http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/986266 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2025-10-07 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Water quality metrics collected from 10 meter reefs from around the U.S. Virgin Islands during April 2022 (Multi-scale multi-host disease spread project) 2025-10-07 publication 2025-10-07 revision Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA) 2025-11-24 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986266.1 Amy Apprill Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution principalInvestigator Marilyn Brandt University of the Virgin Islands Center for Marine and Environmental Studies principalInvestigator Adrienne M.S. Correa Rice University principalInvestigator Daniel Holstein Louisiana State University principalInvestigator Laura Mydlarz University of Texas at Arlington principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Bloomberg, J. (2025) Water quality metrics collected from 10 meter reefs from around the U.S. Virgin Islands during April 2022 (Multi-scale multi-host disease spread project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-10-07 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986266.1 [access date] Water quality metrics collected from 10 m reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands in April 2022 Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Sampling locations were accessed via day-trips aboard a University of the Virgin Islands powerboat in the U.S. Virgin Islands in April 2022. At each sampling location, reef seawater was collected to characterize water quality metrics, including microbial community composition, inorganic nutrient concentrations, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and microbial cell abundances.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Water samples were collected by SCUBA divers approximately 2 meters above the reef. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity were measured from the boat using an EXO2 multiparameter sonde. Sample processing and analytical procedures will follow previously published methods (Becker et al., 2020; Weber et al., 2020). Each site was sampled in replicate on two separate days.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2109622 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2109622 completed Amy Apprill Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 508-289-2649 Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department 266 Woods Hole Road, MS# 4 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA aapprill@whoi.edu pointOfContact Marilyn Brandt University of the Virgin Islands Center for Marine and Environmental Studies 340-693-1379 2 John Brewers Bay St. Thomas, USVI 00802 mbrandt@uvi.edu pointOfContact Adrienne M.S. Correa Rice University amsc@berkeley.edu pointOfContact Daniel Holstein Louisiana State University NY USA daniel.holstein@stonybrook.edu pointOfContact Laura Mydlarz University of Texas at Arlington 817-272-0397 501 S. Nedderman Dr. 337 Life Sciences Building Arlington TX 76013 United States mydlarz@uta.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown Mission Site Latitiude Longitude ISO_DateTime_UTC Date Sampling_depth Time_of_sonde Temp mmHg DO_Percent DO_Concentration SPC C SAL pH NTU TSS DEP Lab_ID_for_inorganic_nutrients PO4 NO3_NO2 Silicate NO2 NH4 Lab_ID_for_cell_abundances pro syn peuk hbact Lab_ID_for_TON_TOC npoc tn Lab_ID_for_chlorophyll Alpkem RGA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) Beckman-Coulter Altra Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences) Shimadzu TOC-VCSH Analyzer Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) YSI EXO Sonde (YSI Inc./Xylem Inc.) theme None, User defined project site latitude longitude ISO_DateTime_UTC date depth time_utc water temperature at measurement depth MMHg Dissolved oxygen (percent) dissolved Oxygen conductivity salinity pH turbidity suspended particulate matter concentration depth_bottom sample identification reactive phosphorus (PO4) nitrate plus nitrite Silicate, Si(OH)4, silicic acid Nitrite Ammonium prochlorococcus abundance synechococcus abundance from flow cytometry picoeukaryote abundance from flow cytometry bacterial abundance particulate organic Carbon (POC) Nitrogen featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Continuous Flow Analyzer Flow Cytometer Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer TOC-VCPH Technicon AutoAnalyzer II YSI EXO multiparameter water quality sondes instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. A multi-scale approach to predicting infectious multi-host disease spread in marine benthic communities https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/877263 A multi-scale approach to predicting infectious multi-host disease spread in marine benthic communities <p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br /> Marine diseases have devastating impacts on ocean ecosystems and this work will directly examine the framework for understanding disease transmission in the ocean. A team of ecologists, ocean connectivity and disease modelers, microbiologists, and coral immunologists (from the University of Virgin Islands (UVI), Louisiana State University (LSU), Rice University, University of Texas-Arlington and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) will develop a model that predicts transmission of a devastating Caribbean coral disease that has the potential to impact the economic value of coral reefs, including those located in the U.S. This project will support multidisciplinary field and laboratory research experiences of graduate students at multiple minority-serving institutions, and will provide undergraduate students with hands-on training in modeling, ecological and molecular analysis techniques. UVI and LSU are in EPSCoR jurisdictions and have diverse student bodies, including numerous under-represented minority (URM) students. The research team will collaboratively provide URM students with research experiences in STEM fields. Project findings will be broadly communicated through virtual public programming, and through the Virgin Islands Coral Disease Advisory Committee with updates on the vicoraldisease.org website. A coral disease response workshop for the U.S. Virgin Islands will also be held, in which project results will be presented and used to support disease response planning.</p> <p>Over the last four decades, marine diseases have decimated ecosystem engineers in marine coastal ecosystems, including the rocky intertidal, seagrasses and coral reefs. The pathogens driving these diseases have frequently been challenging to isolate, characterize and confirm, in part because they affect multiple host species and can spread by ocean currents, as well as through individual contact. Here, we propose a multi-scale epidemic model for studying marine disease that addresses both within-host and within-patch disease dynamics, and explicitly acknowledges the dispersal of pathogens between populations. Our interdisciplinary research team of ecologists, connectivity and disease modelers, microbiologists, and coral immunologists will integrate the largest set of predictors of marine disease spread to date: individual host species traits that allow for disease resistance or susceptibility, local transmission within communities that may have unique community structure, and hydrodynamic connectivity among susceptible communities. Modeling will be supported with rich data sets of within- and among-patch population characteristics and disease dynamics as well as molecular data on species-level disease responses. This project will advance knowledge of infectious diseases by integrating multidimensional scales and differential host susceptibilities into existing epidemiological models. This model will particularly advance the framework for studying marine diseases and has the potential to elucidate the transmission properties of a devastating Caribbean coral disease (stony coral tissue loss disease) that fits the most confounding and notorious hallmarks of marine diseases: infection of multiple hosts by an elusive pathogen.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> Multi-scale multi-host disease spread largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -64.8135 -64.6072403 17.77388 18.34424 2022-04-05 2022-04-15 United States Virgin Islands 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Water quality metrics collected from 10 meter reefs from around the U.S. Virgin Islands during April 2022 (Multi-scale multi-host disease spread project) Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989159.rdf Name: Mission Units: unitless Description: <p>Name of the project when these data were collected.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989160.rdf Name: Site Units: unitless Description: <p>Name of the reef site in the U.S. Virgin Islands where these data were collected.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989161.rdf Name: Latitiude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of the reef site.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989162.rdf Name: Longitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of the reef site.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989163.rdf Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC Units: unitless Description: <p>Date and time of the Sonde deployment in UTC.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989164.rdf Name: Date Units: unitless Description: <p>Date of data collection.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989165.rdf Name: Sampling_depth Units: meters (m) Description: <p>Depth of sampling for non-Sonde samples.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989166.rdf Name: Time_of_sonde Units: unitless Description: <p>Time of sonde measurements in UTC collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989167.rdf Name: Temp Units: degrees Celcius Description: <p>Temperature in celcius collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989168.rdf Name: mmHg Units: millimeters of mercury (mmHg) Description: <p>Millimeters of mercury collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989169.rdf Name: DO_Percent Units: unitless Description: <p>Dissolved oxygen as percent collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989170.rdf Name: DO_Concentration Units: miligrams per liter (mg/L) Description: <p>Dissolved oxygen as concentration collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989171.rdf Name: SPC Units: microSiemens per centimeter (uS/cm) Description: <p>Specific conductance collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989172.rdf Name: C Units: microSiemens per centimeter (uS/cm) Description: <p>Conductivity collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989173.rdf Name: SAL Units: parts per thousand (ppt) Description: <p>salinity in parts per thousand collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989174.rdf Name: pH Units: unitless Description: <p>pH collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989175.rdf Name: NTU Units: Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) Description: <p>Turbidity (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989176.rdf Name: TSS Units: miligrams per liter (mg/L) Description: <p>Total suspended solids collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989177.rdf Name: DEP Units: meters (m) Description: <p>Depth in m (of sonde, not of samples) collected with multiparameter water quality sonde from the UVI Environmental Analysis Lab.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989178.rdf Name: Lab_ID_for_inorganic_nutrients Units: unitless Description: <p>Internal lab identity given to inorganic nutrients sample.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989179.rdf Name: PO4 Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Phosphate concentration measured from 30 ml samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989180.rdf Name: NO3_NO2 Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Nitrate and nitrate combined concentration measured from 30 ml samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989181.rdf Name: Silicate Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Silicate concentration measured from 30 ml samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989182.rdf Name: NO2 Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Nitrite concentration measured from 30 ml samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989183.rdf Name: NH4 Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Ammonium concentration measured from 30 ml samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989184.rdf Name: Lab_ID_for_cell_abundances Units: unitless Description: <p>Internal lab identity given to cell abundance samples.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989185.rdf Name: pro Units: cells per mL Description: <p>Prochlorococcus concentration measured with flow cytometry from 1 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989186.rdf Name: syn Units: cells per mL Description: <p>Synechococcus concentration measured with flow cytometry from 1 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989187.rdf Name: peuk Units: cells per mL Description: <p>Picoeukaryote concentraiton measured with flow cytometry from 1 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989188.rdf Name: hbact Units: cells per mL Description: <p>Heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea concentrations measured with flow cytometry from 1 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989189.rdf Name: Lab_ID_for_TON_TOC Units: unitless Description: <p>Internal lab identity given to total carbon and nitrogen sample.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989190.rdf Name: npoc Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Total organic carbon concentration measured from 10 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989191.rdf Name: tn Units: micrometer (um) Description: <p>Total nitrogen concentration concentration measured from 10 mL samples collected 2 meters above the reef.</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/989192.rdf Name: Lab_ID_for_chlorophyll Units: unitless Description: <p>Internal lab identity given to chlorophyll samples.</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2319 https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/11eed19a-9743-489c-a349-f02350787c83/content download https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986266.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Sampling locations were accessed via day-trips aboard a University of the Virgin Islands powerboat in the U.S. Virgin Islands in April 2022. At each sampling location, reef seawater was collected to characterize water quality metrics, including microbial community composition, inorganic nutrient concentrations, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and microbial cell abundances.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Water samples were collected by SCUBA divers approximately 2 meters above the reef. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity were measured from the boat using an EXO2 multiparameter sonde. Sample processing and analytical procedures will follow previously published methods (Becker et al., 2020; Weber et al., 2020). Each site was sampled in replicate on two separate days.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) * Removed blank spaces from parameter names and replaced them with underscores (&quot;_&quot;). * The format of the time column was changed from %H:%M:%S %p to %H:%M:%S. The time values have also been converted from Atlantic Standard time (UTC-4) to UTC+0. * Removed special characters and units from parameter names. DO_mg/L was changed to DO_Concentration to differentiate it from the DO_Percent values. * Converted the date field from %m-%d-%y to %Y-%m-%d. * Added a new field called ISO_DateTime_UTC by combining the date and Time_of_sonde fields; if a row does not contain both a date and Time_of_sonde value, there is no corresponding value in ISO_DateTime_UTC. * NA data values were removed from the data file and replaced with blank values. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Alpkem RGA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) Alpkem RGA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) PI Supplied Instrument Name: Alpkem RGA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Inorganic nutrient concentrations were measured using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) and an Alpkem RFA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) following the methods of Apprill and Rappé (2011). Instrument Name: Continuous Flow Analyzer Instrument Short Name:CFA Instrument Description: A sample is injected into a flowing carrier solution passing rapidly through small-bore tubing.  Beckman-Coulter Altra Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences) Beckman-Coulter Altra Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences) PI Supplied Instrument Name: Beckman-Coulter Altra Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences) PI Supplied Instrument Description:A Beckman-Coulter Altra flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter Life Sciences) attached to a Harvard Apparatus syringe pump was used to measure cell abundances. Samples were collected in acid-washed and seawater-rinsed HDPE bottles (Nalgene, Thermo Fisher Scientific), preserved in 2 mL cryovials (Corning) with 1% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences), and stained with Hoechst 33342 DNA stain (1 μg mL⁻¹ final concentration). Cells were excited co-linearly by 488 nm (1 W) and UV (~350 nm, 200 mW) lasers (Becker et al., 2020). Instrument Name: Flow Cytometer Instrument Short Name:Flow Cytometer Instrument Description: Flow cytometers (FC or FCM) are automated instruments that quantitate properties of single cells, one cell at a time. They can measure cell size, cell granularity, the amounts of cell components such as total DNA, newly synthesized DNA, gene expression as the amount messenger RNA for a particular gene, amounts of specific surface receptors, amounts of intracellular proteins, or transient signalling events in living cells. (from: http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm) Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB37/ Shimadzu TOC-VCSH Analyzer Shimadzu TOC-VCSH Analyzer PI Supplied Instrument Name: Shimadzu TOC-VCSH Analyzer PI Supplied Instrument Description:A Shimadzu TOC-VCSH analyzer was used to measure total organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations, with concentrated phosphoric acid used during processing. Instrument Name: Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer TOC-VCPH Instrument Short Name:TOC-VCPH Instrument Description: The Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon Analyzer TOC-VCPH is a PC-controlled, total organic carbon analyzer (high-sensitivity model), designed to measure total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC), and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC); an optional accessory enables the measurement of particulate organic carbon (POC) and total nitrogen (TN) as well. The instrument uses the 680 degrees Celsius combustion catalytic oxidation method to analyze aqueous samples, and optionally solid and gas samples. Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) PI Supplied Instrument Name: Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) PI Supplied Instrument Description:Inorganic nutrient concentrations were measured using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer II (SEAL Analytical) and an Alpkem RFA 300 Rapid Flow Analyzer (Alpkem) following the methods of Apprill and Rappé (2011). Instrument Name: Technicon AutoAnalyzer II Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: A rapid flow analyzer that may be used to measure nutrient concentrations in seawater. It is a continuous segmented flow instrument consisting of a sampler, peristaltic pump, analytical cartridge, heating bath, and colorimeter. See more information about this instrument from the manufacturer. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0291/ YSI EXO Sonde (YSI Inc./Xylem Inc.) YSI EXO Sonde (YSI Inc./Xylem Inc.) PI Supplied Instrument Name: YSI EXO Sonde (YSI Inc./Xylem Inc.) PI Supplied Instrument Description:A YSI EXO Sonde (YSI Inc./Xylem Inc.) was deployed from the ship at 10 meters to measure temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity at each reef site from the research vessel. Instrument Name: YSI EXO multiparameter water quality sondes Instrument Short Name:YSI EXO Instrument Description: Comprehensive multi-parameter, water-quality monitoring sondes designed for long-term monitoring, profiling and spot sampling. The EXO sondes are split into several categories: EXO1 Sonde, EXO2 Sonde, EXO3 Sonde. Each category has a slightly different design purpose with the EXO2 and EXO3 containing more sensor ports than the EXO1. Data are collected using up to four user-replaceable sensors and an integral pressure transducer. Users communicate with the sonde via a field cable to an EXO Handheld, via Bluetooth wireless connection to a PC, or a USB connection to a PC. Typical parameter specifications for relevant sensors include dissolved oxygen with ranges of 0-50 mg/l, with a resolution of +/- 0.1 mg/l, an accuracy of 1 percent of reading for values between 0-20 mg/l and an accuracy of +/- 5 percent of reading for values 20-50 mg/l. Temp ranges are from-5 to +50 degC, with an accuracy of +/- 0.001 degC. Conductivity has a range of 0-200 mS/cm, with an accuracy of +/-0.5 percent of reading + 0.001 mS/cm and a resolution of 0.0001 - 0.01 mS/cm.