Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

This dataset contains temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, PAR, and salinity measured during CTD profile downcasts in Lake Superior.

CTD casts were conducted during R/V Blue Heron cruises at designated stations.

BCO-DMO Data Manager Processing Notes:
* added a conventional header with dataset name, PI name, version date
* modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
* blank values replaced with no data value 'nd'
* Added ISO Date format generated from Date and Time values
* fixed date error from date 20830829 to 20050829 for station k1 in cruise NILSS4 based on samples before and after all being from same day
* date and time of NILS11 station change to "nd" for "no data" because of erroneous dates and times

ABSTRACT FROM NSF AWARDS: OCE- 0352291 / OCE- 0352274 / OCE 0352208

Collaborative Research: The Nitrifying of Lake Superior and Its Intersections with the P and Fe Cycles

The concentration of nitrate in Lake Superior waters has increased steadily during the past century by six-fold from ca. 5 to ca. 30 umol L-1. Today, nitrate remains in excess of biotic demand at the end of the growing season. Though the increase in nitrogen concentration is not surprising, the magnitude and rate of increase in Lake Superior are, considering the long, fifty-year N turnover rate of the lake, and the absence of significant local sources of N to the mainly forested watershed.

To elucidate the causes of this impressive nitrate build up, researchers from the University of Minnesota, Bowling Green State University, and Rutgers University will undertake studies of the Lake Superior nitrogen cycle, combined with studies of limiting nutrients and the responses of plankton communities to differing nutrient supply regimes. Nitrification and denitrification rates, previously assumed to be zero, will be measured with stable isotope tracers and with other methods. Sources and transformations of the lakes nitrate will be traced using natural abundances of stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in the lake, in streams and rivers, and in atmospheric sources. In addition to testing the limitation on nitrate uptake, the team of scientists will also explore the N cycle and its intersection with the P and Fe cycles in this large lake. Shortages of P, along with cold and dark physical conditions, are likely important factors in understanding lack of ecosystem assimilation of added nitrate. Iron too may play an important role because of its critical role in nitrate utilization by plankton. Indeed, it may be that absence of iron limits the ability of the plankton to utilize nitrate such that the plankton are N deficient even in the presence of nitrate surplus. In addition to developing a new water column nitrogen model and data sets for several geochemically distinct pools of dissolved P and Fe (with both spatial and temporal coverage of large portions of the lake) this research will also yield a dramatically improved knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in the worlds' largest lake.

PUBLICATIONS PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF THIS RESEARCH

Finlay, J.C., R.W. Sterner, & S. Kumar.. "Isotopic evidence for in-lake production of accumulating nitrate in Lake Superior.," Ecological Applications., v.17, 2007, p. 2.

Sterner, R. W., E. Anagnostou, S. Brovold, G. S. Bullerjahn, J. C. Finlay, S. Kumar, R. M. L. McKay, and R. M. Sherrell.. "Increasing Stoichiometric Imbalance in Earth?s Largest Lake.," Geophysical Research Letters, v.34, 2007.

Ivanikova, N. V., R. M. L. McKay, G. S. Bullerjahn, and R. W. Sterner. 2007. Nitrate utilization in Lake Superior is impaired by low nutrient (P, Fe) availability and seasonal light limitation - a cyanobacterial bioreporter study. Journal of Phycology 43:475-484.

Kumar, S., J. C. Finlay, and R. W. Sterner. 2010. Isotopic composition of nitrogen in suspended particular matter of Lake Superior: implications for nutrient cycling and organic matter transformation. Biogeochemistry 103:1-14.

Kumar, S., R. W. Sterner, B. J. Finlay, and S. Brovold. 2007. Spatial and temporal variation of ammonium in Lake Superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research 33:581-591.

Kumar, S., R. W. Sterner, and J. Finlay. 2008. Nitrogen and carbon uptake dynamics in Lake Superior. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences 113:G04003.

Sterner, R. W., T. Andersen, J. J. Elser, D. O. Hessen, J. M. Hood, E. McCauley, and J. Urabe. 2008. Scale-dependent carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus seston stoichiometry in marine and freshwaters. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1169-1180.

A series of studies concerned with the chemistry and biology of the Laurentian Great Lakes.  These different studies share a focus on the dynamics of organic pools of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the stoichiometric linkages among these elements. At different times, work also has focused on trace metal dynamics and interactions with biota, the rates of primary production and herbivory, rates and patterns of primary productivity, and the century-long, steady trend of increasing nitrate in Earth's largest lake by area.  Microbial populations have been investigated and linked to these chemical properties.

This Program was created by BCO-DMO staff to bring various Laurentian Great Lakes Research projects under one umbrella for improved discovery and access.

Dates: 1998 - 2014
Funding: NSF/OCE and Minnesota Sea Grant