Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
• Parameters
• Project Information
• Funding

We used Loggerhead Instruments SNAP systems (https://www.loggerhead.com/snap) and Cyclops to perform these recording experiments. Recorders were placed on a concrete mooring and strapped to a vertical PVC pipe in an upright orientation (SNAP), or positioned horizontally (Cyclops). All moorings were marked with surface flotation for initial deployments (10/11/22) but were later abandoned due to concerns regarding ambient noise generation. Recordings (.wav) were continuous, with each file set to record for 300 sec at 44.1 kHz and +2.0 DB on the gain setting. Times were recorded in local (Atlantic Daylight Time) to facilitate comparisons with other sampling events occurring on site. SNAP recorders were initially deployed at 4 shallow, sandy spots on 10/11 (Trinity Church, Cockroach, Major's Bay, and Tucker's Bay) as these were locations where high benthic invertebrate abundances and/or foraging effects were previously recorded. These were all moved to Trunk Island and Shark Hole on 10/13 for attenuation experiments where bivalves were fractured at various (4) distances from a source. Later that same day, the four SNAP systems were redeployed across 4 new sites (Shark Hole, Middle Mount, Easter, and Crow Island) for additional ambient monitoring. Loggerhead Cyclops systems recorded audio in similar ways but only for short durations due to battery limitations. The Cyclops system was deployed at Trunk Island on 10/11, retrieved from Trunk Island on 10/14, and redeployed at the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum, and Zoo (BAMZ) on 10/17 for another ~36 h deployment. All systems were retrieved on 10/18 and memory cards downloaded for permanent storage. 

Data are in raw (.wav) format.

NSF Award Abstract:
Shellfish (mollusks, crustaceans, etc.) are facing unprecedented pressures under global climate change, which is threatening the variety of ecosystem services these animals provide to coastal communities. While much research has been dedicated to understanding how changing ocean conditions can influence shellfish development, far less has explored the potential impacts from increasing populations of large, shell-crushing predators (i.e., rays, turtles, etc.) that are experiencing poleward expansions of their ranges. This knowledge gap is likely due to the challenges of working with these mobile species, which require novel technology to track their dynamic distribution and thus foraging effects on shellfish communities. This project will build fundamental knowledge on marine habitats susceptible to predation from large mobile predators in order to ensure a sustainable future for shellfish species. Further, the work will provide guidance to costly shellfish restoration programs that are otherwise “flying blind” with respect to predation risk. The project will have local, regional, and global educational dimensions. Firstly, this project will strengthen FAU’s graduate programs by supporting a graduate student and providing a platform for the PI to develop a new graduate course, which will be offered and evaluated twice throughout the award period. Additionally, numerous undergraduate summer interns and middle-high school students will be recruited to interact with the PI via immersive, hands-on field excursions. Lastly, the fascination of the general public and students with these charismatic animals and the project’s tangible technological components will facilitate developing an interactive “Audio Waves” exhibit at a local outreach center, which will be evaluated several times during the project and slated for permanent display.

Our scientific understanding of the ecological role of large mobile durophages (i.e., shell-crushing predators) is limited due to challenges presented by the elusive nature of these species. These shortcomings hinder our scientific understanding of their role in benthic community dynamics. Filling such knowledge gaps requires novel approaches that can detect and classify predator-prey interactions in situ. Using multiple large predator models (rays, sea turtles, fish, and crabs), the project will: 1) capture and characterize predator feeding (shell-crushing) sounds and shell fragmentation patterns, 2) understand in situ detection constraints of the predation signal within the context of natural underwater noise using simulations, and 3) quantify the distribution of predator foraging impacts across two model seascapes in Bermuda and Florida via integration of habitat- and individual-based (animal tags) passive acoustics. Detection and classification (by both predator and prey) will be completed using novel application of machine-learning techniques, which will be used to automate predation event extraction from extensive data archives. Recording equipment will be strategically distributed across seascapes to permit a multi-scale understanding of durophagy and testing of theoretical models of predation (e.g., optimal/central place foraging). Long-term monitoring will also provide an opportunity to assess the role of environmental/oceanographic variables in driving these interactions. Consequently, this work will fill a large knowledge gap in the dynamics of marine food webs.