device and is portable or hand-held.
Orion Star A325
Orion Star A325
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Orion Star A325 PI Supplied Instrument Description:Orion Star A325, with ROSSTM double junction electrode Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Massachusetts: accuracy ± 0.002 mV, precision = 0.001 was used to measure Tris-calibrated pH Instrument Name: pH Sensor Instrument Short Name:pH Sensor Instrument Description: An instrument that measures the hydrogen ion activity in solutions.
The overall concentration of hydrogen ions is inversely related to its pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and indicates whether acidic (more H+) or basic (less H+).
PI Supplied Instrument Name: PI Supplied Instrument Description:miniPAR, accuracy ± 5% in air traceable to NIST, Precision Measurement Engineering, California was used to measure PAR in the field. Instrument Name: PME miniPAR logger Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A submersible instrument that logs PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation), temperature and tilt measurements. Data are recorded on an internal SD card. The sensor is a LI-192 Underwater Quantum Sensor, manufactured by LI-COR. The sensor uses a silicon photodiode and glass optical filters to create a uniform sensitivity to light wavelengths in the 400-700nm range. It measures PAR from all angles in one hemisphere. An anti-fouling wiper is available. The instrument can be configured to record at intervals between 1 and 60 minutes. It is submersible up to 100 metres. PAR measurement accuracy is dependent upon the stability of the sensor pointed towards the water surface.
Adam Equipment CQI-2601 balance, NY, USA
Adam Equipment CQI-2601 balance, NY, USA
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Adam Equipment CQI-2601 balance, NY, USA PI Supplied Instrument Description:Adam Equipment CQI-2601 balance, NY, USA (accuracy ± 0.1 g) was used to wet and buoyant weigh the organisms Instrument Name: scale or balance Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Devices that determine the mass or weight of a sample. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/
Seal Analytical AA3 HR
Seal Analytical AA3 HR
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Seal Analytical AA3 HR PI Supplied Instrument Description:Seal Analytical AA3 HR Nutrient Analyzer at the University of Hawaii S-Lab : (N+N: detection limit [DL] = 0.009 and coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.3%; PO 3-: DL = 0.011 and CV = 0.2%; SiO 2-: DL = 0.03 and CV = 0.5%) was used to process all the nutrient samples Instrument Name: Seal Analytical AutoAnalyser 3HR Instrument Short Name:Seal Analytical AutoAnalyser 3HR Instrument Description: A fully automated Segmented Flow Analysis (SFA) system, ideal for water and seawater analysis. It comprises a modular system which integrates an autosampler, peristaltic pump, chemistry manifold and detector. The sample and reagents are pumped continuously through the chemistry manifold, and air bubbles are introduced at regular intervals forming reaction segments which are mixed using glass coils. The AA3 uses segmented flow analysis principles to reduce inter-sample dispersion, and can analyse up to 100 samples per hour using stable LED light sources.
Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator
Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator PI Supplied Instrument Description:Mettler Toledo T5 autotitrator: (accuracy < 0.5% off from certified reference material, precision = 5 µmol kg-1) was used to measure total alkalinity. Instrument Name: Titrator Instrument Short Name:Titrator Instrument Description: Titrators are instruments that incrementally add quantified aliquots of a reagent to a sample until the end-point of a chemical reaction is reached. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12/