Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Data were collected on the R/V Kilo Moana from August 26 to September 26, 2021 on cruise KM2113 and from September 9 to October 22, 2022 on cruise KM2212.

Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiles and discrete seawater samples were collected near each seamount using a shipboard Seabird Electronic SBE25 profiler with salinity, temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen sensors attached to a 24 12-liter (L) Niskin bottle rosette. Discrete seawater samples from Niskin bottles were collected at 19 different depths ranging from 10 meters (m) to 2448 m. Consistent discrete sample depths were maintained across all sites and both cruises. Discrete sample depths were selected to minimize uncertainty associated with profile calculations and were as follows: near bottom (~5 m from bottom), 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 10 m. For sites with bottom depth deeper than ~1500 m, additional depths were sampled every ~250 m to get a more comprehensive profile. CTD cast samples characterized the open ocean water column approximately 1-10 kilometers from each seamount summit. The distance from the seamount wall depended on the seamount slope steepness and sea state conditions. Discrete water samples collected from CTD casts 1-10 km from seamounts will be referred to as CTD samples.

Quality flag definitions are available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system and listed below:

The three sets of WOCE primary level quality control (QC) flags for Niskin bottles, discrete sampling, and sensor based measurements, respectively, are consolidated here into a single flagging scheme to avoid confusion. This consolidated flagging scheme is recommended for all types of OA data that will be submitted to OCADS.

QC Flags -- Flag Meaning

2 -- Acceptable
3 -- Questionable
4 -- Known bad
6 -- Median of replicates
9 -- Missing value

- Loaded original file "2022_NWHI_Standardized_Data_updated.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Loaded original file "2021_NWHI_Standardized_Data_updated2.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Concatenated both tables into a single combined table.
- Combined Year_UTC, Month_UTC, Day_UTC, and Time_UTC (UTC timezone) into a new ISO_DateTime_UTC column formatted as %Y-%m-%dT%H:%MZ.
- Rounded Silicate_flag, Phosphate_flag, and Nitrate_and_Nitrite_flag to 0 decimal places and converted to integer type to correct decimal-formatted flag values (e.g., 2.00).
- Computed a new Longitude_180 column by converting Longitude values greater than 180 to the -180 to 180 scale (subtracting 360); original Longitude column retained on a 0-360 scale.
- Saved the final file as "1000924_v1_km2113_km2212_ctd.csv".

NSF Award Abstract:
Like their shallow-water counterparts, deep-sea corals provide structure and habitat that support a diverse community of invertebrates and commercially important fish species. However, as ocean acidification impacts the water chemistry of the surface and deep ocean, the future of deep-sea reefs is highly uncertain because ocean acidification makes it more difficult for corals to build the three-dimensional structure that these ecosystems depend on. The naturally harsh water chemistry conditions of the North Pacific are being exacerbated by ocean acidification therefore it was previously thought that deep-sea coral reef development could not occur in the region. Despite these expectations, reefs were recently discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the Emperor Seamount Chain (ESC), with 4 of 7 sites in waters that are corrosive to, or likely to dissolve, the coral skeletons that make up deep-sea reefs. With the discovery of these reefs, we have an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the potential impact of ocean acidification on these important ecosystems because, in contrast to previous studies, there is a gradient of water chemistry across our study sites, all at the same depth. This study will address basic questions regarding reef development in the deep sea, including: Can deep-sea coral reefs develop in water that is corrosive to coral skeletons? What is the fate of reefs that developed under supportive water chemistry conditions once they experience corrosive water? How long can reefs persist in corrosive water? Through addressing these questions, this study will provide critical insights into deep-sea reef formation, persistence, distribution, and the effects of ocean acidification on deep-sea coral communities. The investigators have a track record of partnerships with NOAA's Deep-Sea Coral Research and Technology Program, and with the agencies actively making management decisions in this region for seamount deep-sea coral communities including the North Pacific Fisheries Commission and the International Seabed Authority. Results will be broadly circulated to the scientific community through publications, coral collections contributed to museums, and public databases. This project will contribute to developing a diverse and competitive STEM workforce through training of an underrepresented postdoctoral scientist, three graduate students, and undergraduate researchers. A partnership with WhaleTimes, Inc. will include ROV telepresence for the Creep into the Deep Program, K-12 School Visits, and e-books.

Despite expectations that deep-sea scleractinian reefs could not exist under the harsh carbonate chemistry conditions of the North Pacific, reefs were recently discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) and the Emperor Seamount Chain (ESC), with 4 of 7 sites in waters undersaturated with respect to aragonite. The discovery of these reefs, with more than half the sites in undersaturated water, provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the potential impact of ocean acidification on these important ecosystems. It is becoming critical to gain a better understanding of the role of aragonite saturation in the distribution of deep-sea scleractinian reefs because it has been documented that the aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) is shoaling throughout the world oceans due to ocean acidification. More deep-sea reefs will experience undersaturation in the near future as aragonite saturation declines and the ASH shoals, making the future of deep-sea reefs and the ecologically and economically valuable ecosystems they support highly uncertain. Building on the discovery of deep-sea coral reefs in the NWHI and ESC, the overarching question of this project is: How is it that deep-sea scleractinian coral reefs can occur in undersaturated water, well below the hypothesized reef development limit Although individual corals may be capable of calcifying in undersaturated water, it is unlikely that a three-dimensional reef structure could develop since deep-sea calcification rates are slow and most of the reef matrix is dead skeleton susceptible to dissolution. Therefore the hypotheses to be tested are: 1) These deep-sea reefs developed in saturated water and are now in undersaturated water because the ASH has shoaled; 2) The reefs in undersaturated water are now net dissolving; and 3) Environmental parameters other than aragonite saturation are driving reef distribution. To test these three hypotheses, we plan two research cruises to characterize the reefs and environmental parameters of nine seamounts across an aragonite saturation gradient where reefs exist above and below the ASH. Coral and water samples will be collected, an ROV will conduct video transect surveys, and experimental dissolution blocks and in situ instrumentation will be deployed at the reef sites to investigate: carbonate chemistry variability on diel (in situ instruments) to centennial (skeletal boron isotopes as a pH proxy) scales, calcification and dissolution rates, and reef ecology. Further, species distribution modeling will be used to examine the environmental factors that determine the distribution of these deep-sea reefs.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.