Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

OOI-CGSN CTD Sampling Guidelines

In general, water samples are collected for analysis at depths that correspond to instrumentation making in situ measurements.  For example, Near Surface Instrument Frames (NSIFs) have instrumentation that measure dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity (CTD), nitrate (NUTNR), the partial pressure of CO2 (CO2), and chlorophyll a fluorescence, so water samples should be collected at the depth of the NSIF for analyses of all those parameters.  Additionally, as noted above, OOI water sampling data are valid long-term datasets in and of themselves. Thus, some measurement locations are driven by broader science questions.

Soak Time – The CTD rosette should be allowed to equilibrate (e.g., the CTD sensor readout stabilizes) at the desired target depth for at least 1 minute or more depending on conditions.  Longer soak times may occur to accommodate acoustic release testing or other activities.

Citing OOI Data

Refer to specific guidance related to citing OOI data on the OOI website at https://oceanobservatories.org/how-to-use-acknowledge-and-cite-data/. 

OOI Coastal Pioneer NES Array Sampling Guidelines

The location of the Coastal Pioneer Array from 2013 through 2022 is the New England Shelf (NES).  The Pioneer-NES Array consists of 3 Coastal Surface Moorings, 5-7 Coastal Profiler Moorings (depending on the season), and mobile assets.  Coastal Gliders are present in the Array year-round.  Coastal Profiling Gliders are present in the Summer at the Inshore and Central sites (they are replaced by Profiler Moorings in the Winter).  AUVs are operated in the Array during OOI cruises.

Subsections below define the strategy for sampling in the vicinity of each type of platform.

There are a few general guidelines which also inform the strategies defined below:

• Collect 4-6 water samples spaced throughout the water column (7 m, bottom, and 2-3 in between).
• Depths selected based on water column stratification and/or location of min/max features (e.g., O2 minimum, Chlorophyll maximum).
• Collect Chlorophyll in surface waters down to ~50 m + one deep sample (or where a fluorescence signal is no longer detected).
• Collect DIC/TA, pH at 7 m and at the bottom, and DIC/TA at intermediate depths.

Coastal Surface Mooring Sampling

• Collect 4-6 water samples spaced throughout the water column (7 m, bottom, and 2-3 in between).
• Depths selected based on water column stratification and/or location of min/max features (e.g., O2 minimum, Chlorophyll maximum).
• Collect Chlorophyll in surface waters down to ~50 m + one deep sample (or where a fluorescence signal is no longer detected).
• Collect DIC/TA, pH at 7 m and at the bottom, and DIC/TA at intermediate depths.

Coastal Profiler Mooring Sampling

• Collect 4-6 water samples spaced throughout the water column (7 m, bottom, and 2-3 in between).
• Depths selected based on water column stratification and/or location of min/max features (e.g., O2 minimum, Chlorophyll maximum).
• Collect Chlorophyll in surface waters down to ~50 m + one deep sample (no need to sample where a fluorescence signal is no longer detected).
• Collect Nutrient and Carbon samples even though not measured on mooring; provides a valuable, consistent dataset across the array.
• For carbon measurements – pH is most important at depth and at the surface; DIC/TA is important throughout water column and at depths with nutrient sampling.
• If reduction in sampling is needed, consider not sampling Nutrients and Carbon at the upstream sites (UI, UO).

Sampling Associated with Mobile Assets

• Collect 4-5 water samples spaced throughout the water column (surface, bottom, and 2-3 in between)
• Depths selected based on water column stratification and/or location of min/max features (e.g., O2 minimum, Chlorophyll max)
• Collect Chlorophyll in surface waters down to ~50 m + one deep sample (no need to sample where a fluorescence signal is no longer detected)
• AUVs and Profiling Gliders – sample at 7 m instead of surface, and include nutrient sampling (because these vehicles transit close to Surface Moorings with an NSIF at 7 m).

Methods

Salinity

Salinity measurements are performed following the methodology outlined in the WHOI Hydrography Blue Book, Automated Oxygen Titration and Salinity Determination (Knapp et al. 1990). Measurements are performed using a Guildline Autosal model 8400B salinometer (Guildline Instruments of Canada). Manufacturer stated accuracy and precision at 35 psu is +/- 0.003 psu and 0.0002 psu. IAPSO standard seawater is used to standardize the Autosal daily before runs.

Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen measurements are performed following the methodology outlined in the WHOI Hydrography Blue Book Automated Oxygen Titration and Salinity Determination (Knapp et al. 1990). Measurements are performed using a Metrohm Model 888 Titrando dosing device, with the titration endpoint determined amperometrically. Stated accuracy is 0.02 ml/l, with a precision of 0.001 ml/l.

Nutrients

All nutrient values are reported as the average of triplicate analysis on a single collected sample.

Carbon System

Carbon system measurements are performed by the Wang lab (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). DIC and TA measurements follow the methodology of Wang and Cai (2004) with uncertainties of 2 umol/kg. DIC measurements are performed with an Apollo Sci-Tech AS-C3. TA measurements are performed with an Apollo Sci-Tech AS-ALK2 and ROSS electrode. pH measurements follow the methodology of Clayton and Byrne (1993) with an uncertainty of 0.002 pH units using an Agilent 8453.

Chlorophyll and Phaeo

Analysis was completed using a Turner Designs Aquafluor Handheld 800446

File/Row Representation of Water Samples

There should be one row for each station-cast-niskin bottle set. Multiple samples for the same parameter from a single niskin bottle are split into separate rows, with the associated CTD data copied to the new row. The first row of the file is the column headers.

Data Fill Values and Flag Description

The data flags are presented in the summary sheet as a 16-bit array, read from right-to-left, where a 1 in a particular bit position indicates a particular flag meaning applies. For example, a flag of 0000000000000010 for the column **CTD_File_Flag** indicates that the cast was a data cast only.

Additionally, these data flags an assessment of the collection and processing of the relevant data or samples, and are not an assessment of the *accuracy* of the data. For example, a conductivity sensor which has the correct calibration coefficients and functions normally will receive a quality flag of 0000000000000100 (acceptable measurement). However, the calibration coefficients may be out of date and off with respect to the discrete salinity results; this does not affect the assigned flag.

For full details about flag meanings, refer to the Readme files available for download in the Supplemental Files section of this metadata page. 

- Units removed from column header names.
- Spaces in column headers removed and replaced with underscores ("_").
- -9999999 null data values replaced with blank values.
- "Not detected" lab values (e.g. >0.03 and >0.04) replaced with blank values.
- "Bottom Depth at Start Position" estimated values (e.g. <5000 meters) replaced with blank values.
- Corrected values presenting as dates in Discrete_Chlorophyll and Discrete Phaeopigment columns due to Excel coercion.
- Removed blank columns from primary data file.

The hydrographic sampling performed by the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) as part of each research array turn represents a significant collection of valuable physical, chemical, and biological information. The collected hydrographic data include oxygen, salinity, nutrient (nitrate, nitrite, silicate, phosphate, ammonium), chlorophyll, and carbon system (dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH and partial pressure of CO₂) measurements. These data serve several important functions. First, they are necessary for the validation and evaluation of the moored instrumentation at each Array. Furthermore, the annual (Global Arrays and the Regional Cabled Array (RCA) or biannual (Coastal Arrays and the Endurance Array) collection of data at the same locations provides a unique timeseries of a large set of water properties following established community standards and methods, independent of its association with the OOI instrumentation.

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is a science-driven ocean observing network that delivers real-time data to address critical science questions regarding the world's oceans. Funded by the National Science Foundation to encourage scientific investigation, OOI data are freely available online to anyone with an Internet connection. OOI was designed as a long-term project to collect ocean data for up to 30 years. This longevity makes it possible to measure and directly observe both short-lived episodic events and longer-term changes occurring in the ocean. Such data make it possible to better understand ocean processes and how the ocean is changing.

The OOI has five active research arrays that comprise the three major observatory elements linked together by instrument, infrastructure, and information management systems. Global Ocean Arrays consist of moored arrays and autonomous vehicles that provide time-series observations and mesoscale spatial sampling at sparsely sampled, high-latitude regions critical to our understanding of climate, the carbon cycle, and ocean circulation. The Regional Cabled Array consists of fiber-optic cables off the Oregon coast that provide unprecedented power, bandwidth, and communication to seafloor instrumentation and profiler moorings, enabling monitoring of volcanic and hydrothermal activity, methane seeps, earthquakes, and myriad ocean processes in coastal and blue water environments. Coastal Arrays consist of cross-shelf moored arrays and autonomous vehicles that observe the dynamic coastal environment, enabling examination of upwelling, shelf break fronts, and cross-shelf exchanges.

These marine arrays are outfitted with more than 900 instruments — of 45 different types — measuring more than 200 different parameters. These instruments gather physical, chemical, geological, and biological data – from the air-sea interface to the seafloor. The data collected are transmitted through a cyberinfrastructure, an information management system that allows users to access real- to near real-time data from suites of sensors. The OOI provides annotations and automated quality control for data streams and is working to meet the IOOS Quality Assurance of Real Time Ocean Data (QARTOD) standards.