Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Project Information
• Funding

Experiment 2: the effect of relatedness on survival, growth, and reproduction

The second experiment ran from March to June of 2022. Individual colonies were arranged into two treatments, related and unrelated, each with 10 replicate On each replicate dish, there were 10 colonies randomly assigned to a position in a 3 × 4 cm grid, reflecting a common density in the field at times when the population is large, and at the middle density used in Experiment 1. Overall, there were 21 maternal families. In the “related” treatment, 10 of these maternal families were used, where each of the 10 replicates comprised offspring from a different maternal family (i.e., replicate 1 had 10 offspring from family X, replicate 2 had 10 offspring from family Y, and so on). In the “unrelated” treatment, each of the 10 replicates comprised one offspring randomly chosen from one of the 21 maternal families, such that the 10 maternal families in the related treatment were also used in the unrelated treatments, plus an additional 11 maternal families to achieve the desired density. Petri dishes were randomly assigned to PVC poles. There were 10 replicate Petri dishes in each treatment at the start of the experiment; however, two dishes were lost after deployment, resulting in eight Petri dishes in the unrelated treatment. 

After 20 days in the field, individual colonies were collected and returned to the laboratory. The surviving individuals were preserved in 95% ethanol. Survival (present or absent), size (number of zooids), and reproductive output (total number of ovicells) were recorded for each individual colony under a dissecting microscope. The number of ovicells is considered proportional to the production of sperm and eggs and the potential number of brooded larvae.

* adjusted field names to comply with database requirements
* added sampling latitude and longitude to data itself

NSF Award Abstract:
In marine systems, the production, dispersal, and recruitment of larvae are crucial processes that rebuild depleted adult stocks, facilitate changes in species geographic ranges, and modify the potential for adaptation under environmental stress. Traditionally, the tiny larvae of bottom-associated adults were thought to disperse far from their parents and from each other, making interactions among kin improbable. However, emerging evidence is challenging this view: larval dispersal does not always disrupt kin associations at settlement, and a large fraction of invertebrate diversity on the seafloor contains species in which most larvae disperse short distances. Limited dispersal increases the potential for interactions among kin, which has important consequences for individual fitness across many generations, and therefore the productivity of populations and the potential for adaptation. But when these consequences occur, and how exactly they manifest, remains largely unexplained. The key challenge now is to explain and predict when kin associations are likely to occur, and when they are likely to have positive or negative ecological consequences. Therefore, the key questions addressed by this research are: 1) how and when do kin associations arise and persist, and 2) what are the consequences of living with kin for survival, growth, and reproduction. This concept-driven research combines genomic approaches with experimental approaches in lab and field settings using an experimentally-tractable and representative invertebrate species. The project trains and mentors PhD students and a postdoctoral scholar at Florida State University (FSU). Field and laboratory activities are developed and incorporated into K–12 education programs and outreach opportunities at FSU.

The spatial proximity of relatives has fundamentally important consequences at multiple levels of biological organization. These consequences are likely to be particularly important in a large range of benthic marine systems, where competition, facilitation, and mating depend strongly on the proximity and number of neighbors. However, explaining and predicting the occurrence, magnitude, and direction of such effects remains challenging. Emerging evidence suggest that the ecological consequences of kin structure are unlikely to have a straight-forward relationship with dispersal potential. Therefore, it is crucial to discover new reasons for when kinship structure occurs and why it could have positive, negative, or neutral ecological consequences. This research aims to provide a new understanding of how dispersal and post-settlement processes generate spatial kin structure, how population density and relatedness influence post-settlement fitness, and how the relatedness of mating partners influences the number and fitness of their offspring (inbreeding and outbreeding). The research combines genomic approaches, experimental progeny arrays, and manipulative experiments in field and lab settings to test several hypotheses that are broadly applicable across species. By focusing on an experimentally tractable species to test broadly applicable hypotheses, the project achieves generality and a level of integration that has been difficult to achieve in previous work.