The structure and drivers of oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) evolution in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) are investigated from ~20.7-10 ka using a multi-proxy from core MAZ-1E-04 (22°54.29’N, 106°54.59’W; 1463 m depth). Understanding how OMZ vertical structure changed during past glacial/interglacial cycles will help elucidate the drivers and patterns of OMZ expansion/contraction on longer timescales. Here, radiocarbon measurements from planktic and benthic foraminifera from core MAZ-1E-04 collected on cruise MAZ-I aboard the R/V El Puma in April 2015 are used to construct an age model and calculate ventilation ages. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México financed ship time and M. Alejandro Rodríguez Ramírez directed the oceanographic campaign to retrieve the core.

Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Data Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Please see Alcorn et al. (2026) for a more detailed methodology.

Core MAZ-1E-04 (MAZ-I E04G) was collected on the oceanographic cruise MAZ-I aboard the R/V "El Puma" on April 28, 2015 using a gravity corer.

In addition to the samples used for our age model, mainly Trilobatus sacculifer (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1026286) (supplemented by Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113473), Globigerinoides ruber (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113444), and Globigerina bulloides (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113434) when necessary) and benthic species Uvigerina (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:112281) spp. were picked from 4 depths (37.5, 52.5, 65.5, 85.5 cm) from the >150 µm size fractionation. Two batches of mixed planktic foraminifera from the >150 µm size fraction were sent to the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) for analysis. A third batch of planktic foraminifera was analyzed at the Alfred Wegener Institute using their Mini Carbon Dating System. Additional benthic samples (mixed benthic species and Uvigerina spp.) from 5 depths were analyzed at the Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Facility at the University of California. Ventilation ages were calculated using the difference between benthic 14C ages and MRA-corrected planktic foraminifera ages that should represent the atmospheric age. 

Planktic 14C ages were corrected to atmospheric 14C ages by subtracting Marine Reservoir Ages (MRAs) from the planktic ages. The MRA corrections are reported from previous literature close to our core (Butzin et al., 2020). The MRA-corrected planktic 14C ages were then calibrated against the IntCal20 curve using the Bchron software package (Haslett & Parnell, 2008). Midpoints of the 13 calibrated planktic 14C ages were used to create this core’s age-depth model using Bchron’s Bchronology function.

Ventilation ages were calculated using the difference between benthic 14C ages and atmosphere-corrected planktic foraminifera ages. 

Planktic 14C ages were corrected to atmospheric 14C ages by subtracting Marine Reservoir Ages (MRAs) from the planktic ages. The MRA corrections are reported from previous literature close to our core (Butzin et al., 2020). The MRA-corrected planktic 14C ages were then calibrated against the IntCal20 curve using the Bchron software package (Haslett & Parnell, 2008). Midpoints of the 13 calibrated planktic 14C ages were used to create this core’s age-depth model using Bchron’s Bchronology function.

- Loaded data from "Supplementary Table S4.xlsx" (sheet 1, Excel format), treating empty strings and "nd" as missing values
- Replaced "X" values in the "Removed from analyses (mixing)" field with the full string "Removed from analyses (mixing)"
- Renamed fields using regex to replace spaces with underscores across 16 specified fields
- Renamed multiple fields to cleaner names: "Depth_(cm)" to "Planktic_Core_Depth", "Benthic_Sample_Depth_(cm)" to "Benthic_Core_Depth", "Planktic_weight_(mg)" to "Planktic_weight", "Planktic_14C_error_(1_SD)" to "Planktic_14C_error_1_SD", "Marine_Reservoir_Age__(Butzin_et_al.,_2020)" to "Marine_Reservoir_Age", "Intcal20_corrected_planktic_14C_(ybp)" to "Intcal20_corrected_planktic_14C", "Benthic_weight_(mg)" to "Benthic_weight", "Benthic_14C_error_(1_SD)" to "Benthic_14C_error_1_SD", "Ventilation_Age_(B-Atm_14C)" to "Ventilation_Age_B-Atm_14C", "Δ14C" to "d14C", and "Removed_from_analyses_(mixing)" to "Removed_from_analyses_flag"; Renamed "Raw_Benthic_14C_Uvigerina_spp." to "Raw_Benthic_14C_Uvigerina_spp" (removing trailing period) and "Ventilation_Age_B-Atm_14C" to "Ventilation_Age_B_Atm_14C" (replacing hyphen with underscore)
- Exported file as "991470_v1_planktic_benthic_foraminiferal_14c.csv"

- Species and Genus names Trilobatus sacculifer (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:1026286), Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113473), Globigerinoides ruber (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113444), Globigerina bulloides (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:113434), and Uvigerina (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:112281) spp. verified as current accepted form on 2026-04-08, using the WoRMs World Registry of Marine Species database.

Our high-resolution radiocarbon results allow us to identify the presence of mixing or reworking at 2.5, 37.5, and 39.5 cm and were thus removed from analyses. Allochthonous wood fragments observed at 50.5 and 86.5 cm (9.8 and 14.5 ka) support sedimentary disturbances in other areas of the core, potentially contributing to the observed non-linear radiocarbon results. Thus, results from these periods are cautiously interpreted.

Coverage: eastern Pacific

NSF abstract: 

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are naturally occurring regions of low oxygen found across large swaths of the ocean at depths of 100 to 1000 meters below the surface. OMZs play an important role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem function and any change in the expanse of their low oxygen waters can have far reaching implications for marine life and valuable fisheries resources. Marine oxygenation is variable on multiple timescales in response to global climate change, with recent observations showing that OMZs have expanded over the past half century. This project will explore promising new geochemical and morphologic proxies applicable to low-oxygen environments in the planktic foraminifer Globorotaloides hexagonus, a unicellular calcifying organism whose fossil record in seafloor sediments is well suited to reconstructing past low-oxygen environments in the water column. The project will focus on the extensive OMZ of the eastern tropical Pacific. The first goal is to evaluate and calibrate the targeted measurements for modern G. hexagonus collected live in plankton tows. The second goal is to apply these proxies to fossil specimens in sediment cores to generate records of glacial-Holocene change. The outcomes will be useable proxies for generating records of the OMZ environment, and a better understanding of how a major regional OMZ changed during the most recent period of rapid climate change. Both outcomes represent important progress towards understanding natural oscillations in the OMZ as well as modeling and planning for a changing OMZ in the face of global climate perturbations. The project will provide opportunities for undergraduate researchers as well as support a female early career researcher. 

The marine sedimentary record is the most promising archive from which to reconstruct long term marine oxygenation. However, significant limitations exist in the available proxies for low oxygen marine environments. This project aims to address this need by evaluating and applying a range of promising geochemical (trace element and stable isotope) and morphologic (area-density and porosity) proxies relevant to low oxygen environments in the planktic foraminifer Globorotaloides hexagonus. The project will develop viable proxies based on the morphology and geochemistry of G. hexagonus shells previously collected in depth-distributed MOCNESS (Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System) tows from the eastern Pacific. The results from this proxy development in modern shells will then be ground-truthed and applied to two already well characterized sediment cores from the Mexican Margin and Panama Basin that span from the Last Glacial Maximum through the Holocene. The sediment records will be used to reconstruct past conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific OMZ, where significant questions about glacial-interglacial oxygenation persist. This research will lead to a more mechanistic understanding of how OMZs respond to climate more broadly.