http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/988658 eng; USA utf8 dataset Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact 2025-11-11 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) Sulfur hexafluoride and helium data from a tracer release experiment conducted in July 2022 in the central Baltic Sea during research cruise EMB295 on the R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese 2025-02-05 publication 2025-02-05 revision Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) 2026-02-09 publication https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.988658.1 David T. Ho University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa principalInvestigator Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. publisher Cite this dataset as: Dobashi, R., Ho, D. T. (2026) Sulfur hexafluoride and helium data from a tracer release experiment conducted in July 2022 in the central Baltic Sea during research cruise EMB295 on the R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2025-02-05 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.988658.1 [access date] CenBASE ³He and SF₆ data Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: &lt;p&gt;The Central Baltic Air-Sea Exchange Experiment (CenBASE) was conducted from June to July 2022 on board the R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese (research cruise EMB295), in an area of the central Baltic Sea east of Gotland, Sweden.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 6 July 2022, ³He and SF₆ were injected at approximately 7 meters (m) depth in a hexagonal spiral pattern with a diameter of about 1 kilometer (km), centered at 57.263°N, 20.147°E over the course of 40 minutes. After the injection, discrete samples were taken approximately every 12 hours in the water column near the center of the SF₆ patch using a rosette with a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sonde and 13 5-liter (L) Niskin bottles. 250-milliliter (mL) syringes were used to obtain discrete SF₆ samples from the Niskin bottles. For discrete ³He samples, about 40 mL of seawater were collected in copper tubes placed in aluminum channels. Stainless steel clamps were used to seal the tubes at both ends for later shore-based measurements.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;SF₆ concentrations were measured onboard using a purge-and-trap SF₆ analysis system (Bullister and Weiss, 1988; Gerke et al., 2024). This system separated SF₆ from other gases and measured its concentration by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Approximately 200 mL of the water sample were injected into a purge-and-trap unit. Nitrogen served as the carrier gas to purge the samples, and the gases were trapped on a 70-centimeter (cm) column filled with Heysep D (60/80 mesh). The trap was maintained at a temperature of approximately −70 degrees Celsius (°C) by suspending it over liquid nitrogen. The trapped analytes were then desorbed by heating the trap to 100°C. Separation was achieved using a 90-cm pre-column filled ⅓ with Porasil C and ⅔ with Molsieve 5A, and a 220-cm main column, packed 90% with Carbograph 1AC and 10% with Molsieve 5A.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The ³He samples were shipped to the laboratory at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen for analysis. In the laboratory, after being removed from the copper tube, the samples were released into glass bulbs. From there, they were transferred into glass ampoules, which were then sealed for analysis with a helium isotope mass spectrometer (MAP 215-50). δ³He precision for ocean samples is usually better than 0.5% (Sültenfuß et al., 2009).&lt;/p&gt; Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2123997 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2123997 completed David T. Ho University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 808-956-3311 Department of Oceanography 1000 Pope Rd Honolulu HI 96822 USA ho@hawaii.edu pointOfContact asNeeded Dataset Version: 1 Unknown ISO_DateTime_UTC latitude longitude depth_m temperature_C salinity He3_excess SF6_pmol_kg Purge-and-trap SF6 analysis system SBE9/11Plus Electron Capture Detector MAP 215-50 5-L Niskin bottles GC-2014, Shimadzu theme None, User defined ISO_DateTime_UTC latitude longitude depth water temperature at measurement depth salinity dissolved noble gas concentration SF6 featureType BCO-DMO Standard Parameters Automated Purge and Trap System CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus Electron Capture Detector Mass Spectrometer Niskin bottle Shimadzu GC-2014 gas chromatograph instrument BCO-DMO Standard Instruments EMB295 service Deployment Activity central Baltic Sea place Locations otherRestrictions otherRestrictions Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry http://us-ocb.org/ Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF. The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems. The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two. The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans. OCB largerWorkCitation program United States Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study http://www.us-solas.org/ United States Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study The Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program is designed to enable researchers from different disciplines to interact and investigate the multitude of processes and interactions between the coupled ocean and atmosphere. Oceanographers and atmospheric scientists are working together to improve understanding of the fate, transport, and feedbacks of climate relevant compounds, and also weather and hazards that are affected by processes at the surface ocean. Oceanographers and atmospheric scientists are working together to improve understanding of the fate, transport, and feedbacks of climate relevant compounds. Physical, chemical, and biological research near the ocean-atmosphere interface must be performed in synergy to extend our current knowledge to adequately understand and forecast changes on short and long time frames and over local and global spatial scales. The findings obtained from SOLAS are used to improve knowledge at process scale that will lead to better quantification of fluxes of climate relevant compounds such as CO2, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, hydrocarbons and halocarbons, as well as dust, energy and momentum. This activity facilitates a fundamental understanding to assist the societal needs for climate change, environmental health, weather prediction, and national security. The US SOLAS program is a component of the International SOLAS program where collaborations are forged with investigators around the world to examine SOLAS issues ubiquitous to the world's oceans and atmosphere. » International SOLAS Web site Science Implementation Strategy Reports US-SOLAS (4 MB PDF file) Other SOLAS reports are available for download from the US SOLAS Web site U.S. SOLAS largerWorkCitation program Dual gas tracer measurements during the Central Baltic Sea Air-Sea Exchange Experiment (CenBASE) https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/988112 Dual gas tracer measurements during the Central Baltic Sea Air-Sea Exchange Experiment (CenBASE) <p>NSF Abstract:</p> <p>This award is funded in whole or in part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2).</p> <p>The process that controls the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the ocean plays an important role in regulating global climate, since it influences the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosol precursors. Once in the atmosphere, these substances influence global and regional climate. Over the past 30 years, significant advances have been made in understanding this process in the open ocean away from the coasts, and how wind speed controls this process. These advances are mainly due to improvements in experimental techniques, and a number of successful scientific experiments in the open ocean. However, it is not clear if the same understanding applies to inland seas like the Baltic Sea. There, the presence of surfactants, which are biological and chemical substances that concentrate at the sea surface, and the lower salinity, could influence how wind affects this process in a different way than in the open ocean. In this project, a team of investigators will conduct an experiment that aims to assess these processes in the Baltic and compare them to previous experiments in the open ocean.</p> <p>The Central Baltic Sea Air-Sea Exchange Experiment (CenBASE) is a collaboration between scientists from the US, UK, and Germany to measure gas exchange rates in the central Baltic Sea on the German research vessel Elisabeth Mann Borgeseat. This proposal will provide funding to US scientists to make measurements of two gas tracers used to determine the gas exchange rate. German scientists are independently funded to measure surfactants, and make direct flux measurements of carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide, as well as make continuous measurements of pCO2, CH4, N2O, O2, and CO in the sea surface, and discrete measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and pH in the water column. A UK colleague will make measurements of bubble size distribution. The ultimate goals of CenBASE are to determine whether the relationship between wind speed and gas exchange in the open ocean also applies to inland seas like the Baltic, shed new light on the effect of natural surfactants on gas exchange, and examine whether different techniques for measuring gas exchange are in agreement.</p> <p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p> CenBASE largerWorkCitation project eng; USA oceans central Baltic Sea 19.5272 20.086 57.3355 57.446 2022-07-08 2022-07-13 Baltic Sea 0 BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Sulfur hexafluoride and helium data from a tracer release experiment conducted in July 2022 in the central Baltic Sea during research cruise EMB295 on the R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993896.rdf Name: ISO_DateTime_UTC Units: unitless Description: <p>Date and time in UTC in ISO 8601 format</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993898.rdf Name: latitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Latitude of sampling station</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993900.rdf Name: longitude Units: decimal degrees Description: <p>Longitude of sampling station</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993902.rdf Name: depth_m Units: meters (m) Description: <p>Depth</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993904.rdf Name: temperature_C Units: degrees Celsius (°C) Description: <p>Temperature from Niskin bottles</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993905.rdf Name: salinity Units: PSU Description: <p>Salinity from Niskin bottles</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993906.rdf Name: He3_excess Units: cubic centimeters at standard temperature and pressure per gram times 10^-16 (ccSTP/g*10-16) Description: <p>3He excess concentrations calculated from the measured 3He/4He ratio and the 4He concentration</p> http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/993907.rdf Name: SF6_pmol_kg Units: picomoles per kilogram (pmol/kg) Description: <p>Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentration</p> GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.988658.1 download onLine dataset &lt;p&gt;The Central Baltic Air-Sea Exchange Experiment (CenBASE) was conducted from June to July 2022 on board the R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese (research cruise EMB295), in an area of the central Baltic Sea east of Gotland, Sweden.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On 6 July 2022, ³He and SF₆ were injected at approximately 7 meters (m) depth in a hexagonal spiral pattern with a diameter of about 1 kilometer (km), centered at 57.263°N, 20.147°E over the course of 40 minutes. After the injection, discrete samples were taken approximately every 12 hours in the water column near the center of the SF₆ patch using a rosette with a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sonde and 13 5-liter (L) Niskin bottles. 250-milliliter (mL) syringes were used to obtain discrete SF₆ samples from the Niskin bottles. For discrete ³He samples, about 40 mL of seawater were collected in copper tubes placed in aluminum channels. Stainless steel clamps were used to seal the tubes at both ends for later shore-based measurements.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;SF₆ concentrations were measured onboard using a purge-and-trap SF₆ analysis system (Bullister and Weiss, 1988; Gerke et al., 2024). This system separated SF₆ from other gases and measured its concentration by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Approximately 200 mL of the water sample were injected into a purge-and-trap unit. Nitrogen served as the carrier gas to purge the samples, and the gases were trapped on a 70-centimeter (cm) column filled with Heysep D (60/80 mesh). The trap was maintained at a temperature of approximately −70 degrees Celsius (°C) by suspending it over liquid nitrogen. The trapped analytes were then desorbed by heating the trap to 100°C. Separation was achieved using a 90-cm pre-column filled ⅓ with Porasil C and ⅔ with Molsieve 5A, and a 220-cm main column, packed 90% with Carbograph 1AC and 10% with Molsieve 5A.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The ³He samples were shipped to the laboratory at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen for analysis. In the laboratory, after being removed from the copper tube, the samples were released into glass bulbs. From there, they were transferred into glass ampoules, which were then sealed for analysis with a helium isotope mass spectrometer (MAP 215-50). δ³He precision for ocean samples is usually better than 0.5% (Sültenfuß et al., 2009).&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) &lt;p&gt;³He in excess of the solubility was calculated by the following equation:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;[³He]exc = [⁴He]s (Rs − Ra) + [⁴He]eqRa(1 − a),&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;where:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;[³He]exc is ³He in excess of solubility equilibrium&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;[⁴He]s is the measured ⁴He concentration of the sample;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;[⁴He]eq is the atmospheric equilibrium concentration of ⁴He (Weiss, 1971);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Rs is the measured ³He/⁴He ratio (ratio of sample);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ra is the ³He/⁴He ratio in the atmosphere (1.386 × 10^&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt; (Clarke et al. 1976));&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;From&lt;em&gt; (1 - a&lt;/em&gt;), a is the solubility isotope effect (0.983 (Benson and Krause, 1980)).&lt;/p&gt; Specified by the Principal Investigator(s) - Imported original file &quot;CenBASE_data_submission.txt&quot; into the BCO-DMO system. - Converted the date-time column to ISO 8601 format. - Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions. - Saved the final file as &quot;988658_v1_cenbase_3he_sf6.csv&quot;. Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers asNeeded 7.x-1.1 Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) Unavailable 508-289-2009 WHOI MS#36 Woods Hole MA 02543 USA info@bco-dmo.org http://www.bco-dmo.org Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided. pointOfContact Purge-and-trap SF6 analysis system Purge-and-trap SF6 analysis system PI Supplied Instrument Name: Purge-and-trap SF6 analysis system Instrument Name: Automated Purge and Trap System Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: This equipment removes dissolved gases from the water samples, traps the extracted compounds on a cold trap and then heats the trap and injects the trapped gases into the gas chromatograph. It is automated and controlled by a laptop computer. SBE9/11Plus SBE9/11Plus PI Supplied Instrument Name: SBE9/11Plus PI Supplied Instrument Description:A conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) sonde (SBE9/11Plus) Instrument Name: CTD Sea-Bird SBE 911plus Instrument Short Name:CTD SBE 911plus Instrument Description: The Sea-Bird SBE 911 plus is a type of CTD instrument package for continuous measurement of conductivity, temperature and pressure. The SBE 911 plus includes the SBE 9plus Underwater Unit and the SBE 11plus Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 plus and SBE 11 plus is called a SBE 911 plus. The SBE 9 plus uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 plus and SBE 4). The SBE 9 plus CTD can be configured with up to eight auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). more information from Sea-Bird Electronics Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0058/ Electron Capture Detector Electron Capture Detector PI Supplied Instrument Name: Electron Capture Detector PI Supplied Instrument Description:A gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-2014, Shimadzu) Instrument Name: Electron Capture Detector Instrument Short Name:ECD Instrument Description: An electron capture detector or ECD is a measurement component that measures an analyte in a gas stream through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization.  An electron capture detector is often used with a gas chromatograph. ECD uses a radioactive Beta emitter (electrons) to ionize some of the carrier gas and produce a current between a biased pair of electrodes. When organic molecules that contain electronegative functional groups, such as halogens, phosphorous, and nitro groups pass by the detector, they capture some of the electrons and reduce the current measured between the electrodes.   MAP 215-50 MAP 215-50 PI Supplied Instrument Name: MAP 215-50 PI Supplied Instrument Description:A helium isotope mass spectrometer (MAP 215-50) Instrument Name: Mass Spectrometer Instrument Short Name:Mass Spec Instrument Description: General term for instruments used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions; generally used to find the composition of a sample by generating a mass spectrum representing the masses of sample components. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/LAB16/ 5-L Niskin bottles 5-L Niskin bottles PI Supplied Instrument Name: 5-L Niskin bottles Instrument Name: Niskin bottle Instrument Short Name:Niskin bottle Instrument Description: A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/ GC-2014, Shimadzu GC-2014, Shimadzu PI Supplied Instrument Name: GC-2014, Shimadzu PI Supplied Instrument Description:A gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-2014, Shimadzu) Instrument Name: Shimadzu GC-2014 gas chromatograph Instrument Short Name:GC-2014 Instrument Description: The Shimadzu GC-2014 is a gas chromatograph that separates and analyses gas mixtures using either packed or capillary columns. The instrument comprises of a column oven, up to three injection units and up to four detectors. The sample is injected into the instrument and enters a gas stream which transports the sample into the column inside which the various components are separated. The detector then measures the quantity of the components that exit the column. Helium or nitrogen is used as the carrier gas. It can be fitted with a variety of detector types; Flame Ionization Detector (FID), Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD), Electron Capture Detector (ECD), Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). The GC-2014 is equipped with advanced flow controller technology which allows for accurate flow rate control and so a higher level repeatability of retention time and peak area. The instrument also includes an LCD which displays chromatograms and method parameters in real time. Cruise: EMB295 EMB295 R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese Community Standard Description International Council for the Exploration of the Sea R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese vessel EMB295 Henry Bittig Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemunde Germany https://doi.org/10.48433/cr_emb295 Report describing EMB295 R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese Community Standard Description International Council for the Exploration of the Sea R/V Elisabeth Mann Borgese vessel