Dataset: Discrete bottle data from Hydrostation S

Name: Discrete bottle data from Hydrostation S in the Sargasso Sea for years 1955 (cruise#1) through December 2023 (cruise#1465)
Published: 2024-09-06
Keywords: Panulirus hydrographic data, Hydrostation S bottle data, Hydrostation S hydrography, oceans

Cite This Dataset

DOI:10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.859990.4

Spatial Extent: N:32.983 E:-63.289 S:30.154 W:-66.799

Hydrostation S located 25 km SE of Bermuda (32°10' N, 64°30' W)

Temporal Extent: 1955-01-29 - 2023-12-31

Project:

The Panulirus Hydrographic Stations (Hydrostation S) (Hydrostation S)

Principal Investigator:

Nicholas Bates (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Co-Principal Investigator:

Rodney J. Johnson (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Scientist:

Paul J. Lethaby (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, BIOS)

Data Manager:

Dominic Smith

BCO-DMO Data Manager:

Dana Stuart Gerlach (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI BCO-DMO)

Version:

Version Date:

2024-09-06

Restricted:

Validated:

Current State:

Under revision

Discrete bottle data from Hydrostation S in the Sargasso Sea for years 1955 (cruise#1) through December 2023 (cruise#1465)

Abstract:

Data presented here are discrete bottle samples from the Hydrostation S (or Panulirus) time series site located 20 km SE of Bermuda (32°10’N, 64°30’W) in the Sargasso Sea for June 1954 through December 2023. Measurements were collected at near biweekly intervals where possible depending on weather and ship availability. Prior to the arrival of Weatherbird I in 1983, station occupation during winter months was limited due to the sea-going capabilities of the former vessels. The standard sample parameter list has been mostly consistent for the full time-series record and includes:temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Since October 1988 (cruise #643), data and samples have been collected using a SeaBird 9/11+ CTD and integrated Niskin rosette system. The largest data gap of almost one year was due to the loss of all the Niskin bottles and reversing thermometers following a break in the hydro wire on station #463 (April 1979).

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Archival Copy

Version Date	Archive	Persistent Identifier	Date Assigned
2024-09-06	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI BCO-DMO)	10.26008/1912/bco-dmo.859990.4	2024-09-06

Description

Hydrographic measurements from discrete water bottle samples collected at Hydrostation S located 25 km SE of Bermuda (32°10' N, 64°30' W). Measurements have been collected since 1955 at the Panulirus hydrographic stations and include salinity, temperature, sigma theta, oxygen, and dissolved oxygen anomaly.

Methods & Sampling

CTD profiling was introduced to the Panulirus project in October 1988 (station #643) and the methodology used for collection of CTD data and integrated water samples has been consistent with those used on the Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study (see Knap et al., 1997). Prior to using a CTD all samples were collected from Hydrocasts using Nisken bottles and reversing thermometers for temperature and thermometric depth. Further information on the data collection from 1954-1984 can be obtained in the Joint WHOI and BBSR data report Station S off Bermuda , Physical measurements 1954-1988 (WHOI contribution No. 6894).

Ship information:
- R/V Panulirus I (June 1954-May 1967)
- R/V Panulirus II(June 1967-December 1982)
- R/V Weatherbird I (Jan 1983 - September 1989)
- R/V Weatherbird II (October 1989 - February 2005)
- R/V Atlantic Explorer (May 2006 - Present)

Problems/Issues

In April 1979, there was a break in the hydro wire on station #463, resulting in the loss of all the Niskin bottles and reversing thermometers.

Data Processing Description

Data was processed, evaluated, and flagged using the following Quality Flag definitions:

Bottle (Niskin or Go-Flo) quality flags: -3= suspect, 1= unverified, 2= verified/acceptable
Parameter data quality flags: 1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data

BCO-DMO Processing

- Imported data from files “hydrostation_bottle_qcmask_v004.txt" and “hydrostation_bottle_v004” into the BCO-DMO data system. Data file imported using missing data identifiers (nd, -999, -999.0, -999.000).
- Joined the two files using join keys of Id, yyyymmdd, latN, and lonW
- Modified parameter names to conform with BCO-DMO naming conventions
- Converted latitude and longitude values to decimal degrees
- Zero-padded the values in the time column and combined with the date column to create a new ISO 8601 DateTime field.
- Using information from the Bottle_ID column, created columns for Cruise, Cast, and Bottle
- Added a field for Vessel
- Renamed the the quality flag fields to have the measurement description and moved them to be adjacent to the corresponding measurement columns.

Data Files

File
Hydrostation S bottle data for June 1954 - December 2023 filename: hydrostation_bottle_v004.txt (Plain Text, 4.32 MB) MD5:b2ffb8d5c704ccebc7de5f643e91252e ASCII file containing Hydrostation S bottle parameter data version 4 (v004) for June 1954- December 2023.

Supplemental Files

File
Hydrostation S bottle parameter QC mask file for version 4 ( v004) filename: hydrostation_bottle_qcmask_v004.txt (Plain Text, 3.23 MB) MD5:135d5d898c944dde93019ae2285513d5 ASCII file containing Hydrostation S parameter QC mask file for release version 4 (v004) for June 1954 - December 2023.
Update file Hydrostation S version 4 (v004) bottle data. filename: hydro_bottle_release_v004_update.txt (Plain Text, 464 bytes) MD5:90a1633ea633769078d27eed068d4510 ASCII file listing updates for Hydrostation S bottle data submission version 4 (v004).

More Information about this dataset

Funding Sources

Funding Source	Award Number
NSF Division of Ocean Sciences	OCE-1633125

Deployments

Deployment	Synonyms	Start Date	Platform	Investigator
Panulirus_site_cruises	Hydrostation S cruises	1954-01-01	Multiple Vessels		data info
BATS_cruises	Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study cruises	1988-10-20	Multiple Vessels	Nicholas Bates (Principal Investigator) Michael W. Lomas (Co-Principal Investigator) Rodney J. Johnson (Scientist) Theresa McKee (BCO-DMO Data Manager)	data info

Instruments

CTD Sea-Bird 911

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: CTD Sea-Bird 911

Acronym: CTD SBE 911

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0035/

Generic Description:

The Sea-Bird SBE 911 is a type of CTD instrument package. The SBE 911 includes the SBE 9 Underwater Unit and the SBE 11 Deck Unit (for real-time readout using conductive wire) for deployment from a vessel. The combination of the SBE 9 and SBE 11 is called a SBE 911. The SBE 9 uses Sea-Bird's standard modular temperature and conductivity sensors (SBE 3 and SBE 4). The SBE 9 CTD can be configured with auxiliary sensors to measure other parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, fluorescence, light (PAR), light transmission, etc.). More information from Sea-Bird Electronics.

GO-FLO Bottle

Supplied Name: Go-FLo bottle

Supplied Description:

Go-Flo bottles are made by General Oceanics, and they allow water to flow through them once past the initial top layer of water, and up until they are triggered to close. The tubes are made of stout PVC that can be sent to depths of 500m or more.

Instrument Type

Generic Name: GO-FLO Bottle

Acronym: GO-FLO

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/30/

Generic Description:

GO-FLO bottle cast used to collect water samples for pigment, nutrient, plankton, etc. The GO-FLO sampling bottle is specially designed to avoid sample contamination at the surface, internal spring contamination, loss of sample on deck (internal seals), and exchange of water from different depths.

Niskin bottle

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Niskin bottle

Community Identifier: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/TOOL0412/

Generic Description:

A Niskin bottle (a next generation water sampler based on the Nansen bottle) is a cylindrical, non-metallic water collection device with stoppers at both ends. The bottles can be attached individually on a hydrowire or deployed in 12, 24, or 36 bottle Rosette systems mounted on a frame and combined with a CTD. Niskin bottles are used to collect discrete water samples for a range of measurements including pigments, nutrients, plankton, etc.

Salinometer

Supplied Name: Guildline salinometer

Supplied Description:

Instrument Type

Generic Name: Salinometer

Generic Description:

A salinometer is a device designed to measure the salinity, or dissolved salt content, of a solution.

Parameters

Date and time formats are described in python strftime() syntax.

Supplied Name	Supplied description	Supplied Units	Standard Name
ISO_DateTime_UTC	Date and Time in ISO8601 standard format Format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%MZ	unitless	ISO_DateTime_UTC
decimal_year	Decimal year	dimensionless	year_decimal
Bottle_ID	Unique bottle ID which identifies cruise type, cruise, cast, and Niskin bottle number	unitless	sample
Latitude	Latitude	decimal degrees	lat
Longitude	Longitude (West is negative)	decimal degrees	lon
Vessel	Research vessel used for sampling	unitless	ship
Cruise_num	Cruise number	unitless	cruise_id
Cast_num	Cast number; 1-80=CTD casts, 81-99=Hydrocasts (i.e. 83 = Data from Hydrocast number 3	unitless	cast
Bottle_num	Bottle number of sample	unitless	bottle
QF_Bottle	Quality flag for Niskin or Go-Flo bottles (-3 = suspect, 1=unverified, 2= verified/acceptable)	unitless	q_flag
Depth	Depth	meters (m)	depth
QF1_Depth	Quality flag for depth (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
CTD_Pressure	CTD pressure	dbar	press
QF2_CTD_press	Quality flag for CTD pressure (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Temperature	Temperature in ITS-90 standard	degrees Celsius ( °C)	temp
QF3_Temp	Quality flag for Temperature (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
CTD_Salinity	CTD Salinity on PSS-78 scale	dimensionless	sal_ctd
QF4_CTD_Sal	Quality flag for CTD salinity (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Salinity_1	Salinity-1 measurement on PSS-78 scale	dimensionless	sal_bot
QF5_Salinity	Quality flag for Salinity-1 (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Sigma_theta	Sigma-theta measurement	kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3)	sigma_0
QF6_Sigma_theta	Quality flag for sigma-theta measurement (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
Oxygen	Oxygen-1	micromoles per kilogram (umol/kg)	no_bcodmo_term
QF7_Oxygen	Quality flag for Oxygen-1 measurement (1= unverified, 2= verified acceptable, 3= questionable, 4= bad, 9= no data)	unitless	q_flag
yyyymmdd	Date	unitless	date
time	Time	unitless	time

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Dataset: Discrete bottle data from Hydrostation S