http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/996942
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
Highest level of data collection, from a common set of sensors or instrumentation, usually within the same research project
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
2026-04-15
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Host genome and microbiome sequencing data for Porites cryptic lineages in classic and extreme reefs in Palau in November 2021
2026-04-17
publication
2026-04-17
revision
BCO-DMO Linked Data URI
2026-04-17
creation
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/996942
Carsten G.B. Grupstra
Boston University
principalInvestigator
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
publisher
Cite this dataset as: Grupstra, C. G. (2026) Host genome and microbiome sequencing data for Porites cryptic lineages in classic and extreme reefs in Palau in November 2021. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2026-04-17 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/996942 [access date]
Cryptic Porites lineage genomic and microbiome data Dataset Description: Methods and Sampling: <p>Colonies resembling the gross morphology of <em>Porites lobata</em> Dana, 1846 were tagged at six sites, at&nbsp;the Rock Islands of Palau, in November 2021 in a transect along the shoreline (N=15 per site, 90 colonies total). All colonies were sampled using a hammer and chisel between 1 and 6 meters (m) depth, with the majority between 3 and 4 m. All selected colonies were at least 1-5 m apart to reduce the risk of sampling clone mates while maximizing the probability that the colonies were exposed to similar conditions within a site. Targeted colonies were also relatively small in size (30-50 centimeters (cm)) to facilitate transportation to aquarium facilities for further analyses and experiments. The total area over which corals were collected was 250-500 square meters (m²) per site. Tissue samples were taken from the center of each colony, immediately fixed in ethanol, and stored at -20 degrees Celsius (°C) (2 × 2 cm samples).</p>
<p>Tissue samples from all coral colonies were crushed with a sterile razor blade, and DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits (Qiagen) were used to isolate DNA from the resulting homogenate according to the manufacturer's instructions, with one modification: the lysis step was conducted overnight. Isolated DNA was then cleaned with a Zymo Clean and Concentrator kit (Zymo Research, CA). DNA was quantified using a Qubit fluorometer (Invitrogen), standardized to 25 nanograms per microliter (ng μL⁻¹), prepared for 2b-RAD sequencing according to (Wang et al., 2012), and sequenced across one lane of Illumina HiSeq 2500 using single-end 50 bp sequencing at the Tufts University Core Facility (TUCF) Genomics. Five technical replicates were included in the library preparation to aid the downstream identification of clonemates.</p>
<p>Photobiont communities were characterized in samples through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) region using <em>SYM_VAR_5.8S2</em> and<em> SYM_VAR_REV</em> primers (Hume et al., 2015, 2018). The PCR profile included 26 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 59 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 72 °C for 7 minutes. A negative control was included in the initial amplification but failed to amplify, so it was not included in downstream library preparations. Successful amplifications were cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and a second PCR was conducted to attach Illumina MiSeq dual barcodes to the PCR product before samples were pooled. Volumes for pooling were based on the visualization of barcoded sample band intensity on a 1% agarose gel. This pool was cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit, gel extracted, and submitted for sequencing as described below.</p>
<p>To characterize bacterial communities, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the same samples via PCR using Hyb515f (Parada et al., 2016) and Hyb806R (Apprill et al., 2015) primers and the following PCR profile: 35 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 65 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 7 minutes. Subsequent PCR amplification, cleaning, dual-barcoding, and gel extraction followed the same protocol described for ITS2 with the inclusion of three negative controls, which were also submitted for sequencing. ITS2 and 16S pools were quantified and combined in a 1:3 ratio, respectively. Libraries were sequenced together on Illumina MiSeq (paired-end 250 bp) at Tufts University Core Facility (TUCF) Genomics.</p>
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2048589 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2048589
Funding provided by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) Award Number: OCE-2048678 Award URL: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=2048678
onGoing
Carsten G.B. Grupstra
Boston University
777 Glades Road
Boca Raton
FL
33431
USA
Carsten Grupstra
pointOfContact
asNeeded
Dataset Version: 1
Unknown
Library_Name
Latitude
Longitude
Date
Study_Accession
Host_genetic_dataset_accession
Experiment_Accession
Library_accession_2BRAD
Microbial_community_data_accession
ITS2_library_biosample
ITS2_Forward
ITS2_Reverse
Library_biosample_16S
Forward_16S
Reverse_16S
Illumina HiSeq 2500
Illumina MiSeq i100
Hammer and chisel
Qubit 4, Invitrogen
Bibby Scientific PCRmax Alpha Cycler 4
theme
None, User defined
sample description
latitude
longitude
date
NCBI SRA study accession (SRP)
NCBI BioProject accession
NCBI SRA experiment accession (SRX)
NCBI SRA Sample accession (SRS)
NCBI BioSample accession
file_name
featureType
BCO-DMO Standard Parameters
Automated DNA Sequencer
Automated DNA Sequencer
Manual Biota Sampler
Qubit fluorometer
Thermal Cycler
instrument
BCO-DMO Standard Instruments
otherRestrictions
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: none. Use Constraints: Please follow guidelines at: http://www.bco-dmo.org/terms-use Distribution liability: Under no circumstances shall BCO-DMO be liable for any direct, incidental, special, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the materials in this data submission. If you are dissatisfied with any materials in this data submission your sole and exclusive remedy is to discontinue use.
Collaborative Research: How do selection, plasticity, and dispersal interact to determine coral success in warmer and more variable environments?
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/project/884397
Collaborative Research: How do selection, plasticity, and dispersal interact to determine coral success in warmer and more variable environments?
<p><strong>NSF Award Abstract:</strong><br />
Coral reefs host thousands of marine species, help protect coastlines from storm damage, generate tourism, and house fish used for human consumption. However, corals are vulnerable to increasing water temperatures, which can lead to coral death. One way for reefs to survive in warming oceans is for corals that are well-suited to warmer waters to repopulate reefs that have less temperature-tolerant individuals. For this strategy to succeed, however, the more temperature-tolerant corals need to be able to disperse to and survive in these different environments. This project takes advantage of reef systems in the Pacific nation of Palau that naturally experience a wide range in temperatures across short geographic distances. Using cutting-edge ecological and genomic techniques, the team of investigators is directly testing whether young corals from Palau’s warmest reefs can successfully be carried by ocean currents to Palau’s currently cooler reefs and subsequently survive and thrive in these habitats. Given the relevance of this research for the local ecology, the team is disseminating results to the Palauan government through a written report in conjunction with Palauan scientists who are interning with the team, and to the Palauan people through public presentations. As part of this work, the investigators are maintaining a blog and are organizing a music-lecture series combining dance, music, and science to promote awareness of the coral reef crisis across English and Spanish-speaking communities in the US. Results from this project are informing restoration and conservation practices of the Coral Conservation Consortium as well as other efforts worldwide.</p>
<p>A major question in evolutionary biology is how plasticity and adaptation interact to influence survival under novel environments. Understanding these processes is increasingly important as rising temperatures associated with climate change influence species globally. For marine organisms with pelagic larval phases, including reef-building corals, the post-settlement period constitutes a critical bottleneck for adaptation and plasticity, with the added complexity that the conditions experienced and time spent as larvae can incur carryover effects. This project leverages reefs in Palau that span a steep environmental gradient to study how environmental variation drives selection and plasticity and to examine if dispersal between reefs limits success across habitats due to carryover effects. The investigators are testing the overarching hypothesis that corals from warmer and more variable environments are adapted to warmer temperatures and exhibit increased plasticity, but that dispersal between reefs incurs a fitness cost. The team integrates field and molecular techniques to: 1) investigate the degree of selection occurring on warmer and more variable reefs, 2) test whether corals transplanted to more variable environments improve their thermal tolerance through developmental plasticity, and 3) examine whether delays in metamorphosis required for dispersal across reefs comes at a fitness cost due to carryover effects.</p>
<p>This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.</p>
Palau coral selection plasticity dispersal
largerWorkCitation
project
eng; USA
oceans
134.34697
134.4766
7.16162
7.36722
2021-11-01
2021-11-30
Palauan coral reefs
0
BCO-DMO catalogue of parameters from Host genome and microbiome sequencing data for Porites cryptic lineages in classic and extreme reefs in Palau in November 2021
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996971.rdf
Name: Library_Name
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Name of the sample library</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996972.rdf
Name: Latitude
Units: decimal degree
Description: <p>Latitude of the sample collection site</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996973.rdf
Name: Longitude
Units: decimal degree
Description: <p>Longitude of the sample collection site</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996974.rdf
Name: Date
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Year and month of collection</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996975.rdf
Name: Study_Accession
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession number of the sudy</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996976.rdf
Name: Host_genetic_dataset_accession
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the overall 2bRAD dataset</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996977.rdf
Name: Experiment_Accession
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the experiment</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996978.rdf
Name: Library_accession_2BRAD
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the 2bRAD data for each sample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996979.rdf
Name: Microbial_community_data_accession
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the overall microbial sequencing dataset</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996980.rdf
Name: ITS2_library_biosample
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the ITS-2 amplicon sequencing BioSample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996981.rdf
Name: ITS2_Forward
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Filename of the ITS-2 forward read</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996982.rdf
Name: ITS2_Reverse
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Filename of the ITS-2 reverse read</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996983.rdf
Name: Library_biosample_16S
Units: unitless
Description: <p>NCBI accession of the 16S amplicon sequencing BioSample</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996984.rdf
Name: Forward_16S
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Filename of the 16S forward read</p>
http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset-parameter/996985.rdf
Name: Reverse_16S
Units: unitless
Description: <p>Filename of the 16S reverse read</p>
GB/NERC/BODC > British Oceanographic Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
https://osprey.bco-dmo.org/dataset/996942/data/download
download
onLine
dataset
<p>Colonies resembling the gross morphology of <em>Porites lobata</em> Dana, 1846 were tagged at six sites, at&nbsp;the Rock Islands of Palau, in November 2021 in a transect along the shoreline (N=15 per site, 90 colonies total). All colonies were sampled using a hammer and chisel between 1 and 6 meters (m) depth, with the majority between 3 and 4 m. All selected colonies were at least 1-5 m apart to reduce the risk of sampling clone mates while maximizing the probability that the colonies were exposed to similar conditions within a site. Targeted colonies were also relatively small in size (30-50 centimeters (cm)) to facilitate transportation to aquarium facilities for further analyses and experiments. The total area over which corals were collected was 250-500 square meters (m²) per site. Tissue samples were taken from the center of each colony, immediately fixed in ethanol, and stored at -20 degrees Celsius (°C) (2 × 2 cm samples).</p>
<p>Tissue samples from all coral colonies were crushed with a sterile razor blade, and DNeasy Blood and Tissue kits (Qiagen) were used to isolate DNA from the resulting homogenate according to the manufacturer's instructions, with one modification: the lysis step was conducted overnight. Isolated DNA was then cleaned with a Zymo Clean and Concentrator kit (Zymo Research, CA). DNA was quantified using a Qubit fluorometer (Invitrogen), standardized to 25 nanograms per microliter (ng μL⁻¹), prepared for 2b-RAD sequencing according to (Wang et al., 2012), and sequenced across one lane of Illumina HiSeq 2500 using single-end 50 bp sequencing at the Tufts University Core Facility (TUCF) Genomics. Five technical replicates were included in the library preparation to aid the downstream identification of clonemates.</p>
<p>Photobiont communities were characterized in samples through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) region using <em>SYM_VAR_5.8S2</em> and<em> SYM_VAR_REV</em> primers (Hume et al., 2015, 2018). The PCR profile included 26 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 59 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 72 °C for 7 minutes. A negative control was included in the initial amplification but failed to amplify, so it was not included in downstream library preparations. Successful amplifications were cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and a second PCR was conducted to attach Illumina MiSeq dual barcodes to the PCR product before samples were pooled. Volumes for pooling were based on the visualization of barcoded sample band intensity on a 1% agarose gel. This pool was cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit, gel extracted, and submitted for sequencing as described below.</p>
<p>To characterize bacterial communities, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the same samples via PCR using Hyb515f (Parada et al., 2016) and Hyb806R (Apprill et al., 2015) primers and the following PCR profile: 35 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 65 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 7 minutes. Subsequent PCR amplification, cleaning, dual-barcoding, and gel extraction followed the same protocol described for ITS2 with the inclusion of three negative controls, which were also submitted for sequencing. ITS2 and 16S pools were quantified and combined in a 1:3 ratio, respectively. Libraries were sequenced together on Illumina MiSeq (paired-end 250 bp) at Tufts University Core Facility (TUCF) Genomics.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
<p><strong>2bRAD Sequencing:</strong><br />
Raw 2bRAD reads were deduplicated and trimmed using the FASTX toolkit (<a href="http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit" target="_blank">http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit</a>). Reads under 25 base pairs (bp) in length or with quality scores &lt;15 were discarded. Following Rippe et al. (2021), photobiont reads were removed by discarding reads that mapped to concatenated Symbiodiniaceae genomes (<em>Symbiodinium </em>(Aranda et al., 2016)<em>, Breviolum </em>(Shoguchi et al., 2013)<em>, Cladocopium </em>(Dougan, 2020), and <em>Durusdinium </em>with Bowtie2 v2.4.2 (Langmead &amp; Salzberg, 2012). The remaining host reads were then mapped to the <em>Porites lobata </em>genome (Noel et al., 2023). Genotyping was performed using ANGSD v0.923 (Korneliussen et al., 2014). Filters that were used across all analyses included loci that were present in ≥ 80% of individuals, and a minimum read depth of 6 across all samples. Triallelic sites were removed. Reads had a minimum quality of 25, minimum mapping quality of 20 with a strand bias p-value of 1e-5 and a heterozygosity bias p-value of 1e-5. Clones were detected using hierarchical clustering based on pairwise identity by state (IBS) with an additional minor allele frequency (MAF) filter of 0.05. Technical replicates provided the clone detection threshold, and one member of each clone pair was removed for downstream analyses.</p>
<p>A total of 75 samples remained after quality control and technical replicate removal. These libraries were selected for further population genomic analyses due to a higher proportion of the genome covered compared to reduced RAD samples. For all population genomic analyses an additional MAF filter of 0.05 was added, with the exception of site frequency spectrum (SFS) based analyses. Admixture was estimated using NGSadmix; admixture plots were then created using a custom R script (<a href="https://github.com/z0on/2bRAD_denovo/blob/master/admixturePlotting_v5.R" target="_blank">https://github.com/z0on/2bRAD_denovo/blob/master/admixturePlotting_v5.R</a>). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted using a covariance matrix based on single-read resampling calculated in ANGSD. Admixture results were visualized using the K with the least cross validation error reported from ADMIXTURE. These analyses demonstrated the presence of three distinct lineages amongst our six sampling sites. F<sub>ST</sub> was estimated between pairs of lineages using ANGSD before and after outlier loci were removed using Bayescan (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.092221" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.092221</a>, Foll &amp; Gaggiotti, 2008).</p>
<p><strong>Microbial community sequencing:</strong><br />
Photobiont communities were characterized through sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) region using <em>SYM_VAR_5.8S2</em> and<em> SYM_VAR_REV</em> primers (Hume et al., 2015, 2018). The PCR profile included 26 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 59 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 72 °C for 7 minutes. A negative control was included in the initial amplification but failed to amplify, so it was not included in downstream library preparations. Successful amplifications were cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and a second PCR was conducted to attach Illumina MiSeq dual barcodes to the PCR product before samples were pooled. Volumes for pooling were based on the visualization of barcoded sample band intensity on a 1% agarose gel. This pool was cleaned using the GeneJET PCR Purification kit, gel extracted, and submitted for sequencing as described below.</p>
<p>To characterize bacterial communities, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the same samples via PCR using Hyb515f (Parada et al., 2016) and Hyb806R (Apprill et al., 2015) primers and the following PCR profile: 35 cycles of 95 °C for 40 seconds, 65 °C for 2 minutes, 72 °C for 1 minute and a final extension of 7 minutes. Subsequent PCR amplification, cleaning, dual-barcoding, and gel extraction followed the same protocol described for ITS2 with the inclusion of three negative controls, which were also submitted for sequencing. ITS2 and 16S pools were quantified and combined in a 1:3 ratio, respectively. Libraries were sequenced together on Illumina MiSeq (paired-end 250 bp) at Tufts University Core Facility (TUCF) Genomics.</p>
<p>Sequences with adaptor contamination were removed and raw 16S and ITS-2 sequences were separated based on primer sequences using bbduk following Bove et al. (2023). Raw ITS-2 reads were processed by Symportal (Hume et al., 2019) to produce defining intragenomic sequence variant (DIV) profiles for each coral colony. Two samples with &lt;1,000 reads were removed, as well as one outlier sample with &gt;1 million reads; the remaining samples (n<em> = </em>73) had an average of ~5,500 reads per sample (min: 1,116; max: 16,931). All samples were dominated by one of ten <em>Cladocopium </em>C15 types, and four samples hosted low abundances of <em>Symbiodinium </em>A3 sequences.</p>
Specified by the Principal Investigator(s)
- Imported original file "BCO_DMO_sequencing data_final.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Converted Date field to YYYY-MM format.
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Saved the final file as "996942_v1_cryptic_porites_lineage.csv".
- Imported the supplemental file "Supplementary Datafile 3_its2-seq.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Converted Date field to YYYY-MM format.
- Saved the final file as "996942_v1_supplemental_div_data.csv".
Specified by BCO-DMO Data Managers
asNeeded
7.x-1.1
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)
Unavailable
508-289-2009
WHOI MS#36
Woods Hole
MA
02543
USA
info@bco-dmo.org
http://www.bco-dmo.org
Monday - Friday 8:00am - 5:00pm
For questions regarding this resource, please contact BCO-DMO via the email address provided.
pointOfContact
Illumina HiSeq 2500
Illumina HiSeq 2500
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Illumina HiSeq 2500 PI Supplied Instrument Description:DNA was sequenced across one lane of Illumina HiSeq 2500 using single-end 50 bp sequencing. Instrument Name: Automated DNA Sequencer Instrument Short Name:Automated Sequencer Instrument Description: A DNA sequencer is an instrument that determines the order of deoxynucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid sequences.
Illumina MiSeq i100
Illumina MiSeq i100
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Illumina MiSeq i100 PI Supplied Instrument Description:Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq. Instrument Name: Automated DNA Sequencer Instrument Short Name:Automated Sequencer Instrument Description: A DNA sequencer is an instrument that determines the order of deoxynucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid sequences.
Hammer and chisel
Hammer and chisel
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Hammer and chisel PI Supplied Instrument Description:Colonies were sampled using a hammer and chisel. Instrument Name: Manual Biota Sampler Instrument Short Name:Manual Biota Sampler Instrument Description: "Manual Biota Sampler" indicates that a sample was collected in situ by a person, possibly using a hand-held collection device such as a jar, a net, or their hands. This term could also refer to a simple tool like a hammer, saw, or other hand-held tool. Community Standard Description: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/90/
Qubit 4, Invitrogen
Qubit 4, Invitrogen
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Qubit 4, Invitrogen PI Supplied Instrument Description:DNA was quantified using a Qubit fluorometer. Instrument Name: Qubit fluorometer Instrument Short Name: Instrument Description: Benchtop fluorometer. The Invitrogen Qubit Fluorometer accurately and quickly measures the concentration of DNA, RNA, or protein in a single sample. It can also be used to assess RNA integrity and quality.
Manufactured by Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA (Invitrogen is one of several brands under the Thermo Fisher Scientific corporation.)
Bibby Scientific PCRmax Alpha Cycler 4
Bibby Scientific PCRmax Alpha Cycler 4
PI Supplied Instrument Name: Bibby Scientific PCRmax Alpha Cycler 4 PI Supplied Instrument Description:Bibby Scientific tetrad of 96-well gradient Mastercyclers (PCRmax Alpha4) Instrument Name: Thermal Cycler Instrument Short Name:Thermal Cycler Instrument Description: A thermal cycler or "thermocycler" is a general term for a type of laboratory apparatus, commonly used for performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that is capable of repeatedly altering and maintaining specific temperatures for defined periods of time. The device has a thermal block with holes where tubes with the PCR reaction mixtures can be inserted. The cycler then raises and lowers the temperature of the block in discrete, pre-programmed steps. They can also be used to facilitate other temperature-sensitive reactions, including restriction enzyme digestion or rapid diagnostics.
(adapted from http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/genomics/pcr.html)