Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Data Files
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Funding

Cast numbers in version 1 are: [39,62,70:71,81:82, 86, 89,100,118]

Cast numbers in version 2 are: [1:4,6:18,20,24,26,28,30:89,91:140]. Version 2 of the dataset also has extra parameter Triple Oxygen Isotope (TOI).

Location: New England Shelfbreak 40 S 71W depth : 0-2000m.

Standard station CTD profiles measurements (down casts, see related dataset ID: 807119) with water sampling (up casts).  This dataset (dataset ID 849340) includes the bottle sample data which is from the up casts.

Twenty-four 10 L Niskin bottles fitted with Teflon-coated external closures were used for water column sampling. At each station, samples were typically collected at 12 discrete depths for assessment of nutrient concentrations. These samples were syringe-filtered and stored at -20°C  until analysis at the WHOI Nutrient Analytical Facility. Nitrate and silicate were measured using standard AutoAnalyzer techniques. To measure ammonium concentrations, site water was cartridge-filtered (0.1 µm, Pall Co.) directly from Niskin bottles using a peristaltic pump. Filtrate was collected in FalconTM tubes that were pre-treated with orthophthaldialdehyde (OPA) and measured on-board via the OPA method (Holmes et al., 1999) with a detection limit of 10 nM.

BCO-DMO data manager processing notes version 1:
* Data form file tn368_bottle_data_Feb_2021_diatom_hotspot.txt imported into the BCO-DMO data system.
* Data imported with missing data identifier NaN will be displayed differently based on the file type downloaded by the user. It will be blank values in .csv files, NaN in matlab files, etc.
* Constructed ISO_DateTime_UTC from year, month, day and time columns which were NMEA UTC times.  I checked the cast start times in the corresponding CTD dataset https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/807119 to make sure it was correct to pad 0s for time (e.g. 13 is 00:13 not 13:00).
* Made longitude negative since West is negative in decimal degrees.

BCO-DMO data manager processing notes version 2 (replaces version 1):
* Data imported into the BCO-DMO dataset system from file tn368_bottle_data_Dec_2021.txt
* Constructed ISO_DateTime_UTC from year, month, day and time columns which were NMEA UTC times. 

NSF award abstract:

The continental shelf break of the Middle Atlantic Bight supports a productive and diverse ecosystem. Current paradigms suggest that this productivity is driven by several upwelling mechanisms at the shelf break front. This upwelling supplies nutrients that stimulate primary production by phytoplankton, which in turn leads to enhanced production at higher trophic levels. Although local enhancement of phytoplankton biomass has been observed in some circumstances, such a feature is curiously absent from time-averaged measurements, both from satellites and shipboard sampling. Why would there not be a mean enhancement in phytoplankton biomass as a result of the upwelling? One hypothesis is that grazing by zooplankton prevents accumulation of biomass on seasonal and longer time scales, transferring the excess production to higher trophic levels and thereby contributing to the overall productivity of the ecosystem. However, another possibility is that the net impact of these highly intermittent processes is not adequately represented in long-term means of the observations, because of the relatively low resolution of the in-water measurements and the fact that the frontal enhancement can take place below the depth observable by satellite. The deployment of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array south of New England has provided a unique opportunity to test these hypotheses. The combination of moored instrumentation and autonomous underwater vehicles will facilitate observations of the frontal system with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will provide an ideal four-dimensional (space-time) context in which to conduct a detailed study of frontal dynamics and plankton communities needed to examine mechanisms controlling phytoplankton populations in this frontal system. This project will also: (1) promote teaching, training and learning via participation of graduate and undergraduate students in the research , (2) provide a broad dissemination of information by means of outreach in public forums, printed media, and a video documentary of the field work, and (3) contribute to improving societal well-being and increased economic competitiveness by providing the knowledge needed for science-based stewardship of coastal ecosystems, with particular emphasis on connecting with the fishing industry through the Commercial Fisheries Research Foundation.

The investigators will conduct a set of three cruises to obtain cross-shelf sections of physical, chemical, and biological properties within the Pioneer Array. Nutrient distributions will be assayed together with hydrography to detect the signature of frontal upwelling and associated nutrient supply. The investigators expect that enhanced nutrient supply will lead to changes in the phytoplankton assemblage, which will be quantified with conventional flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB), optical imaging (Video Plankton Recorder, VPR), traditional microscopic methods, and pigment analysis. Zooplankton will be measured in size classes ranging from micro- to mesozooplankton with the IFCB and VPR, respectively, and also with microscopic analysis. Biological responses to upwelling will be assessed by measuring rates of primary productivity, zooplankton grazing, and net community production. These observations will be synthesized in the context of a coupled physical-biological model to test the two hypotheses that can potentially explain prior observations: (1) grazer-mediated control and (2) undersampling. Hindcast simulations will also be used to diagnose the relative importance of the various mechanisms of upwelling. The intellectual merit of this effort stems from our interdisciplinary approach, advanced observational techniques, and integrated analysis in the context of a state-of-the-art coupled model. The project will address longstanding questions regarding hydrodynamics and productivity of an important ecosystem, leading to improved understanding of physical-biological interactions in a complex continental shelf regime. Given the importance of frontal systems in the global coastal ocean, it is expected that knowledge gained will have broad applicability beyond the specific region being studied.