19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T938,

We conducted a fully factorial 4x2 caging experiment (n = 8) from September 2021 to April 2023 in a nearshore rocky subtidal habitat at Cerro Mundo reef (0°52’06.0” S; 89°35’04.0” W), San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos. Sixty-four experimental cages were deployed at a depth of nine meters to simultaneously manipulate in situ grazer presence and nutrient availability across a natural temperature gradient. Cages were based on designs from Witman et al. (2017) and consisted of circular concrete platforms (diameter = 0.43 m, height = 0.06 m) with Aquamesh (plastic-coated, galvanized mesh, 0.05 m mesh size) incorporated as needed per cage design. Treatments provided varying degrees of herbivore exclusion: open plots with unrestricted grazer access; full exclusion cages preventing access by large herbivores (i.e., fish, urchins, turtles, and marine iguanas) but not mesograzers (e.g., amphipods, small gastropods); and grazer inclusion cages maintaining a constant density of a single urchin species.

Cage type was crossed with two nutrient levels: ambient and enriched. Nutrient enrichment was achieved by attaching two nutrient pillows (drawstring pouches, 0.001 m mesh size, 0.1 × 0.1 m) containing 50 g total of slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote, NPK 19-6-12, without micronutrients) to half of the cages.

Eight independent four-week trials were conducted during peak periods of the warm and cold seasons. To discern the effects of the treatments (cage type × nutrient level) on the productivity and dynamics of benthic macroalgae, percent cover data were collected at the end of each trial.

To determine percent cover, photographs of the substrate of the 64 cages were taken using a Nikon COOLPIX W300 camera. Percent macroalgal cover was quantified for each photograph in Adobe Illustrator (version 28.0) by superimposing a grid of 200 points and identifying the substrate beneath each point. The categories used included: Ulva spp., crustose coralline algae (CCA), brown foliose algae, haploid phase of macroalgae (HPM), red filamentous algae, Asparagopsis sp., Schizymenia sp., and "other" (including concrete, sand, fish, urchins, snails, and shells). The number of points classified as algae was summed and divided by two to obtain the total algal cover percentage.

1b:T4ae,Increased standing macroalgal biomass in upwelling zones is generally assumed to result from higher nutrient flux associated with upwelled waters. However, other factors can also strongly impact macroalgal communities. For example, herbivory and temperature—through their effects on primary producers and the metabolic demands of consumers—can influence macroalgal biomass and productivity, respectively. Although there are numerous studies examining the interactive effects of herbivores and nutrients in both temperate regions, few have addressed these dynamics in tropical or subtropical upwelling systems. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of herbivores, temperature, and nutrient availability on standing macroalgal biomass and total algal cover. Macroalgal biomass is presented in the related dataset. We manipulated nutrient availability and herbivory in eight field experiments conducted under contrasting productivity and thermal regimes (cool upwelling vs. warm, non-upwelling seasons) on a subtidal nearshore rocky reef. Here, we present the algal percent cover data collected from the shallow subtidal zone during September 2021 to April 2023 field experiments.1c:T895,NSF Award Abstract: A well-known pattern in coastal marine systems is a positive association between the biomass of primary producers and the occurrence or intensity of upwelling. This is assumed to be caused by the increase in nutrient concentration associated with upwelling, enabling higher primary production and thus greater standing algal biomass. However, upwelling also causes large, rapid declines in water temperature. Because the metabolism of fish and invertebrate herbivores is temperature-dependent, cooler upwelled water could reduce consumer metabolism and grazing intensity. This could in turn lead to increased standing algal biomass. Thus upwelling could influence both bottom-up and top-down control of populations and communities of primary producers. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that grazing intensity and algal biomass are, in part, regulated by temperature via the temperature-dependence of metabolic rates. Broader impacts include the training and retention of minority students through UNC's Course Based Undergraduate Research program, support of undergraduate research, teacher training, and various outreach activities. The investigators will take advantage of the uniquely strong spatiotemporal variance in water temperature in the Galápagos Islands to compare grazing intensity and primary production across a natural temperature gradient. They will combine field monitoring, statistical modeling, grazing assays, populations-specific metabolic measurements, and in situ herbivore exclusion and nutrient addition to measure the effects of temperature on pattern and process in shallow subtidal communities. The researchers will also test the hypothesis that grazer populations at warmer sites and/or during warmer seasons are less thermally sensitive, potentially due to acclimatization or adaptation. Finally, the investigators will perform a series of mesocosm experiments to measure the effect of near-future temperatures on herbivores, algae, and herbivory. This work could change the way we view upwelling systems, particularly how primary production is regulated and the temperature-dependence of energy transfer across trophic levels.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"985410","description":"","problem":"","acquisition":"$1a","processing":"","bcodmoProcessing":"- Imported \"Data_percent_cover.xlsx\"\r\n- Replaced spaces in parameter names with underscores\r\n- Removed existing computed \"Sum\" value, due to REF error in Excel file\r\n- Created new \"Sum\" field combine all the identification values\r\n- Added \"pct\" fields for all the identification values, where values were divided by the sum, in coordination with the submitter\r\n- Exported file as \"985410_v1_algal_percent_cover.csv\"","title":"Algal Percent Cover Data collected in the nearshore shallow subtidal during eight field experiments conducted at Cerro Mundo Bay in the Galapagos Islands between Sep 2021 and Apr 2023","nickname":"Cerro Mundo Algal Percent Cover Data","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2025-10-03T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"$1b","citation":"Bruno, J., Brandt, M., Silva, I., Agudo-Adriani, E. (2025) Algal Percent Cover Data collected in the nearshore shallow subtidal during eight field experiments conducted at Cerro Mundo Bay in the Galapagos Islands between Sep 2021 and Apr 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-10-03 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.985410.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.985410.1","versionDate":"2025-10-03","versionId":"1","year":"2025","title":"Algal Percent Cover Data collected in the nearshore shallow subtidal during eight field experiments conducted at Cerro Mundo Bay in the Galapagos Islands between Sep 2021 and Apr 2023","authors":"Bruno, J., Brandt, M., Silva, I., Agudo-Adriani, E.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.985410.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"Cerro Mundo, San Cristobal Island, Galapagos, Ecuador (0.87044°S, 89.58189°W)","temporal_extent":{"start":"2021-09-01T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2025-04-30T04:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitMonth","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1630468800","label":"2021-09"},"end":{"value":"1745985600","label":"2025-04"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"point","center":{"latitude":-0.87044,"longitude":-89.58189},"wkt":" POINT (-89.58189 -0.87044)","north":0,"east":0,"south":0,"west":0},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results","experimental"],"keywords":["biota","oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"985891","title":"985410_v1_algal_percent_cover.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/file/KAxkxxYh4JY191/985410_v1_algal_percent_cover.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/data/view/985891","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 985410, version 1","filename":"985410_v1_algal_percent_cover.csv","bytesize":43244,"checksum":{"value":"f400cd3751ca4fc9a94e3a68a8952311","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"138","name":"Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"739779","name":"John Bruno"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"140","name":"Co-Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"984928","name":"Margarita Brandt"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"984926","name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ"}},{"role":{"_id":"128","name":"Student"},"performedBy":{"_id":"892188","name":"Esteban Agudo-Adriani"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"128","name":"Student"},"performedBy":{"_id":"892191","name":"Isabel Silva"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"20","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"924467","name":"Audrey Mickle"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[],"funding":[{"_id":"739776","name":"OCE-1737071","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=1737071"}],"instruments":[{"_id":"985424","name":"Nikon COOLPIX W300 camera","description":"To determine percent cover, photographs of the substrate of the 64 cages were taken using a Nikon COOLPIX W300 camera. ","type_id":"520","type_name":"Camera","type_desc":"All types of photographic equipment including stills, video, film and digital systems.","type_acronym":"camera"}],"parameters":[{"_id":"985473","name":"Cage","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Replicate number

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"953","name":"replicate","description":"

an identifier used to distinguish between one or more replicate samples

"}},{"_id":"985474","name":"Treatment","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Four types of experimental treatments were used: (All Present) Open with full access to all grazers. (Urchins Only) Urchin inclusions, where two pencil urchins remained caged throughout the duration of each trial to maintain the identity and density of our herbivore of interest constant. (None Present) Full exclusions, preventing access to all macro-herbivores such as sea urchins, fishes, iguanas, and turtles, but not to meso-herbivores such as amphipods. These cages are covered with a top. (Procedural) Procedural control that included partial sides, designed to affect flow and light to a similar degree as other cages to test for experimental artifacts of the herbivore manipulation.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"489066","name":"treatment","description":"

Experimental conditions applied to experimental units. In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

"}},{"_id":"985475","name":"N","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Nutrient category: N+= elevated nutrients; No N= ambient nutrients.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"489066","name":"treatment","description":"

Experimental conditions applied to experimental units. In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

"}},{"_id":"985476","name":"Monthstart","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

Start month of trial

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"985477","name":"Monthend","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

End month of trial

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"985478","name":"Year","format":"","frictionlessType":"string","description":"

The year the trial was conducted

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"985479","name":"Ulva","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Ulva

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985480","name":"Ulva_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Ulva

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

Percent cover is a method of determining relative abundance of a plant or sessile animal based on the amount of space they occupy within a plot of substrate. In this method, rather than counting the number of individuals, each species is assigned a percent cover based on a visual estimate of how much of the sample plot they occupy.

"}},{"_id":"985481","name":"cca","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: cca

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985482","name":"cca_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: cca

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985483","name":"Brown_foliose_algae","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Brown foliose algae

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985484","name":"Brown_foliose_algae_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Brown foliose algae

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985485","name":"HPM","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: HPM

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985486","name":"HPM_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: HPM

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985487","name":"Diatoms","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Diatoms

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985488","name":"Diatoms_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Diatoms

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985489","name":"Red_Filamentous","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Red Filamentous

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985490","name":"Red_Filamentous_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Red Filamentous

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985491","name":"Asparagopsis","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Asparagopsis

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985492","name":"Asparagopsis_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Asparagopsis

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985493","name":"Schizymenia","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Schizymenia

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985494","name":"Schizymenia_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Schizymenia

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985495","name":"Fish","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Fish

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985496","name":"Fish_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Fish

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985497","name":"Urchin","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Urchin

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985498","name":"Urchin_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Urchin

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985499","name":"Snail","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Snail

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985500","name":"Snail_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Snail

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985501","name":"Shell","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Shell

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985502","name":"Shell_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Shell

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"639488","name":"percent_cover","description":"

"}},{"_id":"985503","name":"Bare_concrete","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Bare concrete

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985504","name":"Bare_concrete_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Bare concrete

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"1741","name":"sample_descrip","description":"

text description or other traits of the sample collected

"}},{"_id":"985505","name":"Sand","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Sand

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985506","name":"Sand_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Sand

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"1741","name":"sample_descrip","description":"

text description or other traits of the sample collected

"}},{"_id":"985507","name":"Other","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Number of category identified out of grid: Other

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"985508","name":"Other_pct","format":"","frictionlessType":"number","description":"

Percentage of category identified as cover in grid: Other

","units":{"_id":"","name":"percent"},"type":{"_id":"1741","name":"sample_descrip","description":"

text description or other traits of the sample collected

"}},{"_id":"985509","name":"Sum","format":"","frictionlessType":"integer","description":"

Total parts of grid analyzed

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}}],"related_publications":[{"id":"985423","citation":"Witman, J. D., Smith, F., & Novak, M. (2017). Experimental demonstration of a trophic cascade in the Galápagos rocky subtidal: Effects of consumer identity and behavior. PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0175705. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175705\r\n","relation_type":["Methods"],"relation_desc":""}],"related_datasets":[{"_id":"894169","name":"Cerro Mundo Algal Biomass Data","url":"","relation_type":"IsRelatedTo","type_desc":"

The dataset is related to another dataset.

\n","relation_desc":"Data were collected from the same experiment (experimental cages).","citation":"Bruno, J., Brandt, M., Silva, I., Agudo-Adriani, E. (2025) Macroalgal biomass data collected in the nearshore shallow subtidal during eight field experiments conducted at Cerro Mundo Bay in the Galapagos Islands between Sept 2021 and Apr 2023. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 2) Version Date 2025-11-14 doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.894169.2"}],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/985410/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"739777","name":"The Role of Temperature in Regulating Herbivory and Algal Biomass in Upwelling Systems","acronym":"Temperature and Herbivory","description":"$1c"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.985410.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.985410.1","date_assigned":"2025-10-06","version_date":"2025-10-03","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":82},"downloads":{"count":149}}}}]