http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/982238
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2025-08-11
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Swim behavior tracking of deep-sea vent gastropod larvae in pressure chamber experiments aboard R/V Atlantis cruises AT50-06 and AT50-20 to the East Pacific Rise form Dec 2022 and Feb 2024
2025-09-12
publication
2025-09-12
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2025-09-12
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/982238
Shawn M. Arellano
Western Washington University - Shannon Point Marine Center
principalInvestigator
Lauren S. Mullineaux
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Costantino Vetriani
Rutgers University
principalInvestigator
Molly Curran
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Michelle DiBenedetto
University of Washington
principalInvestigator
Lauren Dykman
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Stephane Hourdez
Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer
principalInvestigator
Susan Mills
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Anthony Pires
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Johanna NJ Weston
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Zúñiga Mouret, R., Hourdez, S., Curran, M., DiBenedetto, M., Mills, S., Vetriani, C., Arellano, S. M., Weston, J., Dykman, L., Best, A., Pires, A., Mullineaux, L. S. (2025) Swim behavior tracking of deep-sea vent gastropod larvae in pressure chamber experiments aboard R/V Atlantis cruises AT50-06 and AT50-20 to the East Pacific Rise form Dec 2022 and Feb 2024. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-09-12 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/982238 [access date]
Vent gastropod larvae swim tracking data Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p><strong>Sample Collection</strong></p>
<p>In this experiment, plankton were treated as two groups: those exposed to microbial biofilms (2024) and those not (2022). To collect biofilm, “Biofilm Colonizers,” sections of PVC piping covered in stainless steel mesh on either side and attached with metal band clamps, were deployed on the benthos by HOV&nbsp;Alvin&nbsp;on sites with high diffuse flow (confirmed by temperature probe reading higher than ambient temperatures) and left to be colonized by vent biofilm-forming bacteria for 10 d before recovery. For the 2024 (biofilm) observations, segments of colonized mesh were cut to size using flame-sterilized tweezers and scissors, secured in the custom aluminum inserts, and placed in the bottom of the plankton observation chamber. This design was intended to test response to a substratum-bound cue assuming a tactile trigger, but the biofilm was flocculent and became suspended when the chamber was filled, likely bringing it into contact with larvae throughout the observation pool. For the 2022 (no biofilm) observations, the insert was not used.</p>
<p>Larvae were collected using a McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV) with a filter assembly to capture larvae onto a large (19 cm diameter) filter of 63 μm mesh. The filter system was designed with an expanded head space and thick insulation to maximize retrieval of live specimens (Beaulieu et al.&nbsp;2009). The pump was mounted on a lander to facilitate manual positioning via HOV&nbsp;Alvin. The lander was placed at about 10 m distance from the active vent site, and the inlet was positioned at 1.5 m above the seafloor, where the water temperature was 2°C and pressure was 252 bar. The pump was programmed to run at a rate of 25 L per minute for 21 h to end just before release from the seafloor to maintain larval health, capturing samples of roughly 31,000 L. The lander ascended to the surface at a rate of approximately 45 m per minute. Due to the warm surface waters of the eastern tropical Pacific, care had to be taken to recover the sample quickly, as prolonged exposure to elevated temperature can damage the larvae. At this site, our CTD data showed that temperature was below 5°C at depths greater than 1000 m, reached 10°C at about 300 m, and was above 25°C at the surface. After the pump was recovered and secured on deck, the pump filter assembly was immediately placed in chilled seawater (4°C). Gastropod larvae were sorted manually from the samples, on ice under dissecting microscopes, for 1–2 h, and identified by trained experts. All available gastropod larvae (150–400 μm) and 6–12 copepods were placed in the plankton observation chamber. Copepods, being larger and more active swimmers, were added as a visual aid to ensure the camera remained in focus and conditions in the chamber remained habitable. The chamber was topped off with filtered bottom seawater, sealed, and fastened to the mount to prepare for recording behavior. In 2022, one of six recovered pump samples yielded actively swimming gastropod larvae (pump 8), whereas in 2024, one of seven pump samples yielded swimming larvae (pump 5). In 2022, three gastropod larvae were introduced into the chamber (<em>Lepetodrilus sp</em>., <em>Laeviphitus sp</em>., and “unknown”), and all revived sufficiently to swim actively in the chamber. In 2024, after the biofilm insert was placed in the chamber, nine gastropod larvae were introduced (identified with certainty <em>Lepetodrilus sp</em>. and <em>Peltospira sp</em>., and provisionally <em>Laeviphitus sp</em>., <em>Echinopelta sp</em>.,&nbsp;<em>Clypeosectus sp</em>. and “unknown”); two of these individuals revived, but it was not possible to distinguish which ones.</p>
<p><strong>Recording set-up</strong></p>
<p>Deep sea larvae were loaded and sealed in a high-pressure chamber within two hours of surfacing. The chamber was kept in a dark 4 degree (Celsius) cold room for duration of the experiments. Bottom pressure (252 bar) was slowly reached over the course of 15 min inside the chamber. &nbsp;Once at pressure, pump flowrate was kept at 0.05-0.2 milliliters per minute (mL/min). Videos were recorded as TIFF stacks using a frame rate of 30-60 fps. Occasionally, the chamber was manually flipped to attempt to stimulate larvae into swimming. Experiments continued until larvae stopped swimming, between 2-3 hrs. Recording was paused, breaking up footage into "Sessions" due to limited writing speed of our data storage equipment &nbsp;and followed by waiting periods of up to 3 minutes while memory was written to disk. "Sessions" were broken up into "partitions" whenever the camera frame of reference was moved, or if the chamber was flipped during recording.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Differences between cruises</strong></p>
<p>AT50-06 (2022): Camera resolution was limited to 944x950 and chamber viewport was partially in view at 798 pixels per centimeter. Pressure chamber and camera were secured but detached one another. Framerate was set to 60 frames per seconds and sessions were limited to 3 minutes. Chamber was flipped a total of four times.</p>
<p>AT50-20 (2024): &nbsp;Camera resolution was set to the full 2048x2048 pixels, putting the whole chamber viewport in view at 563 pixels per centimeter. Pressure chamber was secured on a custom 3d-printed mount, attached to an aluminum railed that attached the mounted camera, keeping centered and fixed on the chamber. Framerate was lowered to 30 frames per second, and sessions were extended to last 30 minutes. Chamber was flipped a total of 2 times. Gastropods were exposed to vent-specific microbial biofilm for the duration of this experiment.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1948580 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1948580
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1947735 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1947735
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-1948623 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1948623
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2152453 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2152453
onGoing
Shawn M. Arellano
Western Washington University - Shannon Point Marine Center
360-650-3634
Western Washington University 1900 Shannon Point Road
Anacortes
WA
98221
USA
arellas@wwu.edu
pointOfContact
Lauren S. Mullineaux
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
508-289-2898
Redfield 1-20 MS #34
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
lmullineaux@whoi.edu
pointOfContact
Costantino Vetriani
Rutgers University
732-932-6555 x373
Rutgers University 71 Dudley Road
New Brunswick
NJ
08901
USA
vetriani@marine.rutgers.edu
pointOfContact
Molly Curran
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
mcurran@whoi.edu
pointOfContact
Michelle DiBenedetto
University of Washington
mdiben@princeton.edu
pointOfContact
Lauren Dykman
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(508) 289-3759
ldykman@uvic.ca
pointOfContact
Stephane Hourdez
Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer
stephane.hourdez@obs-banyuls.fr
pointOfContact
Susan Mills
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
266 Woods Hole Road MS 34
Woods Hole
MA
0254
USA
smills@whoi.edu
pointOfContact
Anthony Pires
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
717-497-6375 (was 7172451632)
Biology Department P.O. Box 1773
Carlisle
PA
17013
pires@dickinson.edu
pointOfContact
Johanna NJ Weston
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
johanna.weston@whoi.edu
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
trackID
matFilename
Pump
session
partition
tracknumber
cruiseID
StartFrame
EndFrame
Category
Len
MeanV
StdV
MeanSpeed
StdSpeed
MeanV_up
MeanV_down
Basler Ace acA2040-90um NIR camera
Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC)
High-Pressure Plankton Observatory (HiPPO)
HOV Alvin
CMVision CM-IR130-850NM infrared illuminator floodlight with acrylic diffuser plate
McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV)
Dissecting microscopes
theme
None, User defined
experiment id
file_name
instrument
sample time
Cruise identfier
image_analysis
behavior code
duration
Upward velocity
speed
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Camera
High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph
High-Pressure Plankton Observatory
HOV Alvin
LED light
McLane Large Volume Pumping System WTS-LV
Microscope - Optical
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
AT50-06
AT50-20
service
Deployment Activity
East Pacific Rise (EPR)
place
Locations
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
RUI: Collaborative: The Predictive Nature of Microbial Biofilms for Cuing Larval Settlement at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/851182
RUI: Collaborative: The Predictive Nature of Microbial Biofilms for Cuing Larval Settlement at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br />
Over four decades of research have shown that tiny free-swimming offspring of the unique inhabitants of hydrothermal vents can disperse effectively between their specialized habitats. Yet, we know almost nothing about how these larval animals complete the journey by locating and settling down in suitable locations. This question remains one of the key unresolved puzzles in the ecology of the deep sea and is becoming increasingly important to solve as hydrothermal vents are becoming threatened by human impacts. The investigators suggest that the films of bacteria that first form at vents are good signposts for settlement of larvae because they indicate that the hydrothermal vents are suitable for life. This project uses a combined program of field experiments, cutting-edge molecular biology techniques, and shipboard experiments with hydrothermal-vent larvae and cultured bacterial films. The project also connects undergraduate research interns at a primarily undergraduate institution (Western Washington University) with undergraduate research interns at two research institutions (Rutgers and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) while working on the project at sea together. Finally, the team is producing a science-in-action documentary filled with ocean science and exploration intended for television distribution and museum screenings. The investigators are using footage of the deep-sea vents, shipboard and diving operations, and laboratory work to create a documentary that highlights the foundation of scientific research—hypothesis-driven research, the application of the scientific method, and the importance of critical thinking—all in the framework of the study of an exciting, but threatened, ecosystem.</p>
<p>Hydrothermal vents are particularly tractable systems in which to study questions about the roles of biofilms in larval settlement because biofilms at vents are relatively low-complexity; vent animals are strictly dependent on vent microbes, often through symbiotic partnerships acquired after settlement; and environmental variations are present within the range of a common larval pool. Moreover, decades of research on settlement in model organisms give us good insight into biofilm cues; there is solid foundational understanding about colonization patterns at vents; we now have excellent tools to collect, identify, and culture vent larvae and microbes; and modern environmental "-omics" techniques are a good tool to characterize biological cues produced by biofilms. The project provides an unprecedented, quantitative look into the role of microbial biofilms in structuring larval settlement at hydrothermal vents, achieved only through the close collaboration of microbial and larval ecologists. The combined field program of short-term settlement experiments, microbial "-omics" work, and subsequent shipboard settlement experiments allows the investigative team to use field experiments to statistically model the factors that best predict larval settlement in the field, then test those predictions with shipboard experiments that decouple covarying conditions. This extensive characterization of putative larval settlement cues and their relationship to colonization success in heterogeneous vent habitat niches will contribute to a broader understanding of colonization success across diverse marine ecosystems. Understanding the role that the initial settlement of larvae plays in the recovery and resilience of hydrothermal-vent ecosystems is critical to developing informed management plans for deep-sea mining.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Vent Settlement Cues
largerWorkCitation
project
Collaborative Research: Life after Death: Do Inactive Sulfides Fuel a Unique Ecosystem at the Deep Seafloor?
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/873319
Collaborative Research: Life after Death: Do Inactive Sulfides Fuel a Unique Ecosystem at the Deep Seafloor?
<p><em>NSF Award Abstract: </em><br />
This project is investigating a newly discovered community of animals and microbes near deep-sea hydrothermal vents that appears to inhabit only cool, inactive sulfide features. The main objectives are to determine what species live on these features, whether they are new to science, and how they function in the community. The discovery of this novel community, which may be fueled by production of resident microbes, is likely to change the way we think about inactive vents and their contribution to deep-sea biodiversity and productivity. This project has broad impact in four different areas: 1) Informing policy for sustainable use (mining) of inactive sulfides; 2) Contributing to global data systems and the NSF-funded repository at BCO-DMO to make our data available for research use at other temporal, spatial, and taxonomic scales; 3) Increasing public scientific literacy by enhancing K-12 education in the sciences at Memorial Junior High in Eagle Pass TX with about 98% Hispanic and 2% Native American students and a high number of English Language Learners and migrants; and 4) Developing a diverse workforce by engaging students from under-represented and marginalized groups into undergraduate intern programs.</p>
<p>Hydrothermal venting of heated, reduced fluids from the seafloor occurs globally at plate tectonic boundaries and mid-plate hotspots and has been the subject of vigorous geological, chemical and biological research. However, this venting is ultimately transient, leaving behind only the sulfide mineral-rich deposits after the fluid flow stops. This project investigates the organisms living on these lesser studied inactive sulfide features in order to understand their ecology and associations with the mineral substratum. Recent discoveries indicate that some microbial and animal species inhabiting inactive sulfides are not found elsewhere in the marine environment, suggesting the sulfides serve as a unique habitat, distinct from other seafloor topographic features. The main project objectives are to characterize the species and functional diversity of the inactive sulfide ecosystem across all three domains of life (eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal), determine which animal species are endemic or predominantly associated with inactive sulfides, and explore the biological and geological characteristics governing those associations. The investigators are conducting field studies between 9-10 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise at sites within the axial summit trough as well as at recently discovered off-axis sites away from modern day venting features. The discovery of this novel community of organisms inhabiting inactive sulfide features at hydrothermal vent fields, fueled by resident chemolithotrophic microorganisms, is likely to change the way we think about the role of these ecosystems in deep-sea biodiversity and productivity.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Inactive Sulfides
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
biota
oceans
East Pacific Rise (EPR)
-104.3
-104.29
9.83
9.84
2022-12-26
2024-01-24
From projects that focused on the following 2 locations: 1. East Pacific Rise, 9 North hydrothermal vents 2. East Pacific Rise near 10 N
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Swim behavior tracking of deep-sea vent gastropod larvae in pressure chamber experiments aboard R/V Atlantis cruises AT50-06 and AT50-20 to the East Pacific Rise form Dec 2022 and Feb 2024
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984255.rdf
Name: trackID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Unique identifier for each track, combining the pump deployment identifier, session number, partition number, and track number</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984256.rdf
Name: matFilename
Units: unitless
Description: <p>The .mat file that is associated with the measurements</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984257.rdf
Name: Pump
Units: unitless
Description: <p>McLane pump deployment identifier in cruise series used to create unique track identifier</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984258.rdf
Name: session
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Video recording session number, delineated by the data writing process (see methods)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984259.rdf
Name: partition
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Video session partition number within each session; created whenever the camera frame of reference was moved, or if the chamber was flipped during recording</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984260.rdf
Name: tracknumber
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Sequential particle track number identified within a video partition section</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984261.rdf
Name: cruiseID
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Cruise on which particles were collected and tracked</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984262.rdf
Name: StartFrame
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Marks the first frame of recorded particle behavior if single track contained more than one behavior category; used to delineate the category segments within a track</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984263.rdf
Name: EndFrame
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Marks the last frame of recorded particle behavior if single track contained more than one behavior category; used to delineate the category segments within a track</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984264.rdf
Name: Category
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Assigned behavior of tracked particle (catch, downhelix, downswim, hover, sink, uphelix, upswim)</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984265.rdf
Name: Len
Units: seconds
Description: <p>Duration of track</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984266.rdf
Name: MeanV
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Mean of instantaneous vertical velocities of tracked particle</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984267.rdf
Name: StdV
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of instantaneous vertical velocity of tracked particle</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984268.rdf
Name: MeanSpeed
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Mean of instantaneous speeds of tracked particle,</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984269.rdf
Name: StdSpeed
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Standard deviation of instantaneous speed of tracked particle</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984270.rdf
Name: MeanV_up
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Mean vertical velocity of particle's upward movement</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/984271.rdf
Name: MeanV_down
Units: centimeters per second (cm/s)
Description: <p>Mean vertical velocity of particle's downward movement</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/982238/data/download
download
onLine
dataset
<p><strong>Sample Collection</strong></p>
<p>In this experiment, plankton were treated as two groups: those exposed to microbial biofilms (2024) and those not (2022). To collect biofilm, “Biofilm Colonizers,” sections of PVC piping covered in stainless steel mesh on either side and attached with metal band clamps, were deployed on the benthos by HOV&nbsp;Alvin&nbsp;on sites with high diffuse flow (confirmed by temperature probe reading higher than ambient temperatures) and left to be colonized by vent biofilm-forming bacteria for 10 d before recovery. For the 2024 (biofilm) observations, segments of colonized mesh were cut to size using flame-sterilized tweezers and scissors, secured in the custom aluminum inserts, and placed in the bottom of the plankton observation chamber. This design was intended to test response to a substratum-bound cue assuming a tactile trigger, but the biofilm was flocculent and became suspended when the chamber was filled, likely bringing it into contact with larvae throughout the observation pool. For the 2022 (no biofilm) observations, the insert was not used.</p>
<p>Larvae were collected using a McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV) with a filter assembly to capture larvae onto a large (19 cm diameter) filter of 63 μm mesh. The filter system was designed with an expanded head space and thick insulation to maximize retrieval of live specimens (Beaulieu et al.&nbsp;2009). The pump was mounted on a lander to facilitate manual positioning via HOV&nbsp;Alvin. The lander was placed at about 10 m distance from the active vent site, and the inlet was positioned at 1.5 m above the seafloor, where the water temperature was 2°C and pressure was 252 bar. The pump was programmed to run at a rate of 25 L per minute for 21 h to end just before release from the seafloor to maintain larval health, capturing samples of roughly 31,000 L. The lander ascended to the surface at a rate of approximately 45 m per minute. Due to the warm surface waters of the eastern tropical Pacific, care had to be taken to recover the sample quickly, as prolonged exposure to elevated temperature can damage the larvae. At this site, our CTD data showed that temperature was below 5°C at depths greater than 1000 m, reached 10°C at about 300 m, and was above 25°C at the surface. After the pump was recovered and secured on deck, the pump filter assembly was immediately placed in chilled seawater (4°C). Gastropod larvae were sorted manually from the samples, on ice under dissecting microscopes, for 1–2 h, and identified by trained experts. All available gastropod larvae (150–400 μm) and 6–12 copepods were placed in the plankton observation chamber. Copepods, being larger and more active swimmers, were added as a visual aid to ensure the camera remained in focus and conditions in the chamber remained habitable. The chamber was topped off with filtered bottom seawater, sealed, and fastened to the mount to prepare for recording behavior. In 2022, one of six recovered pump samples yielded actively swimming gastropod larvae (pump 8), whereas in 2024, one of seven pump samples yielded swimming larvae (pump 5). In 2022, three gastropod larvae were introduced into the chamber (<em>Lepetodrilus sp</em>., <em>Laeviphitus sp</em>., and “unknown”), and all revived sufficiently to swim actively in the chamber. In 2024, after the biofilm insert was placed in the chamber, nine gastropod larvae were introduced (identified with certainty <em>Lepetodrilus sp</em>. and <em>Peltospira sp</em>., and provisionally <em>Laeviphitus sp</em>., <em>Echinopelta sp</em>.,&nbsp;<em>Clypeosectus sp</em>. and “unknown”); two of these individuals revived, but it was not possible to distinguish which ones.</p>
<p><strong>Recording set-up</strong></p>
<p>Deep sea larvae were loaded and sealed in a high-pressure chamber within two hours of surfacing. The chamber was kept in a dark 4 degree (Celsius) cold room for duration of the experiments. Bottom pressure (252 bar) was slowly reached over the course of 15 min inside the chamber. &nbsp;Once at pressure, pump flowrate was kept at 0.05-0.2 milliliters per minute (mL/min). Videos were recorded as TIFF stacks using a frame rate of 30-60 fps. Occasionally, the chamber was manually flipped to attempt to stimulate larvae into swimming. Experiments continued until larvae stopped swimming, between 2-3 hrs. Recording was paused, breaking up footage into "Sessions" due to limited writing speed of our data storage equipment &nbsp;and followed by waiting periods of up to 3 minutes while memory was written to disk. "Sessions" were broken up into "partitions" whenever the camera frame of reference was moved, or if the chamber was flipped during recording.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Differences between cruises</strong></p>
<p>AT50-06 (2022): Camera resolution was limited to 944x950 and chamber viewport was partially in view at 798 pixels per centimeter. Pressure chamber and camera were secured but detached one another. Framerate was set to 60 frames per seconds and sessions were limited to 3 minutes. Chamber was flipped a total of four times.</p>
<p>AT50-20 (2024): &nbsp;Camera resolution was set to the full 2048x2048 pixels, putting the whole chamber viewport in view at 563 pixels per centimeter. Pressure chamber was secured on a custom 3d-printed mount, attached to an aluminum railed that attached the mounted camera, keeping centered and fixed on the chamber. Framerate was lowered to 30 frames per second, and sessions were extended to last 30 minutes. Chamber was flipped a total of 2 times. Gastropods were exposed to vent-specific microbial biofilm for the duration of this experiment.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p><strong>Particle tracking (generating vtracks files)</strong></p>
<p>Custom two-dimensional particle tracking scripts on MATLAB (version 2023a) were used to process the TIFF stacks and extract tracking data. &nbsp;After removing a mean background image, tracked particles, treated as weighted centroids, were filtered for minimum intensity, minimum size, and maximum speed. Instantaneous vertical velocity was calculated using a 7-point differencing stencil and a gaussian filter as in Oullette et al. (2006).&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Swim metrics (generating swim metrics file)</strong></p>
<p>Larval tracks were identified manually by watching the videos with particle labelling overlay generated by the tracking scripts. Tracks of larvae were assigned into behavior categories (downhelix, downswim, sink, uphelix, upswim, and meander) after watching the resulting overlaid tracking videos and observing the larva's behavior. Larval behavior tracks of interest were entered into a formatted spreadsheet. If a single track contained multiple behaviors, the track was split into multiple spreadsheet entries with different start and end frames. This spreadsheet was then fed into another MATLAB script to extract the swim metrics from the vtracks files that were used to create our descriptive table.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Opened "swim_metrics_datatable_ZunigaMouretetal_L&Om.xlsx" in Excel and formatted all decimals to "#.##############################" to capture all numbers in decimals
- Exported file from Excel as a CSV, "swim_metrics_datatable_ZunigaMouretetal_L&Om.csv"
- Imported "swim_metrics_datatable_ZunigaMouretetal_L&Om.csv" into the BCO-DMO system
- Combined the pump, session, partition, and track number ids into a "trackID" parameter that should correspond with the ID used in the .mat files
- Created a "matFilename" parameter that connects the rows to the .mat file in the dataset supplemental attachment
- Exported file as "982238_v1_swim_metrics_vent_gastropod_larvae.csv"
Organism LSIDs added from matches at the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) on 2025-10-18. All species names in metadata are exact matches.
Lepetodrilus (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:180907)
Peltospira (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:180916)
Laeviphitus (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:137922)
Echinopelta (Echinopelta fistulosa) (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:449957)
Clypeosectus (Clypeosectus delectus) (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:449949)
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Basler Ace acA2040-90um NIR camera
Basler Ace acA2040-90um NIR camera
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Basler Ace acA2040-90um NIR camera PI Supplied Instrument Description:Basler Ace acA2040-90um NIR camera fitted with Nikon 55 mm lens was used to record larvae in the pressure chamber. Instrument Name: Camera Instrument Short Name:camera Instrument Description: All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/311/
Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC)
Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC) PI Supplied Instrument Description:High-Pressure Plankton Observatory (HiPPO) - custom-built pressure chamber in series with a Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC) pump was used for maintaining larvae alive at pressure. Instrument Name: High-Performance Liquid Chromatograph Instrument Short Name:HPLC Instrument Description: A High-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) is a type of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds that are dissolved in solution. HPLC instruments consist of a reservoir of the mobile phase, a pump, an injector, a separation column, and a detector. Compounds are separated by high pressure pumping of the sample mixture onto a column packed with microspheres coated with the stationary phase. The different components in the mixture pass through the column at different rates due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile liquid phase and the stationary phase. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB11/
High-Pressure Plankton Observatory (HiPPO)
High-Pressure Plankton Observatory (HiPPO)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: High-Pressure Plankton Observatory (HiPPO) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Deep sea larvae were loaded and sealed in a high-pressure chamber within two hours of surfacing. Instrument Name: High-Pressure Plankton Observatory Instrument Short Name:HiPPO Instrument Description: Custom-built pressure chamber in series with a Jasco PU-4180 rapid separation high-performance liquid chromatography (RHPLC) pump was used for maintaining larvae alive at pressure.
Publication:
Zúñiga Mouret, R., Hourdez, S., Curran, M., DiBenedetto, M. H., Mills, S. W., Vetriani, C., Arellano, S. M., Weston, J. N. J., Dykman, L. N., Best, A. C., Pires, A., & Mullineaux, L. S. (2025). Pressurized plankton observatory offers a new window into deep‐sea larval behavior. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10708
HOV Alvin
HOV Alvin
PI Supplied Instrument Name: HOV Alvin PI Supplied Instrument Description:To collect biofilm, “Biofilm Colonizers,” sections of PVC piping covered in stainless steel mesh on either side and attached with metal band clamps, were deployed on the benthos by HOV Alvin on sites with high diffuse flow (confirmed by temperature probe reading higher than ambient temperatures) and left to be colonized by vent biofilm-forming bacteria for 10 d before recovery. Instrument Name: HOV Alvin Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Human Occupied Vehicle (HOV) Alvin is part of the National Deep Submergence Facility (NDSF). Alvin enables in-situ data collection and observation by two scientists to depths reaching 6,500 meters, during dives lasting up to ten hours.
Commissioned in 1964 as one of the world’s first deep-ocean submersibles, Alvin has remained state-of-the-art as a result of numerous overhauls and upgrades made over its lifetime. The most recent upgrades, begun in 2011 and completed in 2021, saw the installation of a new, larger personnel sphere with a more ergonomic interior; improved visibility and overlapping fields of view; longer bottoms times; new lighting and high-definition imaging systems; improved sensors, data acquisition and download speed. It also doubled the science basket payload, and improved the command-and-control system allowing greater speed, range and maneuverability.
With seven reversible thrusters, it can hover in the water, maneuver over rugged topography, or rest on the sea floor. It can collect data throughout the water column, produce a variety of maps and perform photographic surveys. Alvin also has two robotic arms that can manipulate instruments, obtain samples, and its basket can be reconfigured daily based on the needs of the upcoming dive.
Alvin's depth rating of 6,500m gives researchers in-person access to 99% of the ocean floor. Alvin is a proven and reliable platform capable of diving for up to 30 days in a row before requiring a single scheduled maintenance day. Recent collaborations with autonomous vehicles such as Sentry have proven extremely beneficial, allowing PIs to visit promising sites to collect samples and data in person within hours of their being discovered, and UNOLs driven technological advances have improved the ability for scientific outreach and collaboration via telepresence
Alvin is named for Allyn Vine, a WHOI engineer and geophysicist who helped pioneer deep submergence research and technology.
(from https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/underwater-vehicles/hov-alvin/, accessed 2022-09-09)
CMVision CM-IR130-850NM infrared illuminator floodlight with acrylic diffuser plate
CMVision CM-IR130-850NM infrared illuminator floodlight with acrylic diffuser plate
PI Supplied Instrument Name: CMVision CM-IR130-850NM infrared illuminator floodlight with acrylic diffuser plate PI Supplied Instrument Description:CMVision CM-IR130-850NM infrared illuminator floodlight with acrylic diffuser plate was used for backlighting. Instrument Name: LED light Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons.
McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV)
McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV)
PI Supplied Instrument Name: McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Larvae were collected using a McLane Laboratories large-volume water pump (WTS-LV) with a filter assembly to capture larvae onto a large (19 cm diameter) filter of 63 μm mesh. Instrument Name: McLane Large Volume Pumping System WTS-LV Instrument Short Name:WTS-LV Instrument Description: The WTS-LV is a Water Transfer System (WTS) Large Volume (LV) pumping instrument designed and manufactured by McLane Research Labs (Falmouth, MA, USA). It is a large-volume, single-event sampler that collects suspended and dissolved particulate samples in situ.
Ambient water is drawn through a modular filter holder onto a 142-millimeter (mm) membrane without passing through the pump. The standard two-tier filter holder provides prefiltering and size fractioning. Collection targets include chlorophyll maximum, particulate trace metals, and phytoplankton. It features different flow rates and filter porosity to support a range of specimen collection. Sampling can be programmed to start at a scheduled time or begin with a countdown delay. It also features a dynamic pump speed algorithm that adjusts flow to protect the sample as material accumulates on the filter. Several pump options range from 0.5 to 30 liters per minute, with a max volume of 2,500 to 36,000 liters depending on the pump and battery pack used. The standard model is depth rated to 5,500 meters, with a deeper 7,000-meter option available. The operating temperature is -4 to 35 degrees Celsius.
The WTS-LV is available in four different configurations: Standard, Upright, Bore Hole, and Dual Filter Sampler. The high-capacity upright WTS-LV model provides three times the battery life of the standard model. The Bore-Hole WTS-LV is designed to fit through a narrow opening such as a 30-centimeter borehole. The dual filter WTS-LV features two vertical intake 142 mm filter holders to allow simultaneous filtering using two different porosities.
Dissecting microscopes
Dissecting microscopes
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Dissecting microscopes PI Supplied Instrument Description:Gastropod larvae were sorted manually from the samples, on ice under dissecting microscopes, for 1–2 h, and identified by trained experts. Instrument Name: Microscope - Optical Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Instruments that generate enlarged images of samples using the phenomena of reflection and absorption of visible light. Includes conventional and inverted instruments. Also called a "light microscope". Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB05/
Cruise: AT50-06
AT50-06
R/V Atlantis
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V Atlantis
vessel
AT50-06
Shawn M. Arellano
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Cruise: AT50-20
AT50-20
R/V Atlantis
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V Atlantis
vessel
AT50-20
Shawn M. Arellano
Western Washington University
R/V Atlantis
Community Standard Description
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
R/V Atlantis
vessel