Table of Contents

• Coverage
• Dataset Description
  • Methods & Sampling
  • BCO-DMO Processing Description
  • Problem Description
• Related Publications
• Related Datasets
• Parameters
• Instruments
• Project Information
• Funding

This dataset is part of a broader study conducted in the Gulf of Maine to investigate phenotypic plasticity of prey species in response to predator invasion and warming oceans:

1. Green crab surveys plus historical crab density data (dataset 990378) 
2. Green crab density from field studies at rocky intertidal sites from April 2019 to December 2021 (dataset 911365) 
3. Latitudinal (clinal) variation in Littorina obtusata shell thickness and tissue mass measured 20 years apart (this dataset)
4. Field experiment outplanting Littorina obtusata with predators (green crabs) to examine local and regional geographic variation in inducible defenses conducted from April to August 2021 (dataset 911221)
5. Morphological data from reciprocal transplant experiment in the field (dataset 990830)

Between 1995 and 1997, our previous work (Trussell 2000) collected samples of snails (Littorina obtusata) from 25 populations spanning Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal habitats. Between 2017 and 2018, we collected samples from 22 of the same populations (snails were not present at 3 of the sites sampled in 1995-1997) to examine how phenotypic clines may have changed following increased ocean temperatures and increased green crab density in the northern Gulf of Maine. For each population, snails (n = 50 per population) were haphazardly collected while attempting to maximize size range and returned to the laboratory for measurement of shell length and shell thickness with digital calipers. Mean shell thickness (hereafter, shell thickness) was calculated by taking the mean of whorl thickness and opposite whorl thickness. We then used a C-clamp to crack the shell of each snail and shell fragments were separated from soft tissue. Shell fragments and soft tissue were placed in separate aluminum trays and dried at 60°C for 48 hours before weighing on an analytical balance. In the laboratory shell length and shell thickness were measured with digital calipers and shell and tissue mass were measured with a digital balance.

- Imported original file named "3.Trussell.Corbett.Updated.ShellThickness.TissueMass.Cline.csv" into the BCO-DMO system.
- Renamed fields/columns to comply with BCO-DMO naming conventions.
- Replaced site name of 'Rogue Bluffs' to 'Roque Bluffs'
- Added column for sample identification
- Added column for longitude
- Saved the final file as "990839_v1_shell_thickness_tissue_mass_cline.csv"

NSF Award Abstract:
Over the past two decades, the Gulf of Maine has experienced unprecedented warming that, among other things, has further enabled the invasive green crab to expand its range in rocky shore habitats. The adverse ecological impacts of this invasive predator have been documented worldwide. This study examines how geographic variation in the capacity of two common prey species to respond to the combination of this predator and warming ocean temperatures can shape prey feeding and performance and impact community structure and dynamics. Hence, this research enhances understanding of the evolution of phenotypes, their plasticity, and the nature of adaptation and its role in eco-evolutionary dynamics. More broadly, it informs understanding of how organisms and marine communities may respond to future environmental change. In addition, this project makes contributions to the STEM pipeline by providing middle and high school, undergraduate, and graduate students with cross-disciplinary training in evolutionary and community ecology. In collaboration with an institutional outreach program, the investigator is also developing web-based multimedia projects and teacher resource materials based on this research.

A central principle in ecology is that species residing in the middle of food chains must balance the benefits of eating with the risk of being eaten by their predators. Solving this foraging-predation risk trade-off often involves plasticity in prey traits with consequences for the evolution of adaptation and species interactions that drive community-level processes. Hence, the foraging-predation risk trade-off provides a powerful conceptual framework that links evolutionary and community ecology. Yet at the same time, other environmental stressors like temperature can shape this trade-off, adding complexity that makes it difficult to predict the capacity of organisms to adapt to environmental change and the consequences for communities. The investigator is conducting this study in rocky shore habitats of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) which have long been influenced by strong latitudinal temperature gradients and non-native species invasions. The overarching hypothesis is that predation risk and temperature are factors shaping geographic variation in plasticity and adaptation, with consequences for individuals, populations, and communities. First, the investigator is conducting field experiments to document geographic variation in the trait plasticity of two common prey species in the green crab's diet. Second, he is using reciprocal transplant experiments to examine trait plasticity in response to risk and water temperature, generating data to compare with similar experiments conducted in the late 90s prior to recent ocean warming and expansion in range of green crabs. Third, he is conducting a laboratory common garden experiment to evaluate the effects of risk and water temperature on trait plasticity. Finally, he is using reciprocal transplant experiments in the field to understand the interactive effects of risk and water temperature on prey foraging rates and the abundance of a species that plays an important role in intertidal community structure and dynamics.

This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.