http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/986726 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2025-10-13 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Diel variability in discrete samples of reef seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and stable carbon isotopes from Willemstad, Curaçao from February 2023 to May 2025 2026-01-26 publication 2026-01-26 revision Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) 2026-01-27 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986726.1 Isaiah W. Bolden Georgia Institute of Technology principalInvestigator Elizabeth M. Niespolo Princeton University principalInvestigator Jessica L. Oster Vanderbilt University principalInvestigator Marcos Salas-Saavedra Princeton University principalInvestigator Amanda H.V. Timmerman Georgia Institute of Technology principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Bolden, I. W., Timmerman, A. H., Clark, D. R., Belanger, B. K., Oster, J. L., Salas-Saavedra, M., Niespolo, E. M. (2026) Diel variability in discrete samples of reef seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and stable carbon isotopes from Willemstad, Curaçao from February 2023 to May 2025. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2026-01-26 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986726.1 [access date] Diel Carbonate Chemistry Measurements from Curaçao (2023 - 2025) Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;Seawater samples were collected via a hand-triggered Niskin sampler at a depth of 1.8 meters from the pier of the Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity (CARMABI) field laboratory located in Piscadera, Curaçao in February 2023, March 2024, November 2024, and May 2025. Benthic coverage in this zone is ~15% live coral, ~5% crustose coralline algae (CCA), ~30% turf algae, ~10% fleshy macroalgae, and ~40% carbonate sands (de Bakker et al., 2016; The Waitt Institute, 2017). During each field campaign, discrete Niskin casts were subsampled as follows for DIC and δ13CDIC at a 2-hour frequency for 36 hours to capture diel variation in the reef biogeochemistry: following the protocols of Dickson et al. (2007), 300 ml of seawater were transferred from the Niskin without exposure to the atmosphere into a borosilicate glass BOD bottle with minimal headspace for DIC analyses. An additional ~3 ml of water from each Niskin cast was injected into a pre-flushed (He) 12 ml Labco Exetainer vial preloaded with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for δ13C analyses. All DIC water samples were poisoned immediately onsite with 150 µl of a saturated mercuric chloride (HgCl2) solution as a biocide and stoppered with greased (Apiezon-L) glass caps for laboratory analyses. As a complement to these discrete bottle samples, in situ sea surface temperature (± 0.2ºC, 1σ) was measured at each sampling time via moored submersible sensors at the sampling location.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;All BOD bottle samples were placed inside a recirculating water bath and kept at a temperature of 20ºC. Total DIC in micromoles per kilogram (µmol kg-1), pH (total scale), and salinity of each sample were measured via coupled coulometric and spectrophotometric determination (MODICA, UIC). Long-term precision of DIC measurements, based on repeated assessments of certified reference materials, is ± 4 µmol kg-1 (1σ). Reproducibility of MODICA pH and salinity determinations, based on internal precision of repeated sample measurements, is ± 0.02 units and 0.002 units (1σ), respectively. δ13C of discrete exetainer samples was determined via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Delta V with GasBench II, ThermoScientific) at Vanderbilt University. Samples were analyzed with the ThermoCalcite and VU Coral in-house carbonate standards, both of which are referenced to the IAEA602 and NBS019 standards. Two additional in-house standards, VU Marble and Pol2, are also run as unknowns in each run. Corrections were conducted using the USGS LIMS for Light Stable Isotopes data reduction scheme (Coplen, 1998). The 13C/12C ratio of each sample is expressed in del (δ) notation in per mil (‰) units relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), which is defined to have a δ13C value equal to 0 and an absolute 13C/12C ratio equal to 0.0112372 (Allison et al., 1995). Long-term precision of DIC measurements, based on repeated assessments of certified reference materials, is ± 4 µmol kg-1 (1σ). Long-term precision of δ13CDIC measurements, based on repeat measurements of VU Marble, is ± 0.07‰ (1σ) VPDB.&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Earth Sciences (NSF EAR) Award Number: EAR-2303297 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2303297 Funding provided by NSF Division of Earth Sciences (NSF EAR) Award Number: EAR-2303298 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2303298 Funding provided by NSF Division of Earth Sciences (NSF EAR) Award Number: EAR-2303299 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2303299 Funding provided by NSF Division of Earth Sciences (NSF EAR) Award Number: EAR-2303300 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2303300 completed Isaiah W. Bolden Georgia Institute of Technology 225 North Avenue Atlanta GA 30332-0002 USA iwb@gatech.edu pointOfContact Elizabeth M. Niespolo Princeton University 1 Nassau Hall Princeton NJ 08544-2001 USA niespolo@princeton.edu pointOfContact Jessica L. Oster Vanderbilt University 110 21st Avenue S Ste 800 Nashville TN 37203-2408 USA jessica.l.oster@vanderbilt.edu pointOfContact Marcos Salas-Saavedra Princeton University ms3407@princeton.edu pointOfContact Amanda H.V. Timmerman Georgia Institute of Technology 225 North Avenue Atlanta GA 30332 USA atimmerman@vims.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown Date_Time_UTC Sample_Name Insitu_Temperature_C Analysis_Temperature_C Salinity_PSU pH_totalscale d13C_permil d13C_Uncertainty_permil DIC_umol_kg Site_Lat Site_Lon Wheaton 300 mL BOD borosilicate glass bottles with stoppers UIC 5017O coulometer ThermoScientific Delta V with GasBench II General Oceanics 8L and 2.5L Niskin bottles Onset HOBO U2OL-0x depth logger GasBench II, ThermoScientific UIC MODICA theme None, User defined ISO_DateTime_UTC sample identification water temperature at measurement depth salinity pH d13C dissolved inorganic Carbon latitude longitude featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Bottle CO2 Coulometer Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer Niskin bottle Onset HOBO U20L water level logger series Thermo-Fisher Scientific Gas Bench II UIC Multifunction Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (MODICA) instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Paleo Perspectives on Present and Projected Climate https://new.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/paleo-perspectives-present-projected-climate Paleo Perspectives on Present and Projected Climate excerpt from https://new.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/paleo-perspectives-present-projected-climate (Accessed on 2024-09-04): Synopsis: Much can be learned about the climate system using existing historical observations and models of current climate, but those records and models do not reflect the range of climate behavior on multi-decadal to millennial time scales, or capture tipping points, thresholds, and other key features of the climate system. For that, data from geological records or other environmental archives are required. The PALEO PERSPECTIVES ON PRESENT AND PROJECTED CLIMATE (P4CLIMATE) competition is a coordinated paleoclimate science initiative that is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Divisions of Atmospheric and GeoSpace Sciences (AGS), Earth Sciences (EAR), Ocean Sciences (OCE), and Office of Polar Programs (OPP) in the Geosciences (GEO) Directorate. The annual P4CLIMATE competition supports the scientific objectives of the National Science Foundation by fostering interdisciplinary research and synthesis of climate data. The goal of the interdisciplinary P4CLIMATE solicitation is to utilize observational and modeling studies to provide paleo perspectives addressing the two research themes: 1) Past Regional and Seasonal Climate; and 2) Past Climate Forcing, Sensitivity, and Feedbacks.  OPP will accept proposals to this solicitation A) with and without fieldwork in the Arctic, and B) only without fieldwork in the Antarctic.  Proposals that have fieldwork in Antarctica should be submitted to the annual solicitation for proposals that have fieldwork in Antarctica. Program Solictiation: NSF 22-612: Paleo Perspectives on Present and Projected Climate (P4CLIMATE)   Full Proposal Target Date(s):      October 20, 2022      October 20, Annually Thereafter P4CLIMATE largerWorkCitation program Collaborative Research: Reconstructions of Southern Caribbean Climate Variability using Contemporaneous and Co-Located Corals and Speleothems https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/936518 Collaborative Research: Reconstructions of Southern Caribbean Climate Variability using Contemporaneous and Co-Located Corals and Speleothems <p><em>NSF Award Abstract:</em><br /> Historical and ancient climate data from paleoclimate proxy records can provide the long-term climate context necessary to support coastal Caribbean communities in preparing for, adapting to, and/or mitigating the numerous impacts of anthropogenic climate change. This project will study coral and speleothem carbonates from reef ecosystems and cave environments on the island of Curaçao in the arid Southern Caribbean. Geochemical analyses and dating of these carbonates will be used to generate records of local temperature and aridity that span the interval as Earth warmed from the Last Glacial Maximum (~20 thousand years ago) to present. Coupling these geochemical analyses with monitoring of modern reef and cave environments and numerical modeling will help determine the extent to which Caribbean Sea climates have varied in the past and the role that they play in mediating global climate on seasonal to glacial-interglacial timescales. The proposed research presents a unique opportunity to develop and apply integrated approaches to understand coeval archives of terrestrial and marine climate variability at a single, relatively understudied location. Broader impacts of this research include the dissemination of major findings through community-influenced geoscience curricula development and tiered mentorship opportunities for students from the K-12 through postdoctoral levels. For example, the research will support research exchange opportunities for University of Curaçao students through a targeted cross-institutional partnership with the Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity (CARMABI) foundation, in which undergraduate students will work on the Georgia Tech and Vanderbilt campuses where they will be integrated into a diverse, multi-institutional team of PIs, postdocs, and graduate and undergraduate students.</p> <p>Anthropogenic climate change in the Caribbean Sea is projected to extend seasonal warm periods, increase the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, and increase periods of prolonged drought. Paleoclimate records from speleothem and coral carbonates from the wet tropical Northern and Western Caribbean have provided context for these projections by illustrating the relevant climate drivers and teleconnections over the past several thousand years. However, equally extensive and informative records are notably absent from the arid Southern Caribbean. This project will develop precisely dated, co-located coral and speleothem proxy temperature and hydroclimate records from Curaçao, synthesize these records with other regional and global proxies, and make transformative progress in the understanding of how carbonate minerals in terrestrial and marine ecosystems record past environmental change in this region. Trace element-to-calcium ratios (i.e. Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, Ba/Ca, etc.) and traditional stable isotopes (δ18O, δ13C, etc.) from actively-precipitating stalagmites, drip waters, modern coral skeletons, and seawater will be further integrated with proxy system models and instrumental data to fingerprint the dominant drivers of terrestrial and marine climate on seasonal to decadal timescales. This understanding will be applied to jointly interpret speleothem and coral proxy records of hydroclimate and SST and develop a comprehensive picture of seasonal to millennial climate evolution since the last deglaciation. This work includes the development of optimal U-Th dating techniques to jointly analyze speleothem and coral carbonates, active seawater and cave monitoring, and the development and application of novel geochemical proxies, including new methods for the analysis of the calcium isotope quantitative precipitation proxy in speleothems via collision cell multi-collector ICP-MS. This award is co-funded by the Division of Earth Sciences and Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences by way of the Paleo Perspectives on Present and Projected Climate Program, as well as the Division of Earth Sciences funds for support of projects that increase research capabilities, capacity and infrastructure at a wide variety of institution types, as outlined in the GEO EMBRACE DCL.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> P4Climate Curacao largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans -68.969188 -68.969188 12.1221 12.1221 2023-02-11 2025-05-23 Curacao, Dutch Caribbean 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Diel variability in discrete samples of reef seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, and stable carbon isotopes from Willemstad, Curaçao from February 2023 to May 2025 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992933.rdf Name: Date_Time_UTC Units: unitless Description: <p>Station timestamp (UTC) in ISO 8601 format</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992934.rdf Name: Sample_Name Units: unitless Description: <p>Sample ID number - Curaçao Project = CP and # is sample index</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992935.rdf Name: Insitu_Temperature_C Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>In-situ sea surface temperature at time of sample collection</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992936.rdf Name: Analysis_Temperature_C Units: degrees Celsius Description: <p>Temperature of sample at time of DIC, pH, and salinity analysis</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992937.rdf Name: Salinity_PSU Units: unitless Description: <p>Salinity of sample</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992938.rdf Name: pH_totalscale Units: unitless Description: <p>Sample pH at time of analyses in a 20°C water bath</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992939.rdf Name: d13C_permil Units: per mil Description: <p>Sample d13C of DIC</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992940.rdf Name: d13C_Uncertainty_permil Units: per mil Description: <p>Internal precision of individual sample d13C measurements</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992941.rdf Name: DIC_umol_kg Units: micromoles per kilogram seawate Description: <p>Concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in each sample</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992942.rdf Name: Site_Lat Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of sample collection site</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/992943.rdf Name: Site_Lon Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of sample collection site</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.986726.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;Seawater samples were collected via a hand-triggered Niskin sampler at a depth of 1.8 meters from the pier of the Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity (CARMABI) field laboratory located in Piscadera, Curaçao in February 2023, March 2024, November 2024, and May 2025. Benthic coverage in this zone is ~15% live coral, ~5% crustose coralline algae (CCA), ~30% turf algae, ~10% fleshy macroalgae, and ~40% carbonate sands (de Bakker et al., 2016; The Waitt Institute, 2017). During each field campaign, discrete Niskin casts were subsampled as follows for DIC and δ13CDIC at a 2-hour frequency for 36 hours to capture diel variation in the reef biogeochemistry: following the protocols of Dickson et al. (2007), 300 ml of seawater were transferred from the Niskin without exposure to the atmosphere into a borosilicate glass BOD bottle with minimal headspace for DIC analyses. An additional ~3 ml of water from each Niskin cast was injected into a pre-flushed (He) 12 ml Labco Exetainer vial preloaded with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) for δ13C analyses. All DIC water samples were poisoned immediately onsite with 150 µl of a saturated mercuric chloride (HgCl2) solution as a biocide and stoppered with greased (Apiezon-L) glass caps for laboratory analyses. As a complement to these discrete bottle samples, in situ sea surface temperature (± 0.2ºC, 1σ) was measured at each sampling time via moored submersible sensors at the sampling location.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;All BOD bottle samples were placed inside a recirculating water bath and kept at a temperature of 20ºC. Total DIC in micromoles per kilogram (µmol kg-1), pH (total scale), and salinity of each sample were measured via coupled coulometric and spectrophotometric determination (MODICA, UIC). Long-term precision of DIC measurements, based on repeated assessments of certified reference materials, is ± 4 µmol kg-1 (1σ). Reproducibility of MODICA pH and salinity determinations, based on internal precision of repeated sample measurements, is ± 0.02 units and 0.002 units (1σ), respectively. δ13C of discrete exetainer samples was determined via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Delta V with GasBench II, ThermoScientific) at Vanderbilt University. Samples were analyzed with the ThermoCalcite and VU Coral in-house carbonate standards, both of which are referenced to the IAEA602 and NBS019 standards. Two additional in-house standards, VU Marble and Pol2, are also run as unknowns in each run. Corrections were conducted using the USGS LIMS for Light Stable Isotopes data reduction scheme (Coplen, 1998). The 13C/12C ratio of each sample is expressed in del (δ) notation in per mil (‰) units relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), which is defined to have a δ13C value equal to 0 and an absolute 13C/12C ratio equal to 0.0112372 (Allison et al., 1995). Long-term precision of DIC measurements, based on repeated assessments of certified reference materials, is ± 4 µmol kg-1 (1σ). Long-term precision of δ13CDIC measurements, based on repeat measurements of VU Marble, is ± 0.07‰ (1σ) VPDB.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;For DIC, reported concentrations were corrected online using Dickson CRM batch 187, which was run as a bracketing standard during each set of analyses. Long-term precision of DIC measurements, based on repeated assessments of certified reference materials, is ± 4 µmol kg-1 (1σ). Long-term precision of pH and salinity determinations, based on internal precision of repeated sample measurements, is ± 0.02 units and 0.002 units (1σ), respectively. For δ13C, samples were analyzed with the ThermoCalcite and VU Coral in-house carbonate standards, both of which are referenced to the IAEA602 and NBS019 standards. Two additional in-house standards, VU Marble and Pol2, are also run as unknowns in each run. Reported values were corrected using the USGS LIMS for Light Stable Isotopes data reduction scheme (Coplen, 1998). Long-term precision of δ13CDIC measurements, based on repeat measurements of VU Marble, is ± 0.07‰ (1σ) VPDB.&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) - Imported submitter-provided file &quot;986726_v1_curacao_diel_carbonate_chemistry_REVISION.csv&quot; into the BCO-DMO system. - Saved the final file as &quot;986726_v1_curacao_diel_carbonate_chemistry.csv&quot;. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Wheaton 300 mL BOD borosilicate glass bottles with stoppers Wheaton 300 mL BOD borosilicate glass bottles with stoppers PI Supplied Instrument Name: Wheaton 300 mL BOD borosilicate glass bottles with stoppers PI Supplied Instrument Description:Water samples from each Niskin cast were transferred without exposure to the atmosphere to 300 ml Wheaton borosilicate glass BOD bottles and immediately poisoned with saturated mercuric chloride for dissolved inorganic carbon analyses. Instrument Name: Bottle Instrument Short Name:Bottle Instrument Description: A container, typically made of glass or plastic and with a narrow neck, used for storing drinks or other liquids. UIC 5017O coulometer UIC 5017O coulometer PI Supplied Instrument Name: UIC 5017O coulometer PI Supplied Instrument Description:The MODICA system was coupled to a UIC 5017O coulometer for the coulometric determination of DIC. Instrument Name: CO2 Coulometer Instrument Short Name:CO2 coulometer Instrument Description: A CO2 coulometer semi-automatically controls the sample handling and extraction of CO2 from seawater samples. Samples are acidified and the CO2 gas is bubbled into a titration cell where CO2 is converted to hydroxyethylcarbonic acid which is then automatically titrated with a coulometrically-generated base to a colorimetric endpoint. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB12 ThermoScientific Delta V with GasBench II ThermoScientific Delta V with GasBench II PI Supplied Instrument Name: ThermoScientific Delta V with GasBench II PI Supplied Instrument Description:δ13CDIC of samples was determined via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Delta V with GasBench II, ThermoScientific). Instrument Name: Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer Instrument Short Name:IR Mass Spec; IRMS Instrument Description: The Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometer is a particular type of mass spectrometer used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample (e.g. VG Prism II Isotope Ratio Mass-Spectrometer). Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB16/ General Oceanics 8L and 2.5L Niskin bottles General Oceanics 8L and 2.5L Niskin bottles PI Supplied Instrument Name: General Oceanics 8L and 2.5L Niskin bottles PI Supplied Instrument Description:Dissolved seawater samples were collected using either 8L or 2.5L General Oceanics Niskin bottles. Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/ Onset HOBO U2OL-0x depth logger Onset HOBO U2OL-0x depth logger PI Supplied Instrument Name: Onset HOBO U2OL-0x depth logger PI Supplied Instrument Description:In-situ sea surface temperatures at the sampling location were monitored during each diel field campaign with an Onset HOBO U2OL-0x depth logger with temperature sensor (manufacturer stated accuracy ± 0.44°C). Instrument Name: Onset HOBO U20L water level logger series Instrument Short Name:HOBO U20L Instrument Description: The HOBO U20L is designed for monitoring changing water levels in a variety of applications including tidal areas, streams, lakes, wetlands, and groundwater. It outputs pressure, water level, and temperature data. The instrument can record samples, sensor measurements at each logging interval, and events data, occurrences such as a bad battery or host connected. The samples are recorded as absolute pressure values, which are later converted to water level readings using software. Absolute pressure is atmospheric pressure plus water head. The deployment of an additional HOBO U20L at the surface can be used to compensate for barometric pressure changes. Each instrument is individually calibrated. They require a coupler and optic base station or HOBO waterproof shuttle to connect to a computer. The instrument is operated with a 3.6 V lithium battery. This series contains 3 models, U20L-01, U20L-02, and U20L-04, with different operation ranges, calibrated ranges, and burst pressures. The pressure sensor is temperature compensated between 0 and 40 degrees Celsius (C), and calibrated between 69 and a maximum of 400 kPa (depending on the model). Its accuracy is within 0.3 % of the full scale for absolute pressure, and 0.1 % FS for water level readings. The temperature sensor operates between -20 and 50 degrees C, with an accuracy of 0.44 deg C, and a resolution of 0.1 deg C. The drift is 0.1 deg C per year. GasBench II, ThermoScientific GasBench II, ThermoScientific PI Supplied Instrument Name: GasBench II, ThermoScientific PI Supplied Instrument Description:δ13CDIC of samples was determined via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Delta V with GasBench II, ThermoScientific). Instrument Name: Thermo-Fisher Scientific Gas Bench II Instrument Short Name:GasBench II Instrument Description: An on-line gas preparation and introduction system for isotope ratio mass spectrometry that is designed for high precision isotope and molecular ratio determination of headspace samples, including water equilibration, carbonates and atmospheric gases. The instrument allows for the use of a dual viscous flow inlet system of repetitive measurements of sample and standard gas on a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (CF-IRMS) system. The sample volume is the sample vial (instead of a metal bellows), and the reference gas volume is a pressurized gas tank. The instrument consists of a user programmable autosampler, a gas sampling system, a maintenance-free water removal system, a loop injection system, an isothermal gas chromatograph (GC), an active open split interface, a reference gas injection system with three reference ports, and one or two optional LN2 traps for cryofocusing. The gas sampling system includes a two port needle which adds a gentle flow of He into the sample vial, diluting and displacing sample gas. Water is removed from the sample gas through diffusion traps. The loop injector aliquots the sample gas onto the GC column, which separates the molecular species. The reference gas injection system allows accurate referencing of each sample aliquot to isotopic standards. The system can be used with several options including a carbonate reaction kit that allows injection of anhydrous phospohric acid into sample vials. Note "Finnigan GasBench-II" is the previous brand name of this instrument. UIC MODICA UIC MODICA PI Supplied Instrument Name: UIC MODICA PI Supplied Instrument Description:Total DIC (µmol kg-1), pH (total scale), and salinity of each BOD bottle sample were measured using a UIC Multifunction Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (MODICA) equipped with a spectrophotometric pH sensor and built-in salinometer. The MODICA system was coupled to a UIC 5017O coulometer for the coulometric determination of DIC. Instrument Name: UIC Multifunction Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (MODICA) Instrument Short Name:UIC MODICA Instrument Description: MODICA was jointly developed by UIC INC. and AlphaZeta Sciences LLC. MODICA is a multidetector, multichannel-capable dissolved inorganic carbon analyzer. In addition to measuring DIC, MODICA can also provide spectrophotometric pH readings from the same sample as an option. More information: https://www.uicinc.com/modica-a-multifunction-dissolved-inorganic-carbon-analyzer/