19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T621,

We quantified the metabolic responses of subtidal seaweed beds to varying thermal conditions during field trials conducted in June 2022, March 2024, October 2024, and January 2025. Using the Community In Situ Metabolism instrument (CISME), we measured dark respiration and gross photosynthesis rates of macroalgal patches in the rocky subtidal zone at approximately six meters depth in Tijeretas Bay, San Cristóbal Island. Measurements were conducted via SCUBA across a rocky platform covered with macroalgal beds. To isolate individual seaweed patches, we used a hose clamp adjusted to the same diameter (56 mm) as the CISME head, selecting 5 to 7 patches and clearing the surrounding seaweed. We then positioned the bottom surface of the CISME head over each target patch and secured it to the substrate using three adjustable retractor hooks. This setup enabled the soft foam ring at the base of the head to seal and isolate the patch within a closed chamber, where 88 mL of seawater recirculated between the chamber and the head during incubation. We ran the R+P program and quantified oxygen saturation under dark (respiration) and light (photosynthesis) conditions for each patch, measuring each process for 4 to 6 minutes.

To normalize rates to macroalgal biomass, we calculated the dry mass (g) of each patch by scraping and vacuuming samples into individual collection mesh bags. These were transported to the Marine Ecology Laboratory at the Galapagos Science Center, where they were weighed, dried at 60 °C for 24 hours, and weighed again.

1b:T8cb,NSF Award Abstract: Nearly all the animals that inhabit the ocean are "cold-blooded" or ectothermic, meaning their body temperatures match the temperature of the ocean around them. This has important consequences for their physiology and more broadly for the way marine ecosystems function. When ectotherms warm up, their metabolism increases; meaning they breathe more rapidly, and eat more just to stay alive. This is bad news for prey since a warm predator is a hungry predator. But warming also enables prey species to crawl or swim away more quickly when being hunted. Thus, everything speeds up in warm water. Energy flows more quickly from the sun to seaweeds (via photosynthesis), to the herbivores, then on up to the large predators at the top of the food chain. The research team is testing these ideas in the Galápagos Islands to determine how temperature influences marine ecosystems. Ongoing work in this iconic natural laboratory is helping marine ecologists understand the role of temperature and how this and other ecosystems could function in the future as climate change warms the ocean. Other broader impacts of the project include student training and on-site outreach to tourists and the local community about ocean warming and some of the lesser-known species that inhabit the Galápagos. The broad goal of this project is to understand the effect that temperature has on patterns and processes in upwelling systems. Specifically, the team is measuring the temperature-dependence of herbivory and carnivory in rocky subtidal habitats of the Galápagos. They are performing field experiments to measure the relative and interactive effects of temperature, herbivory, and nutrient flux on the productivity and standing biomass of benthic macroalgae. Additionally, they are using in situ predation assays across spatial and temporal temperature gradients and mesocosm experiments to determine the relationship between ocean temperature and predation intensity for predator-prey pairings including whelk–barnacle, sea star–urchin, and fish–squid. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"969049","description":"","problem":"Data from March 2024 and January 2025 do not include biomass measurements, as fleshy algae were completely wiped out—likely due to elevated temperatures and intense grazing pressure.","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"

The data were downloaded directly from the CISME's onboard computer. For each replicate, we obtained oxygen saturation and concentration values. We interpreted a decrease in oxygen saturation as respiration and an increase as photosynthesis. Each replicate has a matching biomass value of fleshy/filamentous seaweed.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"- Imported \"Metabolism_CISME_data.csv\" and \"Dry weight_CISME_data.csv\" into the BCO-DMO data system\r\n- Added the dried weight of samples to the metabolic data by joining on year, month, and replicate and added the \"dry_weight\"\r\n- Added parameter to indicate both month and year\r\n- Added full date where applicable in \"date\" field\r\n- Renamed parameters, replacing spaces with underscores\r\n- Exported file as \"969049_v1_cisme_galapagos.csv\"","title":"Respiration and Gross Photosynthesis Rates of Galápagos Macroalgae from 2022 to 2025","nickname":"Respiration and Gross Photosynthesis Rates of Galápagos Macroalgae from 2022 to 2025","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2025-07-30T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"We measured benthic algal dark respiration and gross photosynthesis rates in situ using a Community In Situ Metabolism instrument (CISME) system (a diver-portable respirometer) via SCUBA in Tijeretas, San Cristobal, Galapagos. We conducted field trials in June 2022, March 2024, October 2024, and January 2025. The samples were then transported to the Marine Ecology Laboratory at the Galapagos Science Center, where dried weight was determined.","citation":"Bruno, J., Brandt, M., Silva, I., Agudo-Adriani, E. (2025) Respiration and Gross Photosynthesis Rates of Galápagos Macroalgae from 2022 to 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-07-30 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.969049.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.969049.1","versionDate":"2025-07-30","versionId":"1","year":"2025","title":"Respiration and Gross Photosynthesis Rates of Galápagos Macroalgae from 2022 to 2025","authors":"Bruno, J., Brandt, M., Silva, I., Agudo-Adriani, E.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.969049.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"Tijeretas Bay, a shallow (~6 meters deep) rocky reef off the southwest side of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos, Ecuador","temporal_extent":{"start":"2022-06-17T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2025-01-17T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitMonth","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1655438400","label":"2022-06"},"end":{"value":"1737090000","label":"2025-01"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"point","center":{"latitude":-0.8878,"longitude":-89.6069},"wkt":" POINT (-89.6069 -0.8878)","north":0,"east":0,"south":0,"west":0},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results"],"keywords":["biota","oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"983775","title":"969049_v1_cisme_galapagos.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/file/GwOlyWJtqKyD23/969049_v1_cisme_galapagos.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/data/view/983775","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 969049, version 1","filename":"969049_v1_cisme_galapagos.csv","bytesize":666981,"checksum":{"value":"d613fa359c982bc94abe2fd0954e33d3","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"129","name":"Co-Chief Scientist"},"performedBy":{"_id":"984928","name":"Margarita Brandt"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"984926","name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ"}},{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"739779","name":"John Bruno"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"128","name":"Student"},"performedBy":{"_id":"892188","name":"Esteban Agudo-Adriani"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"128","name":"Student"},"performedBy":{"_id":"892191","name":"Isabel Silva"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"924467","name":"Audrey Mickle"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[],"funding":[{"_id":"892170","name":"OCE-2128592","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2128592"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"969091","name":"Memmert UFE 400 Sterilizer Laboratory Oven","description":"These were transported to the Marine Ecology Laboratory at the Galapagos Science Center, where they were weighed, dried at 60 °C for 24 hours, and weighed again.","type_id":"629842","type_name":"Drying Oven","type_desc":" a heated chamber for drying","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"969088","name":"CISME system","description":"We measured benthic algal dark respiration and gross photosynthesis rates in situ using a CISME system (a diver-portable respirometer) in Tijeretas, San Cristobal, Galapagos. ","type_id":"721492","type_name":"Respirometer","type_desc":"A device that measures the rate of respiration by a living organism or organic system by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"969090","name":"Weighed","description":"These were transported to the Marine Ecology Laboratory at the Galapagos Science Center, where they were weighed, dried at 60 °C for 24 hours, and weighed again.","type_id":"714","type_name":"scale or balance","type_desc":"Devices that determine the mass or weight of a sample.","type_acronym":""},{"_id":"969089","name":"SCUBA","description":"Measurements were conducted via SCUBA across a rocky platform covered with macroalgal beds. ","type_id":"713363","type_name":"Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus","type_desc":"The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or scuba diving system is the result of technological developments and innovations that began almost 300 years ago. Scuba diving is the most extensively used system for breathing underwater by recreational divers throughout the world and in various forms is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes.\r\n\r\nReference: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/technical/technical.html","type_acronym":"SCUBA"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"970233","name":"replicate","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Indicates the replicate number (i.e., algal patch number)

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"953","name":"replicate","description":"

an identifier used to distinguish between one or more replicate samples

"}},{"_id":"970234","name":"step","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Indicates which process the CISME is measuring: 1 = respiration step; 2 = photosynthesis step

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1742","name":"sample_type","description":"

text description of type of sample collected (rock, bio, fluid, etc)

"}},{"_id":"970235","name":"time","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Indicates the duration (in minutes) for which each process was measured

","units":{"_id":"","name":"minutes"},"type":{"_id":"555754","name":"duration","description":"

Duration of treatment, observation or sampling

"}},{"_id":"970236","name":"o2_percent_sat","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Oxygen saturation (%) inside the CISME chamber

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent (%)"},"type":{"_id":"911","name":"O2sat","description":"

oxygen saturation, in milliliters/liters or sometimes milligrams per liter.

"}},{"_id":"970237","name":"o2_umol_kg","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Oxygen concentration (µmol/kg) inside the CISME chamber

","units":{"_id":"","name":"µmol/kg"},"type":{"_id":"910","name":"dissolved Oxygen","description":"

dissolved oxygen concentration

"}},{"_id":"970238","name":"dry_weight","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Weight in grams of each patch

","units":{"_id":"","name":"grams (g)"},"type":{"_id":"1720","name":"dry_wgt","description":"

Dry weight is the weight of an object or sample after all water has been removed.

"}},{"_id":"970239","name":"year_month","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Year and month data were collected

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"970240","name":"date","format":"%Y-%m-%d","frictionlessType":"date","description":"

Date data were collected, if available

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

"}}],"related_publications":[],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/969049/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"892171","name":"Temperature Regulation of Top-Down Control in a Pacific Upwelling System","acronym":"Galapagos 2021","description":"$1b"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.969049.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.969049.1","date_assigned":"2025-09-03","version_date":"2025-07-30","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":66},"downloads":{"count":141}}}}]