http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/963419
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2025-06-02
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Purple sea urchin morphometrics from Marna Laboratory Experiments at the Quadra Island Ecological Observatory from Sep to Dec 2021
2026-03-18
publication
2026-03-18
revision
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)
2026-03-18
publication
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.963419.1
Daniel K. Okamoto
Florida State University
principalInvestigator
Iria Gimenez
Hakai Institute
principalInvestigator
Sam E. Karelitz
Florida State University
principalInvestigator
Daniel Swezey
University of California-Davis
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Okamoto, D. K., Spindel, N., Karelitz, S. E., Munstermann, M. J., Swezey, D., Collicutt, B., Mahara, N., Cronmiller, E., Rolheiser, K., Foss, M., Gimenez, I., Ward-Diorio, R. (2026) Purple sea urchin morphometrics from Marna Laboratory Experiments at the Quadra Island Ecological Observatory from Sep to Dec 2021. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2026-03-18 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.963419.1 [access date]
Marna lab urchin morphometrics Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>To quantify how different thermal regimes affect investment in gonads and development of gametes in male and female urchins, we first conducted a 10-week experiment in which 300 animals were incubated in replicate 350L mesocosms that simulated El Niño (N = 4 mesocosms, 60 animals per treatment) or La Niña (N = 4 mesocosms, 60 animals) conditions based on historical, empirical benthic temperature time series from Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California that coincide with historical collapses in larval supply in Southern California.&nbsp;</p>
<p>We paired these treatments with a range of fixed temperature incubations (10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20&nbsp;°C, N = 2 mesocosms, 30 animals per treatment), two of which matched the mean temperature of the El Niño (20&nbsp;°C) and La Niña (16&nbsp;°C). Experiments were conducted at the Marna Lab at the Hakai Institute’s Quadra Island Ecological Observatory in Heriot Bay, British Columbia due to availability of sophisticated seawater systems for careful, replicated temperature manipulations.</p>
<p><strong>Field Collections and Acclimation</strong></p>
<p>We collected sea urchins by hand on SCUBA in the vicinity of Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada (48.94°N, 125.56° W) from a depth of 7-8 m relative to mean low tide in September 2021 and transported them to the Marna Lab via truck in seawater filled coolers with bubblers in less than 24 hours. We transferred sea urchins to flow-through sea tables and allowed them to recover for a period of one week before placing animals into the mesocosm system.&nbsp;Animals were haphazardly selected and assigned to the "Wild" group or "Experimental" group (and thereafter treatments) from this pool.&nbsp;</p>
<p>For the "Experimental" group, we selected healthy individuals within a constrained size range for incubations (n = 300, mean test diameter = 56.09 mm, range test diameter = 42.12 – 69.46 mm). Finally, we assigned animals to mesocosms at random at ambient temperature and exposed each assigned mesocosm to a temperature ramp, where the ramp reached target temperatures after two weeks from the initial incoming, ambient temperature (mean across all tanks of 13.3°C, SD = 0.3°C) to avoid thermal shock. Once initial target temperatures were reached, they were maintained or, for the variable treatments, were manually adjusted daily in the AM (∼8am each day) as needed by 0.5&nbsp;°C increments in a scheduled manner to match historical mean El Niño and La Niña daily temperature trends. Data from the&nbsp;"Wild" group will be presented in a subsequent dataset.</p>
<p><strong>Mesocosm System</strong></p>
<p>We placed urchins in a custom-built array of twenty replicated 214 L [90(L) x 59.5(W) x 40(H) cm] acrylic mesocosms supplied with flow-through UV sterilized and filtered seawater. Each mesocosm was capable of independent control of temperature and animals were provided a lighting regime for all mesocosms using LED fixtures (Aquamaxx, CA, USA) programmed to provide 10L:14D with two-hour linear light intensity transition periods for dawn and dusk (0-100% from 07:00 to 09:00 “dawn”, and 100-0% from 17:00 to 19:00 “dusk”). Each mesocosm independently maintained temperature treatments using a heat exchanger fitted with a titanium coil regulated by a dual stage digital temperature controller (Resolution = 0.1°C, Dwyer Instruments, LLC.©, Michigan City, IN, USA). The mesocosm system employed central cooling (Aermec Mits Airconditioning Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) and heating (boiler array, Viessmann Manufacturing Company Inc., Warwick, RI, USA) to supply independent heat exchangers with on-demand cold and warm glycol loops for down- and up-regulation of water temperature, respectively. We manually checked and re-calibrated sensors, as needed, using digital traceable thermometers twice daily to control potential temperature sensor drift. We randomly assigned mesocosms to the specified treatments.</p>
<p><strong>Animal husbandry</strong></p>
<p>We fed individuals uniform dry pellets combining several macroalgal species formulated for the aquaculture of&nbsp;S. purpuratus&nbsp;(Urchinomics Canada Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada). Animals in mesocosms were fed twice per week and we removed uneaten food and refuse every 72 h. More detail available in the results publication (Okamoto et al. 2023).</p>
<p><strong>Morphometrics</strong></p>
<p>For a focal sea urchin, morphometrics included measurements of test dimensions, wet mass, dry mass, and ash mass as well as visual determinations of the sex and whether gametes were actively extruded immediately following dissection. Test dimensions were measured using digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA). Wet weight was measured using a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA) following a 30 s drying period in a dry dissection tray (United States Plastic Corporation®, Lima, OH, USA). We estimated the amount of metabolically active biomass for an individual by calculating ash-free dry mass (AFDM) for each subject. AFDM quantifies soft tissue biomass while excluding skeletal biomass that does not contribute meaningfully to changes in DO. We calculated AFDM as the difference between dry mass and post-combustion ash mass (i.e., skeletal mass). We measured all mass metrics by weighing samples on a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC). To measure dry mass, we first cracked the test of the urchins and discarded the coelomic fluid, then dried the carcasses for 24 hours at 60&nbsp;℃&nbsp;in a drying oven then weighed the dried carcasses. To measure post-combustion ash mass, we combusted these dried carcasses for six hours at 450&nbsp;℃&nbsp;in a muffle furnace, then weighed the resulting ashes of each carcass.</p>
<p>For full methods, see&nbsp;results publication (Okamoto et al. 2023).</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2023649 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2023649
completed
Daniel K. Okamoto
Florida State University
850-644-5260
319 Stadium Drive
Tallahassee
FL
32306
United States
dkokamoto@berkeley.edu
pointOfContact
Iria Gimenez
Hakai Institute
iria.gimenez@hakai.org
pointOfContact
Sam E. Karelitz
Florida State University
skarelitz@berkeley.edu
pointOfContact
Daniel Swezey
University of California-Davis
dan@stewartspoint.org
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
date
temp
pco2_h_l
tank_id
pit_tag_id
diam
ht
crack_mass
wet_gonad_mass
dry_urchin_mass
dry_gonad_mass
dry_lantern_mass
ash_mass_urchin
ash_mass_gonad
ooze_y_n
sex
HISTO_CASETTE_NO
Digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA)
Drying oven (60 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
Muffle furnace (450 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
Calibrated scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA)
SCUBA
theme
None, User defined
date
treatment
tank
tagid
diameter
height
wet_weight_biomass
dry_wgt
ash
sample description
sex
sample identification
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
calipers
Drying Oven
muffle furnace
scale or balance
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Collaborative Research: The effects of marine heatwaves on reproduction, larval transport and recruitment in sea urchin metapopulations
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/818918
Collaborative Research: The effects of marine heatwaves on reproduction, larval transport and recruitment in sea urchin metapopulations
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
Rapid and extreme warming events such as El Niño and marine heatwaves have had ecological and economic impacts on nearshore marine ecosystems. These impacts include reductions in biomass and collapses in commercial fisheries. For many species, population booms and busts are controlled by shifts in reproduction and juvenile dispersal related to warmer temperatures and ocean circulation. However, how population fluctuations are shaped by interacting processes that control adult reproduction and larval survival remains unclear. Marine heatwaves often accompany major disruptions in ocean circulation, which can affect survival and the distribution of species that produce free-floating, planktonic larvae. As a result, species can be impacted directly by temperature effects on organismal reproduction and survival, and indirectly by shifts in ocean circulation that affect larval success. This project is examining how the joint effects of temperature and ocean circulation are controlling populations of purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). To address project objectives, the team is developing oceanographic models to predict dispersal of planktonic larvae in combination with controlled experiments on adult reproductive success. This project is advancing the understanding of how ecologically important species respond to ocean temperature and circulation, which are forecast to shift under future climate change scenarios. Broader impacts of the project include training of students and post-docs in STEM and educational outreach. Curriculum development and implementation is occurring in collaboration with existing K-12 outreach programs that focus on underserved communities and under-represented groups. The goal is to empower the next generation of scientists to use integrative approaches to predict ecological consequences of climate change.</p>
<p>Purple sea urchins are an ideal species for studying the coupled impacts of warming and ocean circulation on recruitment and survival given a wealth of ecological and organismal data. The species has a mapped genome, can be transported large distances as larvae by ocean currents, and larval abundances in California exhibit orders of magnitude variation with heatwaves and El Niño fluctuations. To quantify the processes that shape spatial and temporal variability in larval supply, researchers are applying a novel combination of biophysical modeling, experiments and statistical modeling of long-term, high-resolution data on larval settlement across the Southern California Bight (SCB). Research module 1 is quantifying spatial and temporal patterns of larval transport using a 3D-biophysical model of the SCB. The model is testing how interactions among historical changes in ocean circulation and temperature, larval life history, and larval behavioral traits affect variation in larval supply in space and time. Research module 2 is focused on how temperature could affect spatial and temporal variation in egg production. Experiments are characterizing reproductive thermal performance curves and quantifying how these vary among populations and organismal history. A novel assay is assessing epigenetic regulation of gene expression associated with performance curves. Finally, Module 3 will integrate mechanistic models from Modules 1 and 2 to statistically assess their ability to explain spatial and temporal trends in a nearly three-decade dataset of larval settlement from six sites in the SCB. This is one of the first studies that integrates models of larval transport, reproductive performance and settlement data to empirically test how physical and biological processes affect local recruitment patterns in complex marine meta-populations.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Urchin metapopulations
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
-125.219087
-125.219087
50.108305
50.108305
2021-09-03
2021-12-11
Coastal California Waters from San Diego through Mendocino Counties
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Purple sea urchin morphometrics from Marna Laboratory Experiments at the Quadra Island Ecological Observatory from Sep to Dec 2021
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989565.rdf
Name: date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Date of data collection</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989566.rdf
Name: temp
Units: degrees Celsius
Description: <p>Temperature treatment in degrees Celsius; treatments of 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 18-14, 20, or 21-18</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989567.rdf
Name: pco2_h_l
Units: unitless
Description: <p>pCO2 treatment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989568.rdf
Name: tank_id
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Identifier for experimental mesocosm</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989569.rdf
Name: pit_tag_id
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Identifier for implanted Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989570.rdf
Name: diam
Units: Millimeters (mm)
Description: <p>Test diameter of the organism</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989571.rdf
Name: ht
Units: Millimeters (mm)
Description: <p>Test height of the organism</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989572.rdf
Name: crack_mass
Units: grams
Description: <p>Mass of the animal when cracked and drained</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989573.rdf
Name: wet_gonad_mass
Units: grams
Description: <p>Wet mass of a single gonad</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989574.rdf
Name: dry_urchin_mass
Units: grams
Description: <p>Dry mass of the urchin carcass minus two sampled gonads and the lantern</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989575.rdf
Name: dry_gonad_mass
Units: grams
Description: <p>Dry mass of the single excised gonad</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989576.rdf
Name: dry_lantern_mass
Units: grams
Description: <p>Dry mass of the lantern</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989577.rdf
Name: ash_mass_urchin
Units: grams
Description: <p>Mass of ash of the the urchin carcass following muffle furnacing at 450 degrees for six hours</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989578.rdf
Name: ash_mass_gonad
Units: grams
Description: <p>Mass of the ash following muffle furnacing at 450 degrees for six hours</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989579.rdf
Name: ooze_y_n
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Gonads were actively oozing gametes during or after removal (y or n)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989580.rdf
Name: sex
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sex of the animal determined by visual assessment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989581.rdf
Name: HISTO_CASETTE_NO
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Number of the histological cassette</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.963419.1
download
onLine
dataset
<p>To quantify how different thermal regimes affect investment in gonads and development of gametes in male and female urchins, we first conducted a 10-week experiment in which 300 animals were incubated in replicate 350L mesocosms that simulated El Niño (N = 4 mesocosms, 60 animals per treatment) or La Niña (N = 4 mesocosms, 60 animals) conditions based on historical, empirical benthic temperature time series from Scripps Pier in La Jolla, California that coincide with historical collapses in larval supply in Southern California.&nbsp;</p>
<p>We paired these treatments with a range of fixed temperature incubations (10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20&nbsp;°C, N = 2 mesocosms, 30 animals per treatment), two of which matched the mean temperature of the El Niño (20&nbsp;°C) and La Niña (16&nbsp;°C). Experiments were conducted at the Marna Lab at the Hakai Institute’s Quadra Island Ecological Observatory in Heriot Bay, British Columbia due to availability of sophisticated seawater systems for careful, replicated temperature manipulations.</p>
<p><strong>Field Collections and Acclimation</strong></p>
<p>We collected sea urchins by hand on SCUBA in the vicinity of Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada (48.94°N, 125.56° W) from a depth of 7-8 m relative to mean low tide in September 2021 and transported them to the Marna Lab via truck in seawater filled coolers with bubblers in less than 24 hours. We transferred sea urchins to flow-through sea tables and allowed them to recover for a period of one week before placing animals into the mesocosm system.&nbsp;Animals were haphazardly selected and assigned to the "Wild" group or "Experimental" group (and thereafter treatments) from this pool.&nbsp;</p>
<p>For the "Experimental" group, we selected healthy individuals within a constrained size range for incubations (n = 300, mean test diameter = 56.09 mm, range test diameter = 42.12 – 69.46 mm). Finally, we assigned animals to mesocosms at random at ambient temperature and exposed each assigned mesocosm to a temperature ramp, where the ramp reached target temperatures after two weeks from the initial incoming, ambient temperature (mean across all tanks of 13.3°C, SD = 0.3°C) to avoid thermal shock. Once initial target temperatures were reached, they were maintained or, for the variable treatments, were manually adjusted daily in the AM (∼8am each day) as needed by 0.5&nbsp;°C increments in a scheduled manner to match historical mean El Niño and La Niña daily temperature trends. Data from the&nbsp;"Wild" group will be presented in a subsequent dataset.</p>
<p><strong>Mesocosm System</strong></p>
<p>We placed urchins in a custom-built array of twenty replicated 214 L [90(L) x 59.5(W) x 40(H) cm] acrylic mesocosms supplied with flow-through UV sterilized and filtered seawater. Each mesocosm was capable of independent control of temperature and animals were provided a lighting regime for all mesocosms using LED fixtures (Aquamaxx, CA, USA) programmed to provide 10L:14D with two-hour linear light intensity transition periods for dawn and dusk (0-100% from 07:00 to 09:00 “dawn”, and 100-0% from 17:00 to 19:00 “dusk”). Each mesocosm independently maintained temperature treatments using a heat exchanger fitted with a titanium coil regulated by a dual stage digital temperature controller (Resolution = 0.1°C, Dwyer Instruments, LLC.©, Michigan City, IN, USA). The mesocosm system employed central cooling (Aermec Mits Airconditioning Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) and heating (boiler array, Viessmann Manufacturing Company Inc., Warwick, RI, USA) to supply independent heat exchangers with on-demand cold and warm glycol loops for down- and up-regulation of water temperature, respectively. We manually checked and re-calibrated sensors, as needed, using digital traceable thermometers twice daily to control potential temperature sensor drift. We randomly assigned mesocosms to the specified treatments.</p>
<p><strong>Animal husbandry</strong></p>
<p>We fed individuals uniform dry pellets combining several macroalgal species formulated for the aquaculture of&nbsp;S. purpuratus&nbsp;(Urchinomics Canada Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada). Animals in mesocosms were fed twice per week and we removed uneaten food and refuse every 72 h. More detail available in the results publication (Okamoto et al. 2023).</p>
<p><strong>Morphometrics</strong></p>
<p>For a focal sea urchin, morphometrics included measurements of test dimensions, wet mass, dry mass, and ash mass as well as visual determinations of the sex and whether gametes were actively extruded immediately following dissection. Test dimensions were measured using digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA). Wet weight was measured using a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA) following a 30 s drying period in a dry dissection tray (United States Plastic Corporation®, Lima, OH, USA). We estimated the amount of metabolically active biomass for an individual by calculating ash-free dry mass (AFDM) for each subject. AFDM quantifies soft tissue biomass while excluding skeletal biomass that does not contribute meaningfully to changes in DO. We calculated AFDM as the difference between dry mass and post-combustion ash mass (i.e., skeletal mass). We measured all mass metrics by weighing samples on a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC). To measure dry mass, we first cracked the test of the urchins and discarded the coelomic fluid, then dried the carcasses for 24 hours at 60&nbsp;℃&nbsp;in a drying oven then weighed the dried carcasses. To measure post-combustion ash mass, we combusted these dried carcasses for six hours at 450&nbsp;℃&nbsp;in a muffle furnace, then weighed the resulting ashes of each carcass.</p>
<p>For full methods, see&nbsp;results publication (Okamoto et al. 2023).</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Imported "morphometrics.csv" into BCO-DMO system
- Renamed missing parameter name "row_num"
- Formatted dates in YYYY-MM-DD format
- Exported file as "963419_v1_urchin_morphometrics.csv"
- Species name Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:240747) verified as current accepted form on 2025-07-08, using the WoRMs World Registry of Marine Species database.
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA)
Digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Test dimensions were measured using digital calipers (Mitutoyo America Corporation®, Aurora IL, USA). Instrument Name: calipers Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A caliper (or "pair of calipers") is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display.
Drying oven (60 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
Drying oven (60 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Drying oven (60 ℃, Thermo Scientific) PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure dry mass, we first cracked the test of the urchins and discarded the coelomic fluid, then dried the carcasses for 24 hours at 60 ℃ in a drying oven then weighed the dried carcasses. Instrument Name: Drying Oven Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: a heated chamber for drying
Muffle furnace (450 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
Muffle furnace (450 ℃, Thermo Scientific)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Muffle furnace (450 ℃, Thermo Scientific) PI Supplied Instrument Description:To measure post-combustion ash mass, we combusted these dried carcasses for six hours at 450 ℃ in a muffle furnace, then weighed the resulting ashes of each carcass. Instrument Name: muffle furnace Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. A type of jacketed enclosure that is used to heat a material to significantly high temperatures while keeping it contained and fully isolated from external contaminants, chemicals or substances. Muffle furnaces are usually lined with stainless steel, making them largely corrosion-resistant.
Calibrated scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA)
Calibrated scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Calibrated scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Wet weight was measured using a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC., Columbus, OH, USA) following a 30 s drying period in a dry dissection tray (United States Plastic Corporation®, Lima, OH, USA). We measured all mass metrics by weighing samples on a calibrated digital scale (Mettler-Toledo, LLC). Instrument Name: scale or balance Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Devices that determine the mass or weight of a sample. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB13/
SCUBA
SCUBA
PI Supplied Instrument Name: SCUBA PI Supplied Instrument Description:All animals were simultaneously collected from Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada (48° 56.604N, 125° 34.699W) from a depth of 7-8 m relative to mean low tide on 3 September 2021 using SCUBA and immediately transported to the Marna Laboratory flow through seawater system. Instrument Name: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Instrument Short Name:SCUBA Instrument Description: The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or scuba diving system is the result of technological developments and innovations that began almost 300 years ago. Scuba diving is the most extensively used system for breathing underwater by recreational divers throughout the world and in various forms is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes.
Reference: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/technical/technical.html