Contributors | Affiliation | Role |
---|---|---|
Wang, Hongjie | University of Rhode Island (URI) | Principal Investigator |
Davies, Andrew | University of Rhode Island (URI) | Co-Principal Investigator |
Gomes, Kristofer | University of Rhode Island (URI) | Scientist |
Gu, Shuai | Texas A&M University (TAMU) | Scientist |
Stoffel, Heather | University of Rhode Island (URI) | Scientist |
Ahumada, Georgia | University of Miami | Student |
Baskind, Abigail | University of Rhode Island (URI) | Student |
York, Amber D. | Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO) | BCO-DMO Data Manager |
This dataset contains temperature, salinity, DOI, and pH data autonomously collected as part of the study. See the "Related Publications" section for discrete data (TA, DIC) also described in this methodology.
The Mount View (MV) and Quonset Point (QP) sensors are maintained by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Station Monitoring Network (NBFSMN). Each sensor measures pH, along with temperature, salinity, and DO in the surface, every 15 and were deployed only from spring to fall. Complete documentation provided by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM, 2020; https://dem.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur861/files/programs/benviron/water/quality/surfwq/pdfs/nbfsmn.pdf).
The Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and Potowomut Hydrocat 720 sensors are maintained by the Rhode Island Consortium for Coastal Ecology Assessment, Innovation, and Modeling (RI C-AIM; https://data-explorer.riddc.brown.edu/dataset/buoy-telemetry/summary) and Rhode Island Sea Grant. Each sensor measures pH, along with temperature, salinity, and DO, every 15 minutes approximately 1 meter below the surface (RI C-AIM, 2024). The hydrocat sensors were deployed year-round and were recovered every 2 to 4 weeks, weather permitting, for maintenance, at which point the flow path and the conductivity cell are flushed with 1% Triton detergent followed by vigorous flushing with DI water.
Discrete bottle samples were collected to verify the sensor data. Samples for the southern region of the bay (i.e. near QP and Conanicut buoy) were collected weekly as part of the Narragansett Bay Long Term Phytoplankton Time Series (PLT), which is located just off the Conanicut buoy. The time series typically collects samples on Monday mornings at approximately 7:30am, barring weeks when inclement weather conditions delayed or canceled sampling. Samples for the northern region of the bay (i.e. Greenwich Bay near MV and Potowomut buoy) were collected approximately once a month. After collection, samples were poisoned with 100 uM of saturated mercuric chloride solution and stored in the refrigerator until analysis for DIC and TA. DIC and TA were measured according to Dickson et al. (2007) using the Apollo SciTech Model AS-C6L Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer and the Apollo SciTech Model AS-ALK3 Total Alkalinity Titrator. Instruments were calibrated to Certified Reference Material (CRM) from Scripps Institute of Oceanography at room temperature (21 - 22° C). For DIC analysis, a sample of CRM was run prior to and at the end of sample analysis for quality control. TA analysis was calibrated to CRM, and either a sample of CRM or aged open ocean water was run at beginning of daily analysis and end of daily analysis for quality control. Lab-based measurements carry a ±0.2% uncertainty for alkalinity and ±0.1% uncertainty for DIC.
Instruments:
(additional context to accompany the list in the "Instruments" section)
The Mount View (MV; EXO V2) and Quonset Point (QP; 6600EDS) sensors are YSI brand multi-parameter sondes maintained by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Station Monitoring Network (NBFSMN). Both sondes were equipped to measure temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH [NBS], depth, and chlorophyll. The surface equipment was housed in a tube on a monitoring buoy station with the instrument depth about 1 meter from surface. All NBFSMN data were subject to quality assurance measures including verification of calibrations and consistency among multiple instruments, corrections for sensor drift and biases due to biofouling, removal of outliers, and interpolation across selected intervals of missing data, in accordance with the NBFSMN’s EPA approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (RIDEM, 2020). To keep consistency among instruments, servicing protocols consist of swapping the deployed instruments with newly calibrated instruments on a 2-week interval to minimize biofouling. All data are verified through a three-point comparison: data from the retrieved sonde are compared to the newly calibrated sonde, as well as an independent profiling sonde, all at the deployment depth. Outliers and data errors are removed based on criteria set in the NBFSMN’s Quality Assurance Project Plan. Data correction and gaps in coverage on average affect up to 6% of the record at an individual station for an annual assessment. Corrections were filled using linear interpolation and/or sensor offsets following Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols detailed in the NBFSMN’s Quality Assurance Project Plan.
The Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and Potowomut Hydrocat 720 sensors were equipped with Seabird Hydrocat-EP CTD sensors (model number# HC-EP.1011S), equipped with a Seabird Hydrocat-EP pH Module (model#802532). Hydrocat-EPs collected multiple parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen. The hydrocat sensors were deployed year-round and were recovered every 2 to 4 weeks, weather permitting, for maintenance at which point the flow path and the conductivity cell are flushed with 1% Triton detergent followed by vigorous flushing with DI water. Following the cleaning, conductivity checks with conductivity standards (1413 μS,10,000 μS) ensures proper function, as well as a three point pH calibration of the pH Module (pH 4,7,10). pH calibrations were performed in Seabird's UCI software using their pH calibration wizard. Sensors were sent back to Seabird Scientific for yearly manufacturer calibrations. QA/QC was conducted in R using the R package OCE (Kelley & Richards, 2024), following QA/QC tests established by OOIO (NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative, 2012) including, a stuck value test, despiking, and a range test against global values for measured parameters provided by OOIO and local values in Narragansett Bay provided by the Narragansett Bay Long-Term Plankton Time Series (https://web.uri.edu/gso/research/plankton/).
DIC and TA in discrete samples were measured according to Dickson et al. (2007) using the Apollo SciTech Model AS-C6L Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer and the Apollo SciTech Model AS-ALK3 Total Alkalinity Titrator. Instruments were calibrated to Certified Reference Material (CRM) from Scripps Institute of Oceanography at room temperature (21 - 22° C). For DIC analysis, a sample of CRM was run prior to and at the end of sample analysis for quality control. TA analysis was calibrated to CRM, and either a sample of CRM or aged open ocean water was run at beginning of daily analysis and end of daily analysis for quality control. Lab-based measurements carry a ±0.2% uncertainty for alkalinity and ±0.1% uncertainty for DIC.
This dataset contains temperature, salinity, DOI, and pH data autonomously collected as part of the study. See the "Related Publications" section for discrete data (TA, DIC) also described in this methodology.
We performed a gross range test on sensor data to eliminate unrealistic data (i.e. pH measurements less than 5 or greater than 10, or DO less than 1 mg L-1) that indicate biofouling or other sensor malfunction. We then removed obvious outliers--any data points that were more than 3 standard deviations greater or less than the sensor's annual mean or any data points that were more than 1.5 standard deviations greater than or less than the sensor's 24-hour moving mean.
Autonomous observations were compared to discrete samples. Occasionally, periods of sensor data diverged from bottle sample data with consistent, identifiable bias--for instance, a consistent underestimation or overestimation of pH by a value less than 0.1 pH unit or a dynamic bias less than 0.1 pH unit that changes with temperature or time. In the case of QP, we corrected this by adjusting all the sensor data points by the mean difference between sensor pH and bottle pH; specifically, we lowered QP pH by 0.084, the mean amount by which QP overestimated pH. Conanicut Hydrocat 620 overestimated pH in January-March 2023 when temperatures are lowest. We applied a more dynamic correction as a third order polynomial function of temperature, such that sensor pH was adjusted to be lower at colder temperatures. Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and QP sensors were compared to weekly bottle samples collected as part of the Narragansett Bay Long Term Phytoplankton Time Series, whereas Potowomut Hydrocat 720 and MV sensors were compared to bottle samples collected approximately monthly at the same location at the Potowomut sensor.
pH measurements from all sensors were originally on NBS scale but converted to total scale using the Python PyCO2SYS package (Humphreys et al., 2022).
Instruments:
(additional context to accompany the list in the "Instruments" section)
The Mount View (MV; EXO V2) and Quonset Point (QP; 6600EDS) sensors are YSI brand multi-parameter sondes maintained by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Station Monitoring Network (NBFSMN). Both sondes were equipped to measure temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH [NBS], depth, and chlorophyll. The surface equipment was housed in a tube on a monitoring buoy station with the instrument depth about 1 meter from surface. All NBFSMN data were subject to quality assurance measures including verification of calibrations and consistency among multiple instruments, corrections for sensor drift and biases due to biofouling, removal of outliers, and interpolation across selected intervals of missing data, in accordance with the NBFSMN’s EPA approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (RIDEM, 2020). To keep consistency among instruments, servicing protocols consist of swapping the deployed instruments with newly calibrated instruments on a 2-week interval to minimize biofouling. All data are verified through a three-point comparison: data from the retrieved sonde are compared to the newly calibrated sonde, as well as an independent profiling sonde, all at the deployment depth. Outliers and data errors are removed based on criteria set in the NBFSMN’s Quality Assurance Project Plan. Data correction and gaps in coverage on average affect up to 6% of the record at an individual station for an annual assessment. Corrections were filled using linear interpolation and/or sensor offsets following Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols detailed in the NBFSMN’s Quality Assurance Project Plan.
The Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and Potowomut Hydrocat 720 sensors were equipped with Seabird Hydrocat-EP CTD sensors (model number# HC-EP.1011S), equipped with a Seabird Hydrocat-EP pH Module (model#802532). Hydrocat-EPs collected multiple parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen. The hydrocat sensors were deployed year-round and were recovered every 2 to 4 weeks, weather permitting, for maintenance at which point the flow path and the conductivity cell are flushed with 1% Triton detergent followed by vigorous flushing with DI water. Following the cleaning, conductivity checks with conductivity standards (1413 μS,10,000 μS) ensures proper function, as well as a three point pH calibration of the pH Module (pH 4,7,10). pH calibrations were performed in Seabird's UCI software using their pH calibration wizard. Sensors were sent back to Seabird Scientific for yearly manufacturer calibrations. QA/QC was conducted in R using the R package OCE (Kelley & Richards, 2024), following QA/QC tests established by OOIO (NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative, 2012) including, a stuck value test, despiking, and a range test against global values for measured parameters provided by OOIO and local values in Narragansett Bay provided by the Narragansett Bay Long-Term Plankton Time Series (https://web.uri.edu/gso/research/plankton/).
DIC and TA in discrete samples were measured according to Dickson et al. (2007) using the Apollo SciTech Model AS-C6L Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer and the Apollo SciTech Model AS-ALK3 Total Alkalinity Titrator. Instruments were calibrated to Certified Reference Material (CRM) from Scripps Institute of Oceanography at room temperature (21 - 22° C). For DIC analysis, a sample of CRM was run prior to and at the end of sample analysis for quality control. TA analysis was calibrated to CRM, and either a sample of CRM or aged open ocean water was run at beginning of daily analysis and end of daily analysis for quality control. Lab-based measurements carry a ±0.2% uncertainty for alkalinity and ±0.1% uncertainty for DIC.
* The data table within the submitted file "Autonomous_pHdata_NarrBay.csv" was imported into the BCO-DMO data system for this dataset. Table will appear as Data File: 961920_v1_autonomous-ph-narr-bay.csv (along with other download format options).
* Column names adjusted to conform to BCO-DMO naming conventions designed to support broad re-use by a variety of research tools and scripting languages. [Only numbers, letters, and underscores. Can not start with a number]
* DateTime column included variably formatted values (either down to seconds or down to fractional seconds). After a conversation with the data submitter, 0 padding was added so all the timestamps were the same format.
Rows for locations "Conanicut Hydrocat 620" and "Potowomut Hydrocat 720" were down to tenths of seconds with additional 0 padding down to microseconds.
e.g. 2022-10-04 03:01:47.800
Rows for locations "Mount View" and "Quonset Point" were down to seconds.
e.g. "2022-06-16 08:15:00"
DateTime column was converted to ISO 8601 DateTime with timezone format including Z to indicate the UTC time. In order to describe the format and support additional data systems, the format was described down to microseconds (e.g. ISO_DateTime_UTC as 2022-10-04T03:01:47.800000Z).
* BCO-DMO requires all columns have names. After a conversation with data submitter, the un-named first column with a row id was dropped from the table.
File |
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961920_v1_autonomous-ph-narr-bay.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 11.49 MB) MD5:d5618ecd3cb3222bad4e0d6ac2972387 Primary data file for dataset ID 961920, version 1 |
Parameter | Description | Units |
Site | Name of sensor (Conanicut Hydrocat 620, Potowomut Hydrocat 720, Mount View, or Quonset Point) | unitless |
Lat | Latitude of sensor | decimal degrees |
Lon | Longitude of sensor | decimal degrees |
ISO_DateTime_UTC | Date and time of measurement in UTC time zone (ISO 8601 format). Variable down to tenths of seconds (format will display down to microseconds due to 0 padding). | unitless |
Temperature | Temperature at time of measurement | degrees Celsius (degC) |
Salinity | Salinity at time of measurement | Practical Salinity Units (PSU) |
DO | description | milligrams per liter (mg/L) |
pH | pH measurement in total scale after QA/QC at in situ temperature (total scale, ±0.1 unit uncertainty) | total pH scale |
pH_norm_15deg | pH measurement in total scale after QA/QC at 15°C ( total scale, ±0.1 unit uncertainty) | total pH scale |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Seabird Hydrocat-EP CTD sensors (model number# HC-EP.1011S) |
Generic Instrument Name | CTD Sea-Bird |
Dataset-specific Description | The Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and Potowomut Hydrocat 720 sensors were equipped with Seabird Hydrocat-EP CTD sensors (model number# HC-EP.1011S), equipped with a Seabird Hydrocat-EP pH Module (model#802532). Hydrocat-EPs collected multiple parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen. |
Generic Instrument Description | A Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) sensor package from SeaBird Electronics. This instrument designation is used when specific make and model are not known or when a more specific term is not available in the BCO-DMO vocabulary. Refer to the dataset-specific metadata for more information about the specific CTD used. More information from: http://www.seabird.com/ |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | Seabird Hydrocat-EP pH Module (model#802532) |
Generic Instrument Name | Water Quality Multiprobe |
Dataset-specific Description | The Conanicut Hydrocat 620 and Potowomut Hydrocat 720 sensors were equipped with Seabird Hydrocat-EP CTD sensors (model number# HC-EP.1011S), equipped with a Seabird Hydrocat-EP pH Module (model#802532). Hydrocat-EPs collected multiple parameters including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen. |
Generic Instrument Description | An instrument which measures multiple water quality parameters based on the sensor configuration. |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | YSI brand multi-parameter sondes (EXO V2) |
Generic Instrument Name | YSI EXO multiparameter water quality sondes |
Dataset-specific Description | The Mount View (MV; EXO V2) and Quonset Point (QP; 6600EDS) sensors are YSI brand multi-parameter sondes maintained by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Station Monitoring Network (NBFSMN). |
Generic Instrument Description | Comprehensive multi-parameter, water-quality monitoring sondes designed for long-term monitoring, profiling and spot sampling. The EXO sondes are split into several categories: EXO1 Sonde, EXO2 Sonde, EXO3 Sonde. Each category has a slightly different design purpose with the the EXO2 and EXO3 containing more sensor ports than the EXO1. Data are collected using up to four user-replaceable sensors and an integral pressure transducer. Users communicate with the sonde via a field cable to an EXO Handheld, via Bluetooth wireless connection to a PC, or a USB connection to a PC. Typical parameter specifications for relevant sensors include dissolved oxygen with ranges of 0-50 mg/l, with a resolution of +/- 0.1 mg/l, an accuracy of 1 percent of reading for values between 0-20 mg/l and an accuracy of +/- 5 percent of reading for values 20-50 mg/l. Temp ranges are from-5 to +50 degC, with an accuracy of +/- 0.001 degC. Conductivity has a range of 0-200 mS/cm, with an accuracy of +/-0.5 percent of reading + 0.001 mS/cm and a resolution of 0.0001 - 0.01 mS/cm. |
Dataset-specific Instrument Name | YSI brand multi-parameter sondes (6600EDS) |
Generic Instrument Name | YSI Sonde 6-Series |
Dataset-specific Description | The Mount View (MV; EXO V2) and Quonset Point (QP; 6600EDS) sensors are YSI brand multi-parameter sondes maintained by the Narragansett Bay Fixed Station Monitoring Network (NBFSMN). |
Generic Instrument Description | YSI 6-Series water quality sondes and sensors are instruments for environmental monitoring and long-term deployments. YSI datasondes accept multiple water quality sensors (i.e., they are multiparameter sondes). Sondes can measure temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, depth, turbidity, and other water quality parameters. The 6-Series includes several models. More from YSI. |
NSF Award Abstract:
About one-third of human-produced carbon dioxide (CO2) has dissolved in the ocean, significantly slowing down climate change and global warming. However, as more CO2 dissolves in the sea, the ocean water becomes acidified because CO2 is a weak acid. We call this change ocean acidification (OA). OA has a significant and lasting impact on marine life, as acidified water causes shell dissolution for numerous marine species. US society is already grappling with the adverse effects of OA. OA is predicted to lead to economic losses of $400 million annually by 2100 for the US shellfish industry. Therefore, it is urgent to understand how OA is changing and the potential approaches to managing it in coastal waters. Presently, we do not have a good understanding of OA change at either the large or the small scale because so many competing processes impact OA.
One of the most dramatic processes that affect ocean acidification (OA) is the extra nutrient loading from rivers due to human inputs. While moderate nutrient levels are necessary to support marine life, nutrient levels that are too high can cause oceanic plankton blooms. As plankton die, they sink to the seafloor, where they are decomposed by bacteria and speed up OA where shellfish live. In recent decades, management agencies have been working on improving water quality by reducing the nutrient input to coastal waters, which has the potential to reduce the OA even though OA is not the initial motivation. To our knowledge, there has yet to be targeted research to understand how OA responds to aggressive nutrient reduction. The average nutrient input to Narragansett Bay? one of the most rapidly warming estuaries in the US?has been reduced over one-third in recent decades because of intentional nutrient reduction. Therefore, Narragansett Bay can be considered a natural laboratory that can help in better understanding the OA change that other coastal areas may soon experience resulting from environmental management actions and climate change. This project will leverage the existing water quality monitoring network, collect new data, and utilize a coastal biogeochemical model to quantify OA change and the mechanisms driving its change in Narragansett Bay, RI. Through engagement with the public and local shellfish growers, we will increase their awareness of OA and enhance their ability to carry out ongoing or new aquaculture operations in the near and long term. As more US states reduce nutrient input to improve coastal water quality, this project will allow management agencies nationwide to make next-generation refinements to best limit OA for sustainable fisheries and wildlife in the face of climate change.
This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria
Funding Source | Award |
---|---|
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) |