Dataset: South China Sea 16S

Three locations in the SCS were cored during IODP Expedition 349 at sites U1431 (15° 22.5379’ N, 117° 00.0022’ E, 4240 meters below sea level (mbsl)), U1432 (18° 21.0831’ N, 116° 23.4504’ E, 3829 mbsl), and U1433 (12° 55.1380’ N, 115° 02.8345’ E, 4379 mbsl). Cores were split lengthwise onboard to reveal geological interfaces and the exposed sediment was aseptically scraped away prior to sampling. Samples were collected only from the center of the cores, avoiding the outside edges of the cores that may have contacted the core barrel. Samples were stored at -80°C until analysis. Down-core measurements of sediment methane concentrations, alkalinity, and pore water sulfate, ammonium, and phosphate were made onboard. Sediment ages were calculated based on paleomagnetic analysis and nanofossil characterization for each site.

All samples described in this study were collected using an advanced piston core, a tool that minimizes core disturbance. In order to check whether contamination occurred, and consistent with other deep microbiology coring studies, we compared microbial communities present in fluids that drained from the core barrel (possibly from seawater intrusion during core retrieval) to those present in the center of the cores, a so-called fluid community tracer (FCT) approach. Samples of the drilling fluid from core U1433 were collected immediately when cores were brought onto the deck and were frozen at -80°C until analysis. To compare microbial communities in the drilling fluids to those in the cores, DNA from 10 FCT samples (235-790 mbsf) and a whole-round sample (13.5 mbsf) was extracted using a FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil (MP Biomedical, OH, USA). Pyrosequencing of the archaeal 16S rRNA gene of the FCT samples and the whole-round sample was conducted with a Roche 454 GS FLX+ Titanium platform (Roche 454 Life Sciences, CT, USA) at the Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Primers used for amplification were Arch_344F (5′-ACGGGGCGCAGCAGGCGCGA-3′) and Arch_915R (5′-GTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT-3′).

Additional award numbers:

Consortium for Ocean Leadership; award number: IUSSP410
C-DEBI; subaward number: 59209190
DCO/DLC; subaward number: 53587

Data are publicly accessible at NCBI under accession number PRJNA362622.