| Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Bidle, Kay D. | Rutgers University (Rutgers IMCS) | Principal Investigator |
| DiTullio, Giacomo | College of Charleston (CofC) | Principal Investigator |
| Van Mooy, Benjamin A.S. | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) | Principal Investigator |
| Coolen, Marco | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Vardi, Assaf | Weizmann Institute of Science | Co-Principal Investigator |
| Rauch, Shannon | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
Niskin bottle data from CTD casts from the KN207-03 cruise. The raw bottle data was processed using Seasave software version 7.21e (QA/QC has not been performed).
Header information from Sea-Bird SBE 9 Bottle (.btl) Data file:
Software Version Seasave V 7.21e
Temperature SN = 4406; Conductivity SN = 1474
Number of Bytes Per Scan = 44; Number of Voltage Words = 5
Number of Scans Averaged by the Deck Unit = 1
Sensor Channel 1: Frequency 0, Temperature; SensorID = 55; Serial Number = 4406
Calibration Date: 14-Feb-12
Use G_J: 1
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; F0_Old: 0.000
G: 4.33630903e-003; H: 6.36463726e-004; I: 2.06290680e-005; J: 1.71729728e-006
F0: 1000.000
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.0000
Sensor Channel 2: Frequency 1, Conductivity; Sensor ID = 3; Serial Number = 1474
Calibration Date: 14-Feb-12
Use G_J: 1; Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors.
Series R: 0.0000; CellConst: 2000.0000; Conductivity Type: 0
Coefficients equation = 0
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; M: 0.0
CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
Coefficients equation = 1
G: -4.21351634e+000; H: 5.39243337e-001; I: -2.08827162e-004; J: 3.95099976e-005
CPcor: -9.57000000e-008; CTcor: 3.2500e-006
WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1.
WBOTC: 0.00000000e+000
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.00000
Sensor Channel 3: Frequency 2, Pressure; Digiquartz with TC; Sensor ID = 45; Serial Number: 69685 in 090484 vertical orientation
Calibration Date: 12/18/2002
C1: -4.680530e+004; C2: -8.320595e-001; C3: 1.450810e-002
D1: 3.903100e-002; D2: 0.000000e+000
T1: 3.038361e+001; T2: -5.411459e-004; T3: 4.085080e-006; T4: 2.564540e-009
Slope: 0.99995000; Offset: 0.00000
T5: 0.000000e+000
AD590M: 1.280820e-002; AD590B: -9.210198e+000
Sensor Channel 4: Frequency 3, Temperature, 2; Sensor ID = 55; Serial Number: 2271
Calibration Date: 14-Feb-12
Use G_J: 1
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; F0_Old: 0.000
G: 4.33365550e-003; H: 6.41046238e-004; I: 2.31654312e-005; J: 2.15092946e-006
F0: 1000.000
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.0000
Sensor Channel 5: Frequency 4, Conductivity, 2; Sensor ID = 3; Serial Number: 2707
Calibration Date: 14-Feb-12
Use G_J: 1
Cell const and series R are applicable only for wide range sensors.
Series R: 0.0000
CellConst: 2000.0000
Conductivity Type: 0
Coefficients equation = 0
A: 0.00000000e+000; B: 0.00000000e+000; C: 0.00000000e+000; D: 0.00000000e+000; M: 0.0
CPcor: -9.57000000e-008
Coefficients equation = 1
G: -1.07258216e+001; H: 1.55968861e+000; I: -1.50749109e-003; J: 2.09512327e-004
CPcor: -9.57000000e-008; CTcor: 3.2500e-006
WBOTC not applicable unless ConductivityType = 1.
WBOTC: 0.00000000e+000
Slope: 1.00000000; Offset: 0.00000
Sensor Channel 6: A/D voltage 0, Fluorometer, WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL; Sensor ID = 20; Serial Number = FLNTURTD-1013
Calibration Date: april 18, 2008
ScaleFactor: 6.00000000e+000
Vblank: 0.0800
Sensor Channel 7: A/D voltage 1, User Polynomial; Sensor ID = 61; Serial Number = FLNTURTD-1013
Calibration Date: april 18, 2008
SensorName: turbidity
A0: 0.15800000; A1: 2.00000000; A2: 0.00000000; A3: 0.00000000
Sensor Channel 8: A/D voltage 2, PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor; Sensor ID = 42; Serial Number = 4550
Calibration Date: 13-Mar-2008
M: 1.00000000; B: 0.00000000
Calibration Constant: 77519400000.00000000
Multiplier: 1.00000000; Offset: -0.01906000
Sensor Channel 9: A/D voltage 3, Transmissometer, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Lab CStar; Sensor ID = 59; Serial Number = CST-1117DR
Calibration Date: 05-Aug-2011
M: 21.0530; B: -0.1537
PathLength: 0.250
Sensor Channel 10: A/D voltage 4, Altimeter; Sensor ID = 0; Serial Number: 1133
Calibration Date:
ScaleFactor: 14.950; Offset: 0.200
Sensor Channel 11: A/D voltage 5, Oxygen, SBE 43; Sensor ID = 38; Serial Number: 0723
Calibration Date: 11-Feb-12
Use2007Equation: 1
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 0
Coefficients for Owens-Millard equation.
Boc: 0.0000; Soc: 0.0000e+000; Offset: 0.0000
Pcor: 0.00e+000; Tcor: 0.0000; Tau: 0.0
CalibrationCoefficients equation = 1
Coefficients for Sea-Bird equation - SBE calibration in 2007 and later.
Soc: 5.5281e-001; Offset: -0.5125
A: -2.4781e-003; B: 9.2148e-005; C: -1.8426e-006
D0: 2.5826e+000; D1: 1.92634e-004; D2: -4.64803e-002; E: 3.6000e-002
Tau20: 1.3300
H1: -3.3000e-002; H2: 5.0000e+003; H3: 1.4500e+003
Sensor Channel 12: A/D voltage 6, User Polynomial, 2; Sensor ID = 61; Serial Number = SUNA
Calibration Date: N/A
Sensor Name: SUNA Nitrate
A0: -3.73832000; A1: 10.68091000; A2: 0.00000000; A3: 0.00000000
Sensor Channel 13: A/D voltage 7, Free
Sensor Channel 14: SPAR voltage, Unavailable
Sensor Channel 15: SPAR voltage, SPAR/Surface Irradiance; Sensor ID = 51; Serial Number: 6294
Calibration Date: 2008-03-13
Conversion Factor: 1826.90000000; Ratio Multiplier: 1.00000000
datcnv_ox_hysteresis_correction = yes
datcnv_ox_tau_correction = no
datcnv_bottle_scan_range_source = scans marked with bottle confirm bit, 0, 5
bottlesum_ox_tau_correction = yes
Raw data was processed using Seasave software version 7.21e. BCO-DMO retrieved the processed data from the WHOI Data Library & Archives and made the following edits to the bottle (.btl) files:
- Changed parameter names to conform to BCO-DMO conventions.
- Converted latitude and longitude from degrees and decimal minutes to decimal degrees.
- Added cast, date_gmt, time_start, lat_start, lon_start from the CTD file headers.
- Added ISO_DateTime_UTC using the original date and time fields.
- Bottle file '20703015' (bottle data from cast 15),contained only invalid/undecipherable values. Possible instrument or processing failure, or data file corruption. BCO-DMO replaced these characters with 'nd' to indicate 'no data'.
| File |
|---|
KN207-03_bottle.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 925.64 KB) MD5:579b71c612f0f23b5ce7e757efccb78d Primary data file for dataset ID 3902 |
| Parameter | Description | Units |
| cast | CTD cast number. | dimensionless |
| date_gmt | Date (GMT) at the start of the CTD cast in YYYYmmdd format. | dimensionless |
| time_start | Time (GMT) at start of the CTD cast in HHMM format (seconds have been rounded to the nearest minute). | dimensionless |
| lat_start | Latitude in decimal degrees at start of CTD cast; negative = South. | decimal degrees |
| lon_start | Longitude in decimal degrees at start of CTD cast; negative = West. | decimal degrees |
| bottle | Niskin bottle number. Originally named 'Bottle Position'. | unitless |
| time_gmt | Time (GMT) the bottle was fired. In hours, minutes, and decimal minutes; 24-hour clock. | HHMM.mm |
| press_avg | Average pressure. Column originally named 'PrDM'. | decibars |
| press_sd | Standard deviation of press_avg. | decibars |
| press_min | Minimum pressure. | decibars |
| press_max | Maximum pressure. | decibars |
| depth_avg | Average depth. Column originally named 'DepSM'. | meters |
| depth_sd | Standard deviation of depth_avg. | meters |
| depth_min | Minimum depth. | meters |
| depth_max | Maximum depth. | meters |
| potemp | Potential temperature from primary sensor. Originally named 'Potemp090C'. | degrees C |
| potemp2 | Potential temperature from secondary sensor. Originally named 'Potemp190C'. | degrees C |
| sal | Salinity from the primary sensor. Originally named 'Sal00'. | PSU |
| sal2 | Salinity from the secondary sensor. Originally named 'Sal11'. | PSU |
| O2 | Oxygen in milliliters per liter measured by the SBE 43. Originally named 'Sbeox0ML/L'. | mL/L |
| O2_sat_pcnt | Percent oxygen saturation. Originally named 'Sbeox0PS'. | % |
| sigma_0 | Density, sigma-theta, in kilograms per cubic meter from primary sensor. Originally named 'Sigma_e00'. | kg/m^3 |
| sigma_0_2 | Density, sigma-theta, in kilograms per cubic meter from secondary sensor. Originally named 'Sigma-e11'. | kg/m^3 |
| sigma_t | Sigma-t density from primary sensor. Originally named 'Sigma-t00'. | kg/m^3 |
| sigma_t_2 | Sigma-t density from secondary sensor. Originally named 'Sigma-t11'. | kg/m^3 |
| temp_avg | Average temperature from primary sensor. Column originally named 'T090C'. | degrees C |
| temp_sd | Standard deviation of temp_avg. | degrees C |
| temp_min | Minimum temperature from primary sensor. | degrees C |
| temp_max | Maximum temperature from primary sensor. | degrees C |
| temp2_avg | Average temperature from secondary sensor. Column originally named 'T190C'. | degrees C |
| temp2_sd | Standard deviation of temp2_avg. | degrees C |
| temp2_min | Minimum temperature from secondary sensor. | degrees C |
| temp2_max | Maximum temperature from secondary sensor. | degrees C |
| cond_avg | Average conductivity in Siemens per meter from primary sensor. Column originally named 'C0S/m'. | S/m |
| cond_sd | Standard deviation of cond_avg. | S/m |
| cond_min | Minimum conductivity from primary sensor. | S/m |
| cond_max | Maximum conductivity from primary sensor. | S/m |
| cond2_avg | Average conductivity in Siemens per meter from secondary sensor. Column originally named 'C1S/m'. | S/m |
| cond2_sd | Standard deviation of cond2_avg. | S/m |
| cond2_min | Minimum conductivity from secondary sensor. | S/m |
| cond2_max | Maximum conductivity from secondary sensor. | S/m |
| O2_v_avg | Average raw oxygen reading from the SBE 43. Column originally named 'Sbeox0V'. | volts |
| O2_v_sd | Standard deviation of O2_v_avg. | volts |
| O2_v_min | Minimum raw oxygen reading from the SBE 43. | volts |
| O2_v_max | Maximum raw oxygen reading from the SBE 43. | O2_v_max |
| trans_avg | Average beam transmission from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar. Column originally named 'Xmiss'. | % |
| trans_sd | Standard deviation of trans_avg. | % |
| trans_min | Minimum beam transmission from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar. | % |
| trans_max | Maximum beam transmission from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar. | % |
| beam_c_avg | Average beam attenuation from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar (in inverse meters). Column originally named 'Bat'. | 1/m |
| beam_c_sd | Standard deviation of beam_c_avg. | 1/m |
| beam_c_min | Minimum beam attenuation from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar (in inverse meters). | 1/m |
| beam_c_max | Maximum beam attenuation from Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar (in inverse meters). | 1/m |
| fluor_avg | Average fluorescence from WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL in milligrams per cubic meter. Column originally named 'FlECO-AFL'. | mg/m^3 |
| fluor_sd | Standard deviation of fluor_avg. | mg/m^3 |
| fluor_min | Minimum fluorescence from WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL in milligrams per cubic meter. | mg/m^3 |
| fluor_max | Maximum fluorescence from WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL in milligrams per cubic meter. | mg/m^3 |
| turbidity_avg | Average turbidity. Column originally named 'Upoly0'. | NTU |
| turbidity_sd | Standard deviation of turbidity_avg. | NTU |
| turbidity_min | Minimum turbidity. | NTU |
| turbidity_max | Maximum turbidity. | NTU |
| scan_avg | Average scan number. | unitless |
| scan_sd | Standard deviation of scan_avg. | unitless |
| scan_min | Minimum scan number. | unitless |
| scan_max | Maximum scan number. | unitless |
| ISO_DateTime_UTC | Date/Time (UTC) formatted to ISO 8601 standard. T indicates start of time string; Z indicates UTC. | YYYY-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS.ssZ |
| Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Niskin bottle |
| Generic Instrument Name | Niskin bottle |
| Generic Instrument Description | A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc. |
| Website | |
| Platform | R/V Knorr |
| Start Date | 2012-06-15 |
| End Date | 2012-07-14 |
| Description | Description from the WHOI Cruise Synopsis:
The 30 day "NA-VICE" (North Atlantic Virus Infection of Coccolithophores Expedition) cruise in June-July 2012 aboard the R/V Knorr followed a transect from Ponta Delgada, Azores to Reykjavik, Iceland. The goal for this cruise was to transect the region of the NEA spring bloom and to extensively sample the bloom when it is encountered. The cruise track was modeled after a recent study in this area that documented intense coccolithophore (and other haptophyte) blooms across Rockall Hatton Plateau to the Iceland Basin (55-63°N latitude) and coincided with elevated POC and TEP. The science plan calls for sampling of 12 water depths at 20 station locations. In addition, three stations were occupied for several days to allow opportunities for extended experiments and sinking particulate carbon collection and flux determination. Given that the timing of the bloom is difficult to predict exactly, the precise cruise track was determined by remote sensing data (satellite and autonomous glider from Rutgers) analyzed by the PIs a few days before and during the cruise.
The cruise was supported by NSF award OCE-1061883. Additional cruise information and original data are available from the NSF R2R data catalog. |
This project is also called "NA-VICE" (North Atlantic Virus Infection of Coccolithophores Expedition).
Project description from NSF award abstract:
Despite the critical importance of viruses in shaping marine microbial ecosystems, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating phytoplankton-virus interactions. As a consequence, we currently lack biomarkers to quantify active viral infection in the oceans, significantly hindering our understanding of its ecological and biogeochemical impacts.
The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyte) is a cosmopolitan unicellular photoautotroph whose calcite skeletons account for about a third of the total marine CaCO3 production. E. huxleyi forms massive annual spring blooms in the North Atlantic that are infected and terminated by lytic, giant double-stranded DNA containing coccolithoviruses. Findings that lytic viral infection of E. huxleyi recruits the hosts programmed cell death (PCD) machinery demonstrate that viruses employ a sophisticated, co-evolutionary “arms race” in mediating host-virus interactions. The investigators recently demonstrated that viral glycosphingolipids (vGSLs), derived from unexpected cluster of sphingolipid biosynthetic genes, a pathway never before described in a viral genome, play a crucial functional role in facilitating infection of E. huxleyi. The observations of vGSLs in the North Atlantic and Norwegian fjords further suggest that they may be novel, diagnostic biomarkers for viral infection of coccolithophore populations. At the same time, the discovery of vGSLs and a distinct, protective 802 lipid argues that a host-virus, co-evolutionary chemical arms race plays a pivotal role in regulating viral infection and in lubricating upper ocean biogeochemical fluxes of carbon and sulfur.
The focus of this collaborative research project is to elucidate the molecular, ecological, and biogeochemical links between vGSLs (and other polar lipids) and the global cycles of carbon and sulfur.
The team of investigators proposes a multi-pronged approach combing a suite of lab-based, mechanistic studies using several haptophyte-virus model systems along with observational studies and manipulative field-based experiments the Northeast Atlantic. Using these diagnostic markers, they will document active viral infection of natural coccolithophore populations and couple it with a suite of oceanographic measurements in order to quantify how viral infection (via vGSLs) influences cell fate, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, vertical export of particular organic (POC) and inorganic carbon (PIC; as calcium carbonate, CaCO3) (along with associated alkenone lipid biomarkers and genetic signatures of viruses and their hosts) and the upper ocean sulfur cycle (via the cycling of dimethylsulfide [DMS] and other biogenic sulfur compounds). Furthermore, given they are unique to viruses, the investigators propose that vGSLs can be used to trace the flow of virally-derived carbon and provide quantitative insights into a “viral shunt” that diverts fixed carbon from higher trophic levels and the deep sea.
The overarching hypothesis for this study is that vGSLs are cornerstone molecules in the upper ocean, which facilitate viral infection on massive scales and thereby mechanistically "lubricate" the biogeochemical fluxes of C and S in the ocean.
The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean's role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners. Important OCB-related activities currently include: the Ocean Carbon and Climate Change (OCCC) and the North American Carbon Program (NACP); U.S. contributions to IMBER, SOLAS, CARBOOCEAN; and numerous U.S. single-investigator and medium-size research projects funded by U.S. federal agencies including NASA, NOAA, and NSF.
The scientific mission of OCB is to study the evolving role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle, in the face of environmental variability and change through studies of marine biogeochemical cycles and associated ecosystems.
The overarching OCB science themes include improved understanding and prediction of: 1) oceanic uptake and release of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases and 2) environmental sensitivities of biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems, and interactions between the two.
The OCB Research Priorities (updated January 2012) include: ocean acidification; terrestrial/coastal carbon fluxes and exchanges; climate sensitivities of and change in ecosystem structure and associated impacts on biogeochemical cycles; mesopelagic ecological and biogeochemical interactions; benthic-pelagic feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles; ocean carbon uptake and storage; and expanding low-oxygen conditions in the coastal and open oceans.
| Funding Source | Award |
|---|---|
| NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) |