These data include underway temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (O2), satellite-derived chlorophyll a and net primary production, and budget-derived net community production (NCP) collected during the US GEOTRACES GP17-OCE cruise from San Diego to Punta Arenas in the Pacific and Southern Oceans. By integrating underway O2 measurements with global O2 data products and satellite data, all components of the surface oxygen budget were constrained, with NCP estimated as the residual term. Our results not only significantly advance understanding of the ocean's biological pump (BP) across diverse biogeochemical regimes but also help validate export estimates from satellite-based productivity algorithms. Since underway O2 data are commonly collected on most research ships, such as during the Global Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP), our method for estimating NCP can be applied on a global scale, which contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the regional variations of the strength of the BP, especially at sub-seasonal time scales.

Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • Data Processing Description
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Data Files
• Supplemental Files
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Deployments
• Project Information
• Program Information
• Funding

Underway dissolved oxygen (O₂) data were collected using the SBE 43 (Clark-type electrode) oxygen sensor in the hydrolab on R/V Roger Revelle. Underway temperature and salinity data were obtained from the thermosalinograph sensor mounted at the bow intake. We assume that the underway seawater intake was at around 5 decibars (db). All underway sensor data were calibrated with discrete surface samples collected within ±30 minutes in the upper 20 db during CTD stations. The median of calibrated underway data every hour was used to estimate different terms in the O₂ budget. The O₂ saturation concentration was corrected for the effect of water vapor, sea level pressure, and relative humidity (Garcia and Gordon, 1992; Dickson et al., 2007), using shipboard meteorological data collected alongside underway data.

To fully construct the O₂ budget, we combined in situ underway surface O₂ data with global data products of O₂ depth distribution and satellite data. Monthly O₂ data from the GOBAI-O₂ (Sharp et al., 2023) were interpolated temporally and spatially to the cruise track and used north of 64.5°S, while WOA23 monthly climatology (Garcia et al., 2024a) was employed south of 64.5°S. Net community production (NCP) was estimated as the residual term in the O₂ budget after accounting for the time rate of O₂ change and physical O₂ fluxes (Eq. 1; Emerson et al., 2008; Quay et al., 2020; Palevsky et al., 2016; Quay and Stephens, 2025). The air-sea O₂ gas exchange flux was calculated as the sum of diffusive and bubble O₂ fluxes (Emerson et al., 2019) and estimated using the gas_toolbox in MATLAB (Manning and Nicholson, 2022). Final O₂ flux and NCP values along the cruise track were presented as daily (24-hour) means with standard deviations derived from a Monte Carlo simulation.

Additional datasets used in this work include monthly satellite surface chlorophyll-a concentrations (Aqua-MODIS 4 km data product) and net primary production (Vertically Generalized Production Model and Carbon-Based Production Model algorithms), and surface phosphate and silicate concentrations derived from the WOA23 monthly climatology (Garcia et al., 2024b). All of these data were interpolated temporally and spatially to the cruise track using the MATLAB function interpn.

The surface O₂ budget is expressed as

MLD × ∂O₂/∂t = F_A-W + F_Kz + F_W + F_H + NCP   (Eq. 1)

where MLD is the mixed layer depth at each location defined as the depth where the potential temperature is lower than the value at 10 meters (m) by 0.2°C (de Boyer Montegut et al., 2004), ∂O₂/∂t is the time rate of change of O₂ concentration, F_A-W is the total air-sea gas exchange flux across the air-water interface, F_Kz is the vertical diffusion flux, F_W is the vertical advection flux, and F_H is the horizontal advection flux. All O₂ fluxes have the unit of mmol O₂ m^–2 d^–1. A constant of 1.45 as the mean annual stoichiometric relationship between biologically produced oxygen and organic carbon (Hedges et al., 2002) was used to convert NCP into carbon units.

- Time rate of O₂ change
The time rate of change of oxygen (MLD × ∂O₂/∂t) was calculated using data products (GOBAI-O₂ and WOA23) as the difference in surface oxygen concentrations at each location between the time of the cruise and the previous month. We extracted oxygen data at the time and location along the cruise track at all 19 years from GOBAI (2004–2022) to constrain the interannual variability and, thereby, the uncertainty in O₂ time rate of change, and vertical and horizontal O₂ gradients

- F_A-W
The air-sea O₂ gas exchange flux was estimated as the sum of diffusive and bubble O₂ fluxes (Ho et al., 2011; Liang et al., 2013; Emerson et al., 2019) using underway (O₂ and O₂ saturation concentrations) and satellite (wind speed, sea level pressure, and relative humidity) data, following a 60-day weighting scheme taking into account historical wind speed data (Reuer et al., 2007; Teeter et al., 2018). All calculations of the gas flux were performed using the gas_toolbox in MATLAB (Manning and Nicholson, 2022). We assigned a ±15% error for each component of F_A-W (Bushinsky and Emerson, 2015, 2018).

- F_Kz
The diffusion flux of O₂ across the base of the mixed layer was estimated as the product of vertical diffusion coefficient (K_z) and the vertical oxygen gradient. K_z was derived from the depth profiles of beryllium-7 measured at 11 stations during the GP17-OCE cruise, with the mean of 4.8±4.1×10^–4 m² s^–1 (Stephens, 2024). The mean K_z was applied to underway data to estimate F_Kz along the cruise track. O₂ profiles from data products (GOBAI-O₂: north of 64.5˚S; WOA23: south of 64.5˚S), interpolated temporally and spatially to the cruise track, were used to estimate the vertical oxygen gradient. Uncertainty in the vertical diffusion coefficient was the standard deviation of ⁷Be-based estimated K_z along the GP17-OCE cruise track.

- F_W
The vertical advection of O₂ across the base of the mixed layer was estimated as the product of the satellite-derived upwelling velocity and the O₂ concentration difference across the mixed layer. The upwelling velocity was derived from 7-day composite of the Metop-C ASCAT satellite interpolated to the cruise time and space. Like for F_Kz, interpolated O₂ profiles from data products (GOBAI-O₂ and WOA23) were used to calculate the difference of O₂ across the mixed layer. We assigned a ±50% error for upwelling velocities (Palevsky et al., 2016; Bushinsky and Emerson, 2018).

- F_H
The horizontal advection flux of O₂ was estimated using the satellite-derived surface current velocity and horizontal gradients of O₂. The zonal and meridional gradients of O₂ concentrations at the surface were calculated using data products (GOBAI-O₂ and WOA23) over the distance traveled during the residence time of oxygen at each underway location (~10 days). We assigned a ±50% error for surface current velocities (Palevsky et al., 2016; Bushinsky and Emerson, 2018).

- NCP
Net community production (NCP) was estimated as the residual term in the O₂ budget. Uncertainties for all hourly O₂ flux in the O₂ budget were estimated following rules of error propagation, whereas uncertainties of daily O₂ flux also accounted for temporal and spatial variability, represented by the standard deviation of all hourly data within a day. To ensure equal weighting of discrete sampling locations, median oxygen concentrations and fluxes at CTD stations (where the ship could remain stationary for up to 58 hours) were used to estimate daily means. Daily mean NCP values and their standard deviations along the cruise track were derived from a Monte Carlo simulation (N=10,000), assuming a normal distribution for each O₂ flux.

For the primary (daily) data file:
- Imported original file "GP17_underway_hydro_O2_fluxes_NCP_1day_final.xlsx" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Marked "NaN" as a missing data value (missing data are empty/blank in the final CSV file).
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Converted date-time field, "Date_1day", to ISO 8601 (UTC) format.
- Saved the final file as "987524_v1_gp17-oce_underway_daily_ncp.csv".

For the supplemental (hourly) data file:
- Imported original file "GP17_underway_hydro_O2_fluxes_NCP_1h_final_v2.xlsx" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Marked "NaN" as a missing data value (missing data are empty/blank in the final CSV file).
- Renamed fields to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Converted date-time field, "Date_1day", to ISO 8601 (UTC) format.
- Saved the final file as "987524_v1_gp17-oce_underway_hourly_ncp.csv".

Extreme outliers of O2 sometimes appeared as a result of bubbles in the intake line and episodic winds. We removed outliers using historical O2 data from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) (Key et al., 2015; Olsen et al., 2016; Lauvset et al., 2024) and the MATLAB outlier detection function (rmoutliers). Overall, these two steps removed 3.6% of O2 data. The remaining 96.4% of underway O2 data were used to estimate hourly and daily mean O2 fluxes and NCP.

Website: http://www.geotraces.org/

Coverage: Papeete, Tahiti to Punta Arenas, Chile

The U.S. GEOTRACES GP17-OCE expedition departed Papeete, Tahiti (French Polynesia) on December 1st, 2022 and arrived in Punta Arenas, Chile on January 25th, 2023. The cruise took place in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans aboard the R/V Roger Revelle (cruise ID RR2214) with a team of 34 scientists lead by Ben Twining (Chief Scientist), Jessica Fitzsimmons and Greg Cutter (Co-Chief Scientists). GP17 was planned as a two-leg expedition, with its first leg (GP17-OCE) as a southward extension of the 2018 GP15 Alaska-Tahiti expedition and a second leg (GP17-ANT; December 2023-January 2024) into coastal and shelf waters of Antarctica's Amundsen Sea.

The South Pacific and Southern Oceans sampled by GP17-OCE play critical roles in global water mass circulation and associated global transfer of heat, carbon, and nutrients. Specific oceanographic regions of interest for GP17-OCE included: the most oligotrophic gyre in the global ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) frontal region, the previously unexplored Pacific- Antarctic Ridge, the Pacific Deep Water (PDW) flow along the continental slope of South America, and the continental margin inputs potentially emanating from South America.

Further information is available on the US GEOTRACES website and in the cruise report (PDF).

NSF Project Title: Collaborative Research: Management and Implementation of US GEOTRACES GP17 Section: South Pacific and Southern Ocean (GP17-OCE)

NSF Award Abstract:
This award will support the management and implementation of a research expedition from Tahiti to Chile that will enable sampling for a broad suite of trace elements and isotopes (TEI) across oceanographic regions of importance to global nutrient and carbon cycling as part of the U.S. GEOTRACES program. GEOTRACES is a global effort in the field of Chemical Oceanography, the goal of which is to understand the distributions of trace elements and their isotopes in the ocean. Determining the distributions of these elements and isotopes will increase understanding of processes that shape their distributions, such as ocean currents and material fluxes, and also the processes that depend on these elements, such as the growth of phytoplankton and the support of ocean ecosystems. The proposed cruise will cross the South Pacific Gyre, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, iron-limited Antarctic waters, and the Chilean margin. In combination with a proposed companion GEOTRACES expedition on a research icebreaker (GP17-ANT) that will be joined by two overlapping stations, the team of investigators will create an ocean section from the ocean's most nutrient-poor waters to its highly-productive Antarctic polar region - a region that plays an outsized role in modulating the global carbon cycle. The expedition will support and provide management infrastructure for additional participating science projects focused on measuring specific external fluxes and internal cycling of TEIs along this section.

The South Pacific Gyre and Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean play critical roles in global water mass circulation and associated global transfer of heat, carbon, and nutrients, but they are chronically understudied for TEIs due to their remote locale. These are regions of strong, dynamic fronts where sub-surface water masses upwell and subduct, and biological and chemical processes in these zones determine nutrient stoichiometries and tracer concentrations in waters exported to lower latitudes. The Pacific sector represents an end member of extremely low external TEI surface fluxes and thus an important region to constrain inputs from the rapidly-changing Antarctic continent. Compared to other ocean basins, TEI cycling in these regions is thought to be dominated by internal cycling processes such as biological uptake, regeneration, and scavenging, and these are poorly represented in global ocean models. The cruise will enable funded investigators to address research questions such as: 1) what are relative rates of external TEI fluxes to this region, including dust, sediment, hydrothermal, and cryospheric fluxes? 2) What are the (micro) nutrient regimes that support productivity, and what impacts do biomass accumulation, export, and regeneration have on TEI cycling and stoichiometries of exported material? 3) What are TEI and nutrient stoichiometries of subducting water masses, and how do scavenging and regeneration impact these during transport northward? This management project has several objectives: 1) plan and coordinate a 55-day research cruise in 2021-2022; 2) use both conventional and trace-metal 'clean' sampling systems to obtain TEI samples, as well as facilitate sampling for atmospheric aerosols and large volume particles and radionuclides; 3) acquire hydrographic data and samples for salinity, dissolved oxygen, algal pigments, and macro-nutrients; and deliver these data to relevant repositories; 4) ensure that proper QA/QC protocols, as well as GEOTRACES intercalibration protocols, are followed and reported; 5) prepare the final cruise report to be posted with data; 6) coordinate between all funded cruise investigators, as well as with leaders of proposed GP17-ANT cruise; and 7) conduct broader impact efforts that will engage the public in oceanographic research using immersive technology. The motivations for and at-sea challenges of this work will be communicated to the general public through creation of immersive 360/Virtual Reality experiences, via a collaboration with the Texas A&M University Visualization LIVE Lab. Through Virtual Reality, users will experience firsthand what life and TEI data collection at sea entail. Virtual reality/digital games and 360° experiences will be distributed through GEOTRACES outreach websites, through PI engagement with local schools, libraries, STEM summer camps, and adult service organizations, and through a collaboration with the National Academy of Sciences.

Coverage: South Pacific and Southern Oceans

NSF Award Abstract:
The goal of this project is to measure the concentration of the rare isotope of carbon (13C) present in the carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules dissolved in seawater of the South Pacific Ocean. 13C atoms make up only 1% of the carbon atoms on earth whereas atoms with the common carbon isotope (12C) make up 99% of the carbon atoms. Variations in the concentration of 13C atoms are represented relative to the concentration of 12C atoms and expressed as the 13C/12C ratio. The utility of measuring spatial variations in the 13C/12C of CO2 in the ocean results from two observations. First, during photosynthesis the 13C/12C of the plant (phytoplankton in the ocean) is distinctly different from the 13C/12C of CO2 consumed during photosynthesis. Second, the 13C/12C of CO2 molecules produced during the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) is measurably different from the 13C/12C of CO2 in the atmosphere and ocean. As a result, measuring the spatial variations of 13C/12C of CO2 in the ocean can be used to estimate variations in the rate of photosynthesis and the rate at which CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion is being adsorbed by the ocean. Estimating variations in these two rates are goals of this project.

The 13C/12C of CO2 in the ocean depends in large part on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration, which results in spatial covariations in the 13C/12C of CO2, concentrations of primary nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and trace elements that are used by phytoplankton (e.g., Cadmium). In this project, the planned measurements of the 13C/12C of CO2, nutrients and trace elements during the GEOTRACES GP17 cruise will be used to determine how the north-south variations in biological productivity (photosynthesis and respiration), elemental composition of sinking particles and water mass mixing control the regional variations in the 13C/12C of CO2, nutrients and bioactive trace element distributions in the South Pacific Ocean. An improved understanding of the biological, chemical and physical processes that control spatial variations of 13C/12C of CO2, bioactive trace elements and nutrient distributions in the modern ocean will improve our ability to use 13C/12C and trace elements measurements on CaCO3 preserved in the sedimentary record to reconstruct past changes in the ocean circulation and CO2 cycling in the paleo ocean. The project will involve undergraduate students in the research activities and carry out public outreach through University of Washington, Program on Climate Change (PCC).

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

Website: http://www.geotraces.org/

Coverage: Global

GEOTRACES is a SCOR sponsored program; and funding for program infrastructure development is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation.

GEOTRACES gained momentum following a special symposium, S02: Biogeochemical cycling of trace elements and isotopes in the ocean and applications to constrain contemporary marine processes (GEOSECS II), at a 2003 Goldschmidt meeting convened in Japan. The GEOSECS II acronym referred to the Geochemical Ocean Section Studies To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;

* To evaluate the sources, sinks, and internal cycling of these species and thereby characterize more completely the physical, chemical and biological processes regulating their distributions, and the sensitivity of these processes to global change; and

* To understand the processes that control the concentrations of geochemical species used for proxies of the past environment, both in the water column and in the substrates that reflect the water column.

GEOTRACES will be global in scope, consisting of ocean sections complemented by regional process studies. Sections and process studies will combine fieldwork, laboratory experiments and modelling. Beyond realizing the scientific objectives identified above, a natural outcome of this work will be to build a community of marine scientists who understand the processes regulating trace element cycles sufficiently well to exploit this knowledge reliably in future interdisciplinary studies.

Expand "Projects" below for information about and data resulting from individual US GEOTRACES research projects.