Dataset: clarke-bumpus_copes

Name: Copepods from Georges Bank identified by Clarke & Bumpus on R/V Atlantis in the Georges Bank from 1939-1941 (CBGB project)
Published: 2010-03-29
Keywords: oceans

Cite This Dataset

Spatial Extent: N:42.367 E:-65.95 S:40.1 W:-69.192

Project:

Clarke-Bumpus Georges Bank (CBGB)

Program:

Historical Datasets (Historical)

Co-Principal Investigator:

Dr Dean F. Bumpus (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI BCO-DMO)

Dr Dean F. Bumpus (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)

Dr George L. Clarke (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)

Dr E. Lowe Pierce (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)

BCO-DMO Data Manager:

Ms Dicky Allison (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI BCO-DMO)

Version:

20100329

Version Date:

2010-03-29

Restricted:

Validated:

Yes

Current State:

Final no updates expected

Copepods from Georges Bank identified by Clarke & Bumpus on R/V Atlantis in the Georges Bank from 1939-1941 (CBGB project)

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Description

"These [copepod species and abundance] data are the results of a survey to a specific area of the ocean where the studies were repeated at intervals and in this way the seasonal growth and cycle and production of the area were studied on a quantitative basis." George Clarke, 1974 interview. "Clark and his colleagues (Pierce and Bumpus) made eleven cruises between 1939 and 1941, towing the sampler, measuring water conditions and studying the zooplankton's growth and movements." (Woods Hole Currents, Volume 5 no. 1, 1996, p.9)

Methods & Sampling

Samples of plankton and hydrographic data for the present study were obtained from the research vessel, "Atlantis", during eleven cruises to Georges Bank from September 1939 to June 1941 (Table I). On each cruise a net-work of 21 to 52 stations was occupied over the Bank. In all cruises (except that of January, 1940) the stations were ordinarily placed at 15-mile intervals on five or six parallel sections, about 25 miles apart, running SE and NW across the Bank and into the immediately adjacent waters. The location of the stations is indicated in the charts showing the distribution of Sagitta (Figs. 5 and 6). The stations covered the region from South Channel on the southwest to the eastern tip of Georges Bank and from the deep basin of the Gulf of Maine on the northwest to the edge of the continental shelf on the southeast.

Standard hydrographic observations for salinity and temperature were made at every station and Secchi disc measurements of transparency were carried out during daylight stations. Studies of certain chemical characteristics of the water and of the phytoplankton population were undertaken by collaborating investigators (Sears, 1941; and Riley, 1941 and 1942).

The zooplankton was collected at each station by means of two or more hauls with Plankton Samplers (Clarke and Bumpus, 1940) and one haul with a stramin net. Sagittae (Chaetognath) were taken in adequate numbers in both types of equipment and the two sets of hauls served as a check on one another.

The opening of the Plankton Sampler, which is 12.7 cm. in diameter, is provided with a shutter, and each instrument contains a meter which records the amount of water filtered by the net. In the present case, the instruments were equipped with No. 2 silk nets (22 strands/cm.) and "oblique" hauls 1 were made at a speed of about 2 knots for periods of 25 to 40 minutes. Ordinarily between 10 and 20 cubic meters of water were filtered during each tow, but the action of the tide or of clogging was such that values as low as 5 m^3 and higher than 30 m^3 were recorded. This variation makes clear the need for measuring the amount of water which actually passes through the net. The Samplers were arranged vertically so as to divide the total depth of water into two or three strata and, when feasible, were attached to the same cable. The uppermost instrument sampled the "Shallow" Stratum, extending from a depth of 25 m. to the surface. The lower limit of this stratum corresponded roughly with the position of the thermocline in those areas where it existed. At stations where the water was less than 75 m. deep, the "Second-depth" Stratum extended from the bottom to 25 m. In water deeper than 75 m., however, the remaining distance to the bottom (or to a maximum depth of 200 m.) was divided into two equal parts and these comprised the "Second-depth" and the "Deep" Strata respectively. The vertical distribution of the sagittae could therefore be studied on the basis of these strata:

Stratum	Water less than 75 m	Water more than 75 m
"Shallow"	0 m to 25 m	0 m. to 25 m
"Second-depth"	25 m to bottom	25 m to half distance to bottom (or to half distance to 200 m)
"Deep"	-	Remaining distance to bottom (or to 200 m)

The stramin net (Diameter: 1.5 m., Mesh: 6 strands/cm.) was equipped with rollers at the lower edge of its frame in order that it could be safely lowered until it touched the bottom. One "oblique" haul was made from the bottom (or from a depth of 200 m.) to the surface at each station. When proper allowance was made for the difference in the sizes of the apertures of the stramin net and the Plankton Samplers, a good agreement was found between the numbers of sagittae taken by the former and the sum of the catches of the latter at each station.

References:
CLARKE, G. L., AND D. F. BUMPUS, 1940. The Plankton Sampler-an instrument for quantitative plankton investigations. Linnological Society of America, Special Pub., (No. 5): 1-8.
RILEY, GORDON A., 1941. Plankton studies. IV. Georges Bank. Bull. BingharH Oceanographic Coll., VII: Art. 4, 1-73.
RILEY, GORDON A., 1942. The relationship of vertical turbulence and spring diatom flowerings. Sears Found. Jour. Mar. Res., 5: 67-87.
SEARS, MARY, 1941. Notes on the phytoplankton on Georges Bank in 1940. Sears Found. Jour. Mar. Res., 4: 247-257.

(from: George L. Clarke, E. Lowe Pierce, Dean F. Bumpus. 1943. "The Distribution and Reproduction of Sagitta elegans on Georges Bank in Relation to the Hydrographical Conditions". Biological Bulletin, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 201-226
Published by: Marine Biological Laboratory
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1538223)

Data Processing Description

The species listed here are only those that were found, not all the species that were looked for, i.e., these are the non-zero data.

Data Files

File
clarke-bumpus_copes_join.csv (Comma Separated Values (.csv), 815.26 KB) MD5:2e53cc595c133fe36653ad420f8a6b10 Primary data file for dataset ID 3324

More Information about this dataset

Funding Sources

None available yet

Deployments

Deployment	Start Date	Platform
AT89	1939-09-06	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT100	1940-06-19	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT112	1941-03-21	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT93	1940-01-04	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT95	1940-03-21	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT96	1940-04-17	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT98	1940-06-01	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT113	1941-04-15	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT97	1940-05-09	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT114	1941-05-07	R/V Atlantis	data info
AT116	1941-05-28	R/V Atlantis	data info

Instruments

Clarke-Bumpus Sampler

Supplied Description:

"The beauty of the Clarke-Bumpus Sampler was that it allowed for the collection of vertically-stratified discrete depth samples...It was unique in its time." (From Woods Hole Currents, Volume 1 no. 5, 1996, p.9.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Clarke-Bumpus Sampler

Acronym: Clarke-Bumpus net

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/NETT0021/

Generic Description:

"Clarke and Bumpus designed a small two-messenger zooplankton collection system that could be deployed as multiple units on the wire and had a positive means of opening and closing the mouth of the net. A frame attached at the top and bottom to the towing wire supported a cylindrical tube 12.7 cm in diameter and 16 cm long, to which a net was attached. In the mouth of the tube was a flat plate (like a stove pipe damper plate),which closed off the cylinder when the net was deployed. When the first messenger released a spring-loaded latch, the plate was rotated 90 degrees, opening the net; a second messenger rotated it another 90 degrees to close the net. A flowmeter at the back of the cylinder recorded flow through the net." (Wiebe and Benfield, 2003) The instruments were equipped with No. 2 silk nets (22 strands/cm.) and "oblique" hauls were made at a speed of about 2 knots for periods of 25 to 40 minutes.

References:
CLARKE, G. L., AND D. F. BUMPUS, 1940. The Plankton Sampler-an instrument for quantitative plankton investigations. Linnological Society of America, Special Pub., (No. 5): 1-8.

Wiebe, Peter H. and Mark C. Benfield, 2003. From the Hensen net toward four-dimensional biological oceanography. Progress in Oceanography, 56, pp. 7-136.

Stramin net

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Stramin net

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/22/

Generic Description:

A Stramin net is specifically designed to sample plankton near the bottom and one such, designed by F.S. Russell in 1928, the 'stramin' net (Diameter: 1.5 m., Mesh: 6 strands/cm.) was equipped with rollers at the lower edge of its frame in order that it could be safely lowered until it touched the bottom. One "oblique" haul was made from the bottom (or from a depth of 200 m.) to the surface at each station. "It was mounted in an Agassiz trawl frame so that it was centered inside the trawl net, which was
also fixed to the frame and cleared the bottom by approximately 17.8 cm. No provisions were made to prevent contamination of the collection during the lowering of the net to the sea floor or the hauling back to the surface."(Wiebe and Benfield, 2003)

References:

Wiebe, Peter H. and Mark C. Benfield, 2003. From the Hensen net toward four-dimensional biological oceanography. Progress in Oceanography, 56, pp. 7-136.

Parameters

Date and time formats are described in python strftime() syntax.

Supplied Name	Supplied description	Supplied Units	Standard Name
bottom_adj	adjusted lower depth of tow	meters	no_bcodmo_term
top_adj	adjusted upper depth of tow	meters	no_bcodmo_term
lat_avg	average latitude position in decimal degrees (west is negative)	decimal degrees	lat
lon_avg	average longitude position in decimal degrees (south is negative)	decimal degrees	lon
cruiseid	cruise identification: 2 letter ship code + sequential number of cruise	alphanumeric	cruiseid
day_local	day of month: local time	integer: 1-31	day_local
comments	free text comments	text	comment
species	genus and species name of an organism	text	species
tow_depth_bottom	lower depth of the tow	meters	depth_tow_max
month_local	month of year	integer: 1-12	month_local
count	number of individuals found in the (sub)-sample	integer	count
pcent_of_sample	percent of the sample that was examined	number: 0-100	no_bcodmo_term
station	station identification number	integer	station
depth_interval	thickness of water layer sampled	meters	depth_interval
time_end	time at end of tow	HH:MM	time_end
time_start	time at start of tow	HH:MM	time_start
disp_vol_tot	total displacement volume of the sample	milliliters	disp_vol
tow_depth_top	upper depth of the tow	meters	depth_begin
vol_filt	volume filtered by the net	cubic meters	vol_filt
year	year of sampling	YYYY	year

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Dataset: clarke-bumpus_copes