http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/962736
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2025-05-29
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Cell concentrations, percent of host infected, and bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from laboratory experiments examining parasite-host metabolites in 2023
2025-05-29
publication
2025-05-29
revision
Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)
2025-06-17
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.962736.1
Sean Anderson
University of New Hampshire
principalInvestigator
Elizabeth Harvey
University of New Hampshire
principalInvestigator
Kelsey Poulson-Ellestad
Roosevelt University
principalInvestigator
Philip Place
University of New Hampshire
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Anderson, S., Place, P., Gray, L., Poulson-Ellestad, K., Harvey, E. (2025) Cell concentrations, percent of host infected, and bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from laboratory experiments examining parasite-host metabolites in 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-05-29 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.962736.1 [access date]
Methods and Sampling: <p>Culturing and experimental set-up:</p>
<p>Phytoplankton cultures used in this study were obtained from the Roscoff Culture Collection (RCC; Vaulot et al. 2004). Host cultures of <em>Scrippsiella acuminata </em>(RCC 1627) were maintained in 0.2 µm sterile-filtered autoclaved seawater that was enriched with f/2 minus silica (Guillard 1975). Hosts were transferred into fresh media every 7-10 d to maintain exponential growth. Two strains of <em>Amoebophrya</em> sp. parasite spores (RCC 4390 and 4401) were inoculated every 2-3 d with fresh and exponentially growing host culture at a ratio of 1:1 spore to host by volume to maintain infection. Parasite and host cultures were kept at 18 °C on a 12:12 hr light: dark cycle at 80-100 µmol photon m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Spore cultures were spot-checked each week on a Nikon eclipse TE300 microscope at 20x magnification.</p>
<p>To prepare for the infection experiment, fresh parasite spores were filtered through 10 µm mesh to separate the smaller spores (2-5 µm) from any remaining host cells (Chen et al. 2021). Spores were added separately (4401 and 4390) into healthy host cultures in triplicate 1.2-L bottles at a ratio of 1:1 spore to host based on their cell densities (Long et al. 2021). Several control treatments, including spore-only, host-only, f/2 media, and Milli-Q water, were also included in triplicate. Separate infection experiments were conducted for each parasite strain (Infection_experiment column in data file), with their own set of treatments and controls (Treatment column). Bottles were sampled daily for 4 d to capture a single infection cycle.</p>
<p>Flow cytometry:</p>
<p>Samples for flow cytometry were run daily to estimate changes in host and parasite spore abundances in the infected and control treatments. Two separate runs were performed for host and spores. For the hosts, 200 µl aliquots were sampled from triplicate bottles, added to a 96-well plate, and run live on a Guava easyCyte HT (Millipore) flow cytometer at low flow rate (0.24 µl s<sup>-1</sup>) for 3 min per well. Host populations were distinguished using predefined gates that were based on plots of forward scatter and red fluorescence (692 nm). For the spores, 198 µl aliquots were added to a 96-well plate, stained with 2 µl of 100x SYBR Green (Thermo Fisher), and allowed to incubate in the dark at room temperature for 20-30 min (Kayal et al. 2021). Parasite spore populations were detected based on forward scatter (proxy for cell size) and green fluorescence (512 nm) originating from SYBR-Green stained DNA (Kayal et al. 2021).&nbsp;</p>
<p>In addition, samples (1.8 mL) from each bottle were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde, stored at 4 °C, and run on a Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony) within 4-6 months to provide an estimate on the prevalence of infection (% of hosts infected). <em>Amoebophrya </em>sp. emit a natural green autofluorescence (Long et al. 2021), and so, we used predefined gates of the hosts using red and green fluorescence vs. forward scatter to bin infected from healthy hosts. This resulted in distinct populations of likely infected hosts that were larger and had stronger fluorescence, which may signify active intracellular infection and growth via spores. The difference in cell abundance from predefined gates were used as a conservative estimate of host infection (% infected).</p>
<p>DOC analysis:</p>
<p>Bulk DOC samples (40 mL) were filtered per bottle at each time point through pre-combusted GF/F filters and stored in HDPE plastic bottles at -20 °C until analysis. DOC samples were analyzed using high temperature combustion on a TOC-V analyzer (Shimadzu) at the University of New Hampshire (Carlson et al. 2010). Bulk DOC samples were not run for the 4390 strain infection experiment.<br />
<br />
Organism information:<br />
<br />
TaxonomicName,&nbsp;Life Science Identifier (LSID), strain_identifier, organism_type<br />
Scrippsiella acuminata, urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1321853, RCC 1627, host<br />
Amoebophrya sp., urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:109448,&nbsp;RCC 4390 and 4401, parasite</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2019589 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2019589
completed
Sean Anderson
University of New Hampshire
sra74866@uga.edu
pointOfContact
Elizabeth Harvey
University of New Hampshire
NH
USA
elizabeth.harvey@unh.edu
pointOfContact
Kelsey Poulson-Ellestad
Roosevelt University
kpoulsonellestad@roosevelt.edu
pointOfContact
Philip Place
University of New Hampshire
philip.place@unh.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Sample_name
Infection_experiment
Treatment
Time
Replicate
Date
Cell_concentration_host
Cell_concentration_spore
Percent_infected
DOC_concentration
Guava easyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore)
Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony)
Nikon eclipse TE300
Shimadzu TOC-V CSH with TNM-1 and ASI-V Autosampler (Shimadzu)
theme
None, User defined
sample identification
experiment id
treatment
time_elapsed
replicate
date
cell_concentration
No BCO-DMO term
dissolved organic Carbon
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Flow Cytometer
Flow Cytometer
Inverted Microscope
Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Center for Chemical Currencies of a Microbial Planet
https://ccomp-stc.org/
Center for Chemical Currencies of a Microbial Planet
Functions carried out by microscopic inhabitants of the surface ocean affect every aspect of life on our planet, regardless of distance from the coast. Ocean phytoplankton are responsible for half of the photosynthesis on Earth, the first step in a complex system that annually withdraws 50 billion metric tons of carbon from the atmosphere to sustain their growth. Of this, 25 billion metric tons participate in a rapid cycle in which biologically reactive material is released into seawater and converted back into carbon dioxide by marine bacteria within hours to days. The chemical-microbe network at the heart of this fast cycle remains poorly constrained; consequently, its primary currencies and controls remain elusive; its sensitivities to changing ocean conditions are unknown; and its responses to future climate scenarios are not predictable. The Center for Chemical Currencies of a Microbial Planet (C-CoMP) integrates research, education and knowledge transfer activities to develop a mechanistic understanding of surface ocean carbon flux within the context of a changing ocean and through increased participation in ocean sciences. C-CoMP supports science teams that merge biology, chemistry, modeling, and informatics to close long-standing knowledge gaps in the identities and dynamics of organic molecules that serve as the currencies of elemental transfer between the ocean and atmosphere. C-CoMP fosters education, outreach, and knowledge transfer activities that engage students of all ages, broaden participation in the next generation of ocean scientists, and extend novel open-science approaches into complementary academic and industrial communities. The Center framework is critical to this mission, uniquely facilitating an open exchange of experimental and computational science, methodological and conceptual challenges, and collaborations that establish integrated science and education partnerships. With expanded participation in ocean science research and ocean literacy across the US society, the next generation of ocean scientists will better reflect the diverse US population.
Climate-carbon feedbacks on the marine carbon reservoir are major uncertainties for future climate projections, and the trajectory and rate of ocean changes depend directly on microbial responses to temperature increases, ocean acidification, and other perturbations driven by climate change. C-CoMP research closes an urgent knowledge gap in the mechanisms driving carbon flow between ocean and atmosphere, with global implications for predictive climate models. The Center supports interdisciplinary science teams following open and reproducible science practices to address: (1) the chemical currencies of surface ocean carbon flux; (2) the structure and regulation of the chemical-microbe network that mediates this flux; and (3) sensitivity of the network and its feedbacks on climate. C-CoMP leverages emerging tools and technologies to tackle critical challenges in these themes, in synergy with existing ocean programs and consistent with NSF’s Big Ideas. C-CoMP education and outreach activities seek to overcome barriers to ocean literacy and diversify participation in ocean research. The Center is developing (1) initiatives to expand ocean literacy in K-12 and the broader public, (2) ocean sciences undergraduate curricula and research opportunities that provide multiple entry points into research experiences, (3) post-baccalaureate programs to transition undergraduates into graduate education and careers in ocean science, and (4) interdisciplinary graduate student and postdoctoral programs that prepare the next generation of ocean scientists. The C-CoMP team includes education faculty who evaluate the impacts of education and outreach activities and export successful STEM initiatives to the education community. C-CoMP is revolutionizing the technologies for studying chemical transformations in microbial systems to build understanding of the outsized impact of microbes on elemental cycles. Open science, cross-disciplinary collaborations, community engagement, and inclusive practices foster strategic advances in critical science problems and STEM initiatives. C-CoMP science, education, and knowledge-transfer themes are efficiently addressed through a sustained network of scientists addressing critical research challenges while broadening the workforce that will tackle multi-disciplinary problems with academic, industrial and policy partners.
This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.
The Program's Data Management Plan (DMP) is available as a PDF document.
C-CoMP
largerWorkCitation
program
Characterizing plankton parasite-host metabolites and the response of heterotrophic bacteria
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/953588
Characterizing plankton parasite-host metabolites and the response of heterotrophic bacteria
<p>Nearly half of annual primary production in the ocean is released by phytoplankton as labile metabolites, making up a large portion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can fuel microbial food webs and mediate cell signaling and species interactions. Phytoplankton mortality is a major source of labile DOC, and yet, the contribution of different sources of mortality to carbon cycling remains unclear. This is especially true for parasitism. In recent genomics surveys, parasitic protists have been found to be widespread in the ocean and well-connected to potential phytoplankton hosts via network analysis. The family Amoebophryaceae (Syndiniales) are one of the ubiquitous and phylogenetically diverse groups of protist parasites, known to infect a range of hosts and drive shifts in microbial diversity and bloom phenology. Though not well quantified, these parasites are thought to have a similar impact on carbon cycling as viruses, with rapid host infection (2-3 d) and a rerouting of particulate carbon to labile DOC. In this project, we performed culture-based experiments and used untargeted metabolomics to profile labile DOC released over an infection cycle. Phytoplankton cultures included two strains of <em>Amoebophrya</em> sp. that infect the same dinoflagellate host (<em>Scrippsiella acuminata</em>), allowing us to explore new insights into strain-level infection dynamics. Separate incubation experiments were also conducted to expose parasite-derived filtrate (collected fresh from cultures after host lysis) to natural bacterial communities. Samples were collected for metabarcoding and metatranscriptomics at discrete time points to characterize changes in bacterial community assembly and gene expression in the presence of labile DOC. This work aims to provide new perspectives on plankton parasitism and its role in biogeochemical cycling, which can inform future research directions in microbial parasite-host systems and lead to more accurate food web and ecosystem models in a changing ocean environment.</p>
Plankton parasite-host metabolites
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
2023-10-01
2023-12-01
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Cell concentrations, percent of host infected, and bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from laboratory experiments examining parasite-host metabolites in 2023
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962801.rdf
Name: Sample_name
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Unique name specifying treatment, day of infection, and replicate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962802.rdf
Name: Infection_experiment
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Experiment with 4401 or 4390 spores</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962803.rdf
Name: Treatment
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Infected cells, spore-only, or host-only</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962804.rdf
Name: Time
Units: days
Description: <p>Day of the infection cycle</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962805.rdf
Name: Replicate
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Treatment bottle replicate</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962806.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date of sample collection</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962807.rdf
Name: Cell_concentration_host
Units: Cells per ml (cells mL-1)
Description: <p>Concentration of hosts</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962808.rdf
Name: Cell_concentration_spore
Units: Cells per ml (cells mL-1)
Description: <p>Concentration of spores</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962809.rdf
Name: Percent_infected
Units: Percent infected hosts (%)
Description: <p>Prevalence of infection</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/962810.rdf
Name: DOC_concentration
Units: Milligrams per liter (mg L-1)
Description: <p>Bulk DOC concentration</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
5470
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5c1f6ae3-ec10-4d76-9c85-3e2e1ec3f34c/content
download
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.962736.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p>Culturing and experimental set-up:</p>
<p>Phytoplankton cultures used in this study were obtained from the Roscoff Culture Collection (RCC; Vaulot et al. 2004). Host cultures of <em>Scrippsiella acuminata </em>(RCC 1627) were maintained in 0.2 µm sterile-filtered autoclaved seawater that was enriched with f/2 minus silica (Guillard 1975). Hosts were transferred into fresh media every 7-10 d to maintain exponential growth. Two strains of <em>Amoebophrya</em> sp. parasite spores (RCC 4390 and 4401) were inoculated every 2-3 d with fresh and exponentially growing host culture at a ratio of 1:1 spore to host by volume to maintain infection. Parasite and host cultures were kept at 18 °C on a 12:12 hr light: dark cycle at 80-100 µmol photon m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Spore cultures were spot-checked each week on a Nikon eclipse TE300 microscope at 20x magnification.</p>
<p>To prepare for the infection experiment, fresh parasite spores were filtered through 10 µm mesh to separate the smaller spores (2-5 µm) from any remaining host cells (Chen et al. 2021). Spores were added separately (4401 and 4390) into healthy host cultures in triplicate 1.2-L bottles at a ratio of 1:1 spore to host based on their cell densities (Long et al. 2021). Several control treatments, including spore-only, host-only, f/2 media, and Milli-Q water, were also included in triplicate. Separate infection experiments were conducted for each parasite strain (Infection_experiment column in data file), with their own set of treatments and controls (Treatment column). Bottles were sampled daily for 4 d to capture a single infection cycle.</p>
<p>Flow cytometry:</p>
<p>Samples for flow cytometry were run daily to estimate changes in host and parasite spore abundances in the infected and control treatments. Two separate runs were performed for host and spores. For the hosts, 200 µl aliquots were sampled from triplicate bottles, added to a 96-well plate, and run live on a Guava easyCyte HT (Millipore) flow cytometer at low flow rate (0.24 µl s<sup>-1</sup>) for 3 min per well. Host populations were distinguished using predefined gates that were based on plots of forward scatter and red fluorescence (692 nm). For the spores, 198 µl aliquots were added to a 96-well plate, stained with 2 µl of 100x SYBR Green (Thermo Fisher), and allowed to incubate in the dark at room temperature for 20-30 min (Kayal et al. 2021). Parasite spore populations were detected based on forward scatter (proxy for cell size) and green fluorescence (512 nm) originating from SYBR-Green stained DNA (Kayal et al. 2021).&nbsp;</p>
<p>In addition, samples (1.8 mL) from each bottle were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde, stored at 4 °C, and run on a Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony) within 4-6 months to provide an estimate on the prevalence of infection (% of hosts infected). <em>Amoebophrya </em>sp. emit a natural green autofluorescence (Long et al. 2021), and so, we used predefined gates of the hosts using red and green fluorescence vs. forward scatter to bin infected from healthy hosts. This resulted in distinct populations of likely infected hosts that were larger and had stronger fluorescence, which may signify active intracellular infection and growth via spores. The difference in cell abundance from predefined gates were used as a conservative estimate of host infection (% infected).</p>
<p>DOC analysis:</p>
<p>Bulk DOC samples (40 mL) were filtered per bottle at each time point through pre-combusted GF/F filters and stored in HDPE plastic bottles at -20 °C until analysis. DOC samples were analyzed using high temperature combustion on a TOC-V analyzer (Shimadzu) at the University of New Hampshire (Carlson et al. 2010). Bulk DOC samples were not run for the 4390 strain infection experiment.<br />
<br />
Organism information:<br />
<br />
TaxonomicName,&nbsp;Life Science Identifier (LSID), strain_identifier, organism_type<br />
Scrippsiella acuminata, urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1321853, RCC 1627, host<br />
Amoebophrya sp., urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:109448,&nbsp;RCC 4390 and 4401, parasite</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p>Cell concentrations (cells mL<sup>-1</sup>) were calculated within the Guava InCyte software based on absolute cell counts measured in each gate and the volume of sample analyzed. Percent of hosts infected were estimated by subtracting host cell counts from pre-defined gates on the cell sorter. DOC concentrations were calculated based on the instrument absorbance responses to known concentration standards.</p>
<p>Any samples that were not collected are represented by ‘nd’ (no data) [Note: at BCO-DMO, the missing data format will match the filetype you download (e.g. NaN for Matlab, and the default is blank for .csv files]. For example, percent of hosts infected was not considered for spore-only treatments. Some samples collected for metabolites were re-run on the mass spectrometer as a second aliquot of the same sample (e.g., 4401_infected_T4_A_v2). In these cases, the corresponding cell count data is marked by ‘nd’, as only one aliquot was run per sample on the flow cytometer.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
* Data table within the submitted file "parasite_counts.csv" was imported into the BCO-DMO data system for this dataset. Values "nd" imported as missing data values. Table will appear as Data File: 962736_v1_parasite_fcm_data.csv (along with other download format options).
Missing Data Identifiers:
* In the BCO-DMO data system missing data identifiers are displayed according to the format of data you access. For example, in csv files it will be blank (null) values. In Matlab .mat files it will be NaN values. When viewing data online at BCO-DMO, the missing value will be shown as blank (null) values.
* Taxonomic identifiers added from name matches at the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), they exactly matched known names there as of 2025-05-29.
* References added for the RCC strains cited in metadata.
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Guava easyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore)
Guava easyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Guava easyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Guava easyCyte HT flow cytometer (Millipore) to measure host and spore concentrations. Instrument Name: Flow Cytometer Instrument Short Name:Flow Cytometer Instrument Description: Flow cytometers (FC or FCM) are automated instruments that quantitate properties of single cells, one cell at a time. They can measure cell size, cell granularity, the amounts of cell components such as total DNA, newly synthesized DNA, gene expression as the amount messenger RNA for a particular gene, amounts of specific surface receptors, amounts of intracellular proteins, or transient signalling events in living cells.
(from: http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm) Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB37/
Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony)
Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Sony SH800Z sorting flow cytometer (Sony) to estimate the percent of infected hosts. Instrument Name: Flow Cytometer Instrument Short Name:Flow Cytometer Instrument Description: Flow cytometers (FC or FCM) are automated instruments that quantitate properties of single cells, one cell at a time. They can measure cell size, cell granularity, the amounts of cell components such as total DNA, newly synthesized DNA, gene expression as the amount messenger RNA for a particular gene, amounts of specific surface receptors, amounts of intracellular proteins, or transient signalling events in living cells.
(from: http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm) Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB37/
Nikon eclipse TE300
Nikon eclipse TE300
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Nikon eclipse TE300 PI Supplied Instrument Description:Nikon eclipse TE300 inverted microscope (Nikon) for visual inspection of the spores. Instrument Name: Inverted Microscope Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of Tulane University (then named the Medical College of Louisiana).
Inverted microscopes are useful for observing living cells or organisms at the bottom of a large container (e.g. a tissue culture flask) under more natural conditions than on a glass slide, as is the case with a conventional microscope. Inverted microscopes are also used in micromanipulation applications where space above the specimen is required for manipulator mechanisms and the microtools they hold, and in metallurgical applications where polished samples can be placed on top of the stage and viewed from underneath using reflecting objectives.
The stage on an inverted microscope is usually fixed, and focus is adjusted by moving the objective lens along a vertical axis to bring it closer to or further from the specimen. The focus mechanism typically has a dual concentric knob for coarse and fine adjustment. Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Shimadzu TOC-V CSH with TNM-1 and ASI-V Autosampler (Shimadzu)
Shimadzu TOC-V CSH with TNM-1 and ASI-V Autosampler (Shimadzu)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu TOC-V CSH with TNM-1 and ASI-V Autosampler (Shimadzu) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Shimadzu TOC-V CSH with TNM-1 and ASI-V Autosampler (Shimadzu) to analyze DOC samples for 4401 infection. Instrument Name: Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer Instrument Short Name:Shimadzu TOC-V Instrument Description: A Shimadzu TOC-V Analyzer measures DOC by high temperature combustion method. Community Standard Description: http://onto.nerc.ac.uk/CAST/124