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Tables and Figures referenced in the acquisition description are found in the paper Frank et al., 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n For each independent treatment, aliquots of 7.5 mL flange slurry (approx. 29 g wet weight and 20 g dry weight) were transferred into Balch tubes in an anaerobic chamber, and supplemented with 15 mL of sterile artificial seawater media designed to mimic the geochemical conditions within a hydrothermal flange (400 mM NaCl, 25 mM KCl, 30 mM CaCl2, 2.3 mM NaHCO3, 14 mM NaSO42-, 1 mM H2S, and 50 uM dissolved organic carbon - consisting of equimolar proportions 10 uM of pyruvate, citrate, formate, acetate, lactate) under a pure nitrogen headspace.\u00a0<\/p>\n Concentrations of sulfide, sulfate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were varied independently to investigate concentration dependent effects on the rates of SR. The range of experimental conditions tested was determined from previously published concentration profiles of aqueous species modeled as functions of temperature and position within the Grotto vent structure (Tivey, 2004). Concentrations were varied by orders of magnitude within the modeled ranges to simulate conditions representative of different mixing regimes between seawater and vent fluid (Table 1). The range of DOC (which we approximate as a mix of pyruvate, citrate, formate, acetate, lactate \u2013 most of which have been identified to varying degrees within vent fluid and are known carbon sources for heterotrophic SR in culture) concentrations tested were based on the average DOC concentrations measured within diffuse fluids at the Main Endeavor Field (Lang\u00a0et al., 2006; Lang\u00a0et al.,\u00a02010). Hydrogen sulfide was present as H2S (pKa\u00a0in seawater of 6.60) across all the conditions tested (Amend & Shock, 2001). Incubations were carried out at pH 4 (to simulate the pH of end-member Grotto vent fluid and the average calculated pH of\u00a0mixed fluids in highly reduced zones within the flange; Tivey 2004) as well as pH 6 (representative of the calculated pH in fluid mixing zones; Tivey 2004). All the results are presented and discussed in the context of the initial measured media conditions.<\/p><\/div>","@type":"rdf:HTML"}],"http:\/\/ocean-data.org\/schema\/hasBriefDescription":[{"@value":"Sulfate reduction energetics at Main Endeavor grotto chimney.","@language":"en-US"}],"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/description":[{"@value":" The effects of key environmental variables (temperature, pH, H2S, SO42-, DOC) on sulfate reduction energetics in material recovered from a hydrothermal flange from the Grotto edifice in the Main Endeavor Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Sulfate reduction was measured in batch reactions across a range of\u00a0physico-chemical\u00a0conditions. Temperature and pH were the strongest stimuli, and maximum sulfate reduction rates were observed at 50 degrees celsius and pH 6.<\/p>\n Information for this dataset was derived from single massive piece of hydrothermal deposit (approximately ~100 kg in weight) that was recovered from a flange on the Grotto\u00a0vent\u00a0(47.949, -129.098) at a depth of 2188.3 m (Dive J2-575, AT-18-08,\u00a0R\/V Atlantis) and brought up to the surface in the basket of the\u00a0ROV Jason II.\u00a0<\/p>\n Methodology for this dataset is from: Frank et al., 2015<\/strong><\/p><\/div>","@type":"rdf:HTML"}],"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/01\/rdf-schema#label":[{"@value":"Sulfate reduction energetics","@type":"xsd:string"}],"http:\/\/ocean-data.org\/schema\/hasProcessingDescription":[{"@value":" Tables and Figures referenced in the processing description are found in the paper Frank et al., 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n Potential energy yields of the different metabolisms available in the incubations depend on temperature and fluid compositions. To quantify the energy yield from heterotrophic sulfate reduction (Table 2) in each incubation values of overall Gibbs energy () were calculated according to:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n where\u00a0 is the standard Gibbs energy of reaction at in situ<\/em> temperature and pressure conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature (Kelvin), and Q is the activity product, defined as<\/p>\n <\/p>\n where ai<\/sub><\/em> represents the activity of the i<\/em>th species and vi <\/sub><\/em>is the stoichiometric reaction coefficient, which is positive for products and negative for reactants. Values of\u00a0 were calculated at 1 bar and incubation temperatures using the geochemical software package SUPCRT92 (Johnson et al.<\/em>, 1992) and additional thermodynamic data from (Shock, 1995). Activities of aqueous species were calculated using the geochemical speciation program EQ3 (Wolery, 1992) based on the media composition described in section 2.2 and Table 1, with additional data from previously published work (Shock, 1995; Shock & Koretsky, 1993). For concentrations equal to zero, a value of 10-13<\/sup> mol\/kg was used as input. Resulting aqueous activities were used to calculate values of\u00a0 normalized for the number of electrons transferred in the redox for the reactions in Table 2. These reflect the metabolic energy available at the start of each incubation experiment for the complete oxidation of each organic acid, metabolisms that are documented among known sulfate reducers (Amend and Shock, 2001). Furthermore, to calculate the energy density in each incubation (as in Amend et al.<\/em>, 2011), it was assumed that the amended organic acids were the limiting reactant for all experiments when sulfate concentrations were in excess of 1 mM; otherwise sulfate was assumed to be limiting. While some sulfate reducers are known to produce carboxylic acid and alcohol intermediates, incomplete oxidation reactions were not considered here, as the goal of these calculations was to generate a broad understanding of sulfate reduction energetics, and not the metabolic potential for a particular species. Such an approach is common when comparing microbial metabolisms independent of species-specific pathways (e.g. Amend et al.<\/em>, 2004; Rogers & Amend, 2006; Skoog et al.,<\/em> 2007), although it should be noted that incomplete oxidation (fermentation) generally yields much less energy than complete oxidation (Rogers & Amend, 2006; Skoog et al.<\/em>, 2007).\u00a0<\/p>\n To account for potential interactions between chimney-derived trace metals and amended sulfide, the saturation states of sulfide minerals were calculated as part of the initial fluid speciation. Using reported concentrations of relevant trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, etc.) in end-member Grotto hydrothermal fluid (Butterfield et al.<\/em>, 1994), maximum aqueous activities of trace metals were calculated with the EQ3 geochemical speciation program (EQ3\/6 1998; EQ3NR 1998). Several sulfide minerals commonly found in hydrothermal chimneys (e.g. pyrite, chalcocite, sphalerite) were supersaturated under incubation conditions, particularly for incubations with high concentrations of amended sulfide. The irreversible abiotic precipitation of mineral sulfides has the potential to draw down aqueous sulfide concentrations and impact sulfate reductions rates. Therefore, the geochemical reaction path program EQ6 (EQ3\/6 1998; EQ6 1998) was used to constrain fluid compositions to equilibrium with these minerals phases. Using the single point model in EQ6, the Gibbs energy of the system was allowed to reach local minima by mineral precipitation, however redox reactions among carbon and sulfur species was suppressed with a custom thermodynamic database. The resulting fluid compositions were used to calculate metabolic reaction energetics as well as to evaluate the potential effects of metal speciation on sulfate reduction rates.<\/p>\n BCO-DMO Data Processing Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n -reformatted column names to comply with BCO-DMO standards
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