19:I[42426,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1xctgzqre-wsy.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_-wz6pdtp2b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/30e52g49hg40p.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/02yq6tul2z-oh.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/10bx_ec2vj7n_.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/33bfn03fo8xnt.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/0tfjf78scu61b.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/31xnvej4n1bi9.js"],"default"] 1a:T110c,Invasive species are increasingly introduced by human activities to new regions of the world where those species have never existed previously. In the absence of natural enemies (predators, competitors, and diseases) from their homeland, invasives may have strong negative effects on invaded ecosystems, especially systems with fewer species ("ecological release"), and may even drive native species extinct. However, if native natural enemies can somehow control the invaders ("ecological resistance"), then ecological disruption can be prevented or at least moderated. Most of the many invasive species in the sea have been seaweeds and invertebrates, and the few documented invasive marine fishes have not caused major problems. However, this situation has recently changed in a stunning and ominous way. In the early 1990s, lionfish (Pterois volitans) from the Pacific Ocean were accidentally or intentionally released from aquaria to the ocean in the vicinity of Florida. Camouflaged by shape and color, protected by venomous spines, consuming native coral-reef fishes voraciously, and reproducing rapidly, lionfish have subsequently undergone a population explosion. They now range from the mid-Atlantic coast of the US to the Caribbean, including the Bahamas. Native Atlantic fishes have never before encountered this spiny, stealthy, efficient predator and seldom take evasive action. In fact, the investigator has documented that a single lionfish is capable of reducing the abundance of small fish on a small coral patch reef by nearly 80% in just 5 weeks. There is great concern that invasive lionfish may severely reduce the abundance of native coral-reef fishes important as food for humans (e.g., grouper and snapper in their juvenile stages) as well as species that normally maintain the integrity of coral reefs (e.g., grazing parrotfishes that can prevent seaweeds from smothering corals). There are far more species of coral-reef fish in the Pacific than the Atlantic, so this invasion may represent a case of extreme ecological release with minor ecological resistance. Dr. Hixon and colleagues will study the mechanisms of ecological release in lionfish, as well as examine potential sources of ecological resistance in the heavily invaded Bahamas. Because very little is known about the ecology and behavior of lionfish in their native Pacific range, he will also conduct comparative studies in both oceans, which may provide clues regarding the extreme success of this invasion. In the Bahamas, the investigator will document the direct and indirect effects on native species of the ecological release of lionfish, both as a predator and as a competitor. These studies will be conducted at various scales of time and space, from short-term experiments on small patch reefs, to long-term experiments and observations on large reefs. Whereas direct effects involve mostly changes in the abundance of native species, indirect effects can be highly variable. For example, lionfish may actually indirectly benefit some native species by either consuming or outcompeting the competitors of those natives. The project will explore possible ecological resistance to the invasion by determining whether any native Bahamian species are effective natural enemies of lionfish, including predators, parasites, and competitors of both juvenile and adult lionfish. Comparative studies of natural enemies, as well as lionfish ecology and behavior, in both the Atlantic and the Pacific may provide clues regarding the explosive spread of lionfish in the Atlantic. Regarding broader impacts, this basic research will provide information valuable to coral-reef and fisheries managers fighting the lionfish invasion in the US, the Bahamas, and the greater Caribbean, especially if sources of native ecological resistance are identified. The study will fund the PhD research of U.S. graduate students, as well as involve assistance and participation by a broad variety of undergraduates and reef/fisheries managers, including women, minorities, native Bahamians, and native Pacific islanders. Participation in this project will promote education in marine ecology and conservation biology directly via Dr. Hixon's and graduate students' teaching and outreach activities, and indirectly via the experiences of undergraduate field assistants and various associates.6:["$","$L19",null,{"dataset":{"_id":"3915","description":"

Results of fairy basslet (Gramma loreto) surveys on historically monitored ledges near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas following the invasion by red lionfish (Pterois volitans). (Part of sub-project titled, \"Fairy basslet post-lionfish invasion monitoring\".)

\n","problem":"","acquisition":"

Censuses were made of historically monitored fairy basslet populations near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, providing an unprecedented before-after comparison for detecting the effects of the invasion by red lionfish.

Using historical data as a pre-invasion baseline, these data were used to quantify changes in abundance and density of fairy basslet at the local population level, correlated with the local density of lionfish. Analysis indicates an overall negative population trend since the onset of the invasion.

\n","processing":"

BCO-DMO Processing Notes:
\n- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
\n- Added lat and lon values for the reef site included in the original metadata.
\n- Replaced blanks with 'nd' to indicate 'no data'.
\n- Added the 'species_name' column, based on 'species_code'.
\n- Transposed columns to rows for the length bins; added 'lenbin_min' and 'lenbin_max' columns, based on values reported in metadata.
\n- 28-Dec-2017: removed embargo from dataset.

\n","bcodmoProcessing":"","title":"Results of fairy basslet (Gramma loreto) surveys on historically monitored ledges near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas following invasion by red lionfish (Pterois volitans), 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project)","nickname":"fairy basslet counts post-invasion","dataUrl":"","currentState":"Final no updates expected","currentStateId":"7","validated":true,"restricted":false,"version":"1","version_date":"2013-04-17T04:00:00.000Z","abstract":"Results of fairy basslet (Gramma loreto) surveys on historically monitored ledges near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas following invasion by red lionfish (Pterois volitans), 2009-2012.","citation":"Hixon, M., Ingeman, K. (2013) Results of fairy basslet (Gramma loreto) surveys on historically monitored ledges near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas following invasion by red lionfish (Pterois volitans), 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version 1) Version Date 2013-04-17 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3915.1 [access date]","citationParts":{"identifier":"doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3915.1","versionDate":"2013-04-17","versionId":"1","year":"2013","title":"Results of fairy basslet (Gramma loreto) surveys on historically monitored ledges near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas following invasion by red lionfish (Pterois volitans), 2009-2012 (Lionfish Invasion project)","authors":"Hixon, M., Ingeman, K.","publisher":"Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)."},"doi":"10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3915.1","release_date":null,"field_dataset_location":"","temporal_extent":{"start":"2009-07-10T04:00:00.000Z","end":"2010-12-19T05:00:00.000Z"},"temporal":{"resolution":"time:unitDay","type":"time:Interval","start":{"value":"1247198400","label":"2009-07-10"},"end":{"value":"1292734800","label":"2010-12-19"}},"spatial_extent":{"shape":"point","center":{"latitude":23.80456,"longitude":-76.1362},"wkt":" POINT (-76.1362 23.80456)","north":0,"east":0,"south":0,"west":0},"dataset_type":["Other Field Results"],"keywords":["biota","oceans"],"data_files":[{"id":"899834","title":"fairy_basslet_post-invasion.csv","url":"https://datadocs.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/file/XYYPG8vc4r4oVP/fairy_basslet_post-invasion.csv","showTableUrl":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/data/view/899834","description":"Primary data file for dataset ID 3915","filename":"fairy_basslet_post-invasion.csv","bytesize":164283,"checksum":{"value":"a8ec73fbff20adea0f0356359c28b40a","Algorithm":{"_id":"190","name":"MD5"}},"mimetype":"text/csv","fileType":{"_id":"192","name":"Comma Separated Values (.csv)"},"isErddap":"bcodmo_dataset_3915","date":"","isPublicDuringEmbargo":false,"primaryDataFile":true,"showTable":true,"restricted":false}],"supplemental_files":[],"roles":[{"role":{"_id":"142","name":"Lead Principal Investigator"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51647","name":"Mark Hixon"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"9","name":"Oregon State University"}},{"role":{"_id":"130","name":"Scientist"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51667","name":"Kurt Ingeman"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"9","name":"Oregon State University"}},{"role":{"_id":"145","name":"BCO-DMO Data Manager"},"performedBy":{"_id":"51498","name":"Shannon Rauch"},"performedAtOrganization":{"_id":"191","name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"}}],"deployments":[{"_id":"59019","name":"LSI_Reef_Surveys_09-12","synonyms":[],"dates":{"start":"2009-05-30T00:00:00.000Z","end":"2012-08-18T00:00:00.000Z"},"platform":{"_id":"54255","name":"Tropical Marine Lab at Lee Stocking Island"},"chiefScientists":[]}],"funding":[{"_id":"55160","name":"OCE-0851162","fundingSource":{"_id":"355","name":"NSF Division of Ocean Sciences"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/show-award?AWD_ID=0851162"}],"instruments":[],"parameters":[{"_id":"34063","name":"site","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Name of the reef site.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1124","name":"site","description":"

Sampling site identification.

"}},{"_id":"34064","name":"lat_site","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Latitude of the reef site.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"34065","name":"lon_site","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Longitude of the reef site.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"34066","name":"location","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

One of two proximate study sites:

\nOuter WH = Outer White Horse study site

\nInnner WH = Inner White Horse study site

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"1740","name":"site_descrip","description":"

Description or characteristics of a sampling site

"}},{"_id":"34067","name":"date","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Date of survey in mm/dd/YYYY format.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1070","name":"date","description":"

date; generally reported in GMT as YYYYMMDD (year; month; day); also as MMDD (month; day); EqPac dates are local Hawaii time. ISO_Date format is YYYY-MM-DD (http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso8601.htm)

"}},{"_id":"34068","name":"day","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

2-digit day of month when survey took place.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dd (01 to 31)"},"type":{"_id":"1113","name":"day","description":"

day of month; numeric 1 to 31

"}},{"_id":"34069","name":"month","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

2-digit month of year when survey took place.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"mm (01 to 12)"},"type":{"_id":"1115","name":"month","description":"

Month of year; numeric 1 to 12.

"}},{"_id":"34070","name":"year","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

4-digit year when survey took place in YYYY format.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"unitless"},"type":{"_id":"1062","name":"year","description":"

year, reported as YYYY, e.g. 1995

"}},{"_id":"34071","name":"ledge_tag_orig","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Two-digit numeral corresponding to historical ear tag ledge marker.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"1080","name":"Site_ID","description":"

Alphanumeric string used as the ID for a sampling site

"}},{"_id":"34072","name":"ledge_tag_new","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Two-digit numeral corresponding to replaced ear tag ledge marker.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"dimensionless"},"type":{"_id":"1080","name":"Site_ID","description":"

Alphanumeric string used as the ID for a sampling site

"}},{"_id":"34073","name":"species_code","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

4-letter genus species code (typically first two letters are the first two of the genus and last two letters are the first two of the species).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"code"},"type":{"_id":"995","name":"taxon_code","description":"

taxonomic group or entity code, such as the AphiaID (from the World Register of Marine Species), NCBI taxon_id, or the ten digit number from the NODC Taxonomic List, v. 8.

"}},{"_id":"34074","name":"species","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Scientific name of species (Genus species).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"976","name":"species","description":"

a taxonomic binomial that consists of a genus name followed by the species name of an organism

"}},{"_id":"34075","name":"count_total","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Total abundance of fairy basslet of all sizes for a given date at a given location.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"integer"},"type":{"_id":"1079","name":"count","description":"

Number of items or individuals counted in sample or sample fraction

"}},{"_id":"34076","name":"notes","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Notes regarding nearby predators, visibility, etc.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"text"},"type":{"_id":"778","name":"comment","description":"

free text comments, may only have meaning to submitting PI

"}},{"_id":"34077","name":"lenbin_min","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Minimum of length bin range (centimeters).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"cm"},"type":{"_id":"1089","name":"lenbin_min","description":"

Minimum of length bin range

"}},{"_id":"34078","name":"lenbin_max","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Maximum of length bin range (centimeters).

","units":{"_id":"","name":"cm"},"type":{"_id":"1090","name":"lenbin_max","description":"

Maximum of length bin range

"}},{"_id":"34079","name":"num_fish_len","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Number of individuals observed of given length range.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"integer"},"type":{"_id":"907","name":"num_fish_len","description":"

number of specific fish/group within a given length range

"}},{"_id":"34319","name":"lat","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Latitude of the specific reef location.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"730","name":"latitude","description":"

latitude, in decimal degrees, North is positive, negative denotes South; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}},{"_id":"34320","name":"lon","format":"","frictionlessType":"","description":"

Longitude of the specific reef location.

","units":{"_id":"","name":"decimal degrees"},"type":{"_id":"731","name":"longitude","description":"

longitude, in decimal degrees, East is positive, negative denotes West; Reported in some datasets as degrees, minutes

"}}],"related_publications":[],"related_datasets":[],"services":[{"grouping":"","items":[{"name":"View Data","description":"An in-browser view of the primary tabular data file","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/data/view","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"}]},{"grouping":"ERDDAP","items":[{"name":"SUBSET DATA","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.html","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"tool"},{"name":"VIEW TABLE","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.htmlTable","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"CSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.csv","contentType":"text/csv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"TSV","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.tsv","contentType":"text/tsv","actionType":"download"},{"name":"GeoJSON","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.geoJson","contentType":"application/geo+json","actionType":"download"},{"name":"MATLAB","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.mat","contentType":"text/x-matlab","actionType":"download"},{"name":"netCDF","description":"","url":"https://erddap.bco-dmo.org/erddap/tabledap/bcodmo_dataset_3915.nc","contentType":"application/x-netcdf","actionType":"download"}]},{"grouping":"Metadata","items":[{"name":"HTML","description":"A simple HTML page of the dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/description","contentType":"text/html","actionType":"view"},{"name":"PDF","description":"A PDF of the HTML dataset metadata","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/Dataset_description.pdf","contentType":"application/pdf","actionType":"download"},{"name":"ISO 19115-2 (NOAA Profile)","description":"","url":"https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3915/iso","contentType":"application/xml","actionType":"download"}]}],"programs":[],"projects":[{"_id":"2256","name":"Ecological Release and Resistance at Sea: Invasion of Atlantic Coral Reefs by Pacific Lionfish","acronym":"Lionfish Invasion","description":"$1a"}],"archives":[{"id_value":"10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3915.1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.3915.1","date_assigned":"2019-10-31","version_date":"2013-04-17","archiver":"Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBLWHOI DLA)","archiver_id":"272"}],"license":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","id":"CC-BY-4.0","uri":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","spdxUri":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0"},"metrics":{"views":{"count":105},"downloads":{"count":319}}}}]